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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 127 records · Page 7

Catalytic Reaction Triggered by Magnetic Induction Heating Mechanistically Distinguishes Itself from the Standard Thermal Reaction

As a recent advancement in chemical engineering, magnetic induction heating (MIH) is utilized to initiate the intended reactions by enabling the self-heating of the ferromagnetic catalyst particles. While MIH can be energy-efficient and industrially scalable, its full potential has been underappreciated in catalysis because of the perception that MIH is merely an alternative heating approach. Unexpectedly, we show that the MIH-triggered reaction could go beyond standard thermal catalysis. Specifically, by probing the representative Pt/Fe 3 O 4 catalysts with CO oxidation in both thermal and MIH modes with consistent temperature profiles and catalyst structures, we found that the MIH mode boosts the reactivity more than 25 times by modifying Pt-FeO x interfacial synergies and promoting facile oxidation of the adsorbed carbonyl species by atomic oxygen. Further, as we preliminarily observed, this beneficial MIH-catalysis can be translational to other thermal reactions, potentially paving the way to launch MIH-catalysis as a distinct reaction category.

CO oxidation↗

Scalable Hybrid Learning Techniques for Scientific Data Compression

Data compression is becoming critical for storing scientific data because many scientific applications need to store large amounts of data and post process this data for scientific discovery. Unlike image and video compression algorithms that limit errors to primary data (PD), scientists require compression techniques that accurately preserve derived quantities of interest (QoIs). Here, this article presents a physics-informed compression technique implemented as an end-to-end, scalable, GPU-based pipeline for data compression that addresses this requirement. Our hybrid compression technique combines machine learning techniques and standard compression methods. Specifically, we combine an autoencoder, an error-bounded lossy compressor to provide guarantees on raw data error, and a constraint satisfaction post-processing step to preserve the QoIs within a minimal error (generally less than floating point error). The effectiveness of the data compression pipeline is demonstrated by compressing nuclear fusion simulation data generated by a large-scale fusion code, XGC, which produces hundreds of terabytes of data in a single day. Our approach works within the ADIOS framework and results in compression by a factor of more than 150 while requiring only a few percent of the computational resources necessary for generating the data, making the overall approach highly effective for practical scenarios.

ITER↗

AutoCSM

A template system-of-systems modeling approach for automating the development, deployment, and integration of cooling system models (CSMs) for supercomputing facilities within the ExaDigiT framework. AutoCSM is a Python-based framework to assist in CSM developers in accelerating the creation and deployment of system-level thermal-hydraulic CSMs. The intention is for this tool specifically to help standardize digital twin workflows for ExaDigiT. However, this tool can be used independent of ExaDigiT (and even other systems besides CSMs).

Greenwood, MichaelScott [Oak Ridge National Labora↗

Irradiation Characterization of Pressure Transducers

The advancement of reactor technologies for space and remote applications requires further investigation into the long-term operation of instrumentation without the chance for standard scheduled maintenance. Specifically, the degradation of instrumentation due to exposure to nuclear radiation needs to be understood. Determining the methods of degradation can improve material selection for instrument construction and provide foundational data for the development of corrective algorithms. Initial work has been focused on the development of nuclear thermal rocket technology and the instrumentation needs that will led to its eventual deployment.

Floyd, Dan↗

High-Efficiency Modular SiC-based Power-Converter for Flexible-CHP Systems with Stability-Enhanced Grid-Support Functions

This project seeks to develop a modular, scalable MV power converter featuring stability-enhanced grid-support functions for future grid-interface applications in flexible combined heat and power (F-CHP) cogeneration plants, being fully compliant with the IEEE Standard 1547, category B—for operation in local areas with high aggregated distributed energy resource (DER) penetration, and also with the IEEE standard for the specification of microgrid controllers, namely IEEE Std 2030.7, with the goal to enable F-CHP systems for both microgrid and standalone applications. Further, the proposed converter will use a modular circuit topology, the MMC, which is scalable both in voltage and current by interconnecting power-cell building blocks, thus flexibly suiting the needs of F-CHP systems in the 1–20 MWe range. Furthermore, the use of 10 kV SiC MOSFET devices will minimize the number of power-cells needed to operate in 2–13.8 kV MV distribution systems, but more importantly, they will render feasible a power conversion efficiency > 98 %, and a power density > 10 kW/l. This is highly relevant given that these are two key performance metrics that will further increase the value of F-CHP systems by shortening the time required to recover their investment costs.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Prioritizing Off-Gas Metrics: A Guide for Comparable Off-Gas Capture Testing

The Material Recovery and Waste Form Development (MRWFD) off-gas team had a workshop, hosted by Idaho National Laboratory (INL), to align goals and expectations for off-gas research. The workshop included team members from four national laboratories. The workshop focused on defining distinct R&D phases with specific metrics, outlining standard test and measurement protocols for Iodine and Krypton/Xenon sorbents, brainstorming approaches to future disruptive technologies, and recognizing parameters with more inherent risk, requiring more rigorous evaluation. This report will serve as a guide for future off-gas work. Its purpose is to foster efficient collaboration across diverse research facilities and invite direct comparison of materials and results.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Geant4 Event Biasing and Fast Simulation

Geant4 offers advanced event biasing techniques to significantly accelerate simulations involving rare events. Various biasing methods, such as leading particle selection, cross-section biasing, radioactive decay enhancement, and bremsstrahlung splitting, enable efficient event sampling, though they require careful handling. Additionally, Geant4 provides a Fast Simulation Interface, allowing the replacement of standard processes in specific region and for selected particles, enabling faster execution or external code integration. Applications of fast simulation include electromagnetic shower modeling in calorimeters, machine learning inference, and offloading tasks to specialized hardware like GPUs, making Geant4 a powerful tool for computationally demanding simulations.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Naturalistic Intensities of Light at Night: A Review of the Potent Effects of Very Dim Light on Circadian Responses and Considerations for Translational Research

In this review, we discuss the remarkable potency and potential applications of a form of light that is often overlooked in a circadian context: naturalistic levels of dim light at night (nLAN), equivalent to intensities produced by the moon and stars. It is often assumed that such low levels of light do not produce circadian responses typically associated with brighter light levels. A solid understanding of the impacts of very low light levels is complicated further by the broad use of the somewhat ambiguous term “dim light,” which has been used to describe light levels ranging seven orders of magnitude. Here, we lay out the argument that nLAN exerts potent circadian effects on numerous mammalian species, and that given conservation of anatomy and function, the efficacy of light in this range in humans warrants further investigation. We also provide recommendations for the field of chronobiological research, including minimum requirements for the measurement and reporting of light, standardization of terminology (specifically as it pertains to “dim” light), and ideas for reconsidering old data and designing new studies.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

Fock-Space Schrieffer–Wolff Transformation: Classically-Assisted Rank-Reduced Quantum Phase Estimation Algorithm

We present an extension of many-body downfolding methods to reduce the resources required in the quantum phase estimation (QPE) algorithm. In this paper, we focus on the Schrieffer–Wolff (SW) transformation of the electronic Hamiltonians for molecular systems that provides significant simplifications of quantum circuits for simulations of quantum dynamics. We demonstrate that by employing Fock-space variants of the SW transformation (or rank-reducing similarity transformations (RRST)) one can significantly increase the locality of the qubit-mapped similarity-transformed Hamiltonians. The practical utilization of the SW-RRST formalism is associated with a series of approximations discussed in the manuscript. In particular, amplitudes that define RRST can be evaluated using conventional computers and then encoded on quantum computers. The SW-RRST QPE quantum algorithms can also be viewed as an extension of the standard state-specific coupled-cluster downfolding methods to provide a robust alternative to the traditional QPE algorithms to identify the ground and excited states for systems with various numbers of electrons using the same Fock-space representations of the downfolded Hamiltonian. The RRST formalism serves as a design principle for developing new classes of approximate schemes that reduce the complexity of quantum circuits.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Failure Strain and Related Triaxiality of Aluminum 6061-T6, A36 Carbon Steel, 304 Stainless Steel, and Nitronic 60 Metals, Part I: Experimental Investigation

The objective of this study is to develop failure-limit material models for Aluminum 6061-T6, A36 Carbon Steel, 304 Stainless Steel, and Nitronic 60 metals, based on parameters of plastic equivalent strain (failure strain) and stress triaxiality. The research is conducted in two parts. This paper presents Part One of the study. In Part One, custom-designed test specimens undergo controlled uniaxial tension and compression testing at ambient temperature. These tests are performed at quasi-static speeds using Universal Testing Machines (UTMs) in accordance with ASTM E8 and ASTM E9 standards. Experimental data, specifically engineering stress–strain and force–displacement curves, are recorded from the onset of loading until specimen fracture, or in the case of compression tests, until the capacity of the testing machine is reached. In Part Two, the emphasis shifts to the calibration of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) models of the custom-designed test specimens. Plastic equivalent strain and the corresponding stress triaxiality values at failure are extracted from each test specimen for the given metal. These values are then systematically plotted onto a single graph to construct the failure-limit curve, which delineates the boundary conditions for material failure. This approach will facilitate the development of a comprehensive material property definition that correlates plastic equivalent strain with stress triaxiality at failure for Aluminum 6061-T6, A36 Carbon Steel, 304 Stainless Steel, and Nitronic 60 metals.

Harwell, Ron↗

Baseline Climate Variables for Earth System Modelling

The Baseline Climate Variables for Earth System Modelling (ESM-BCVs) are defined as a list of 135 variables which have high utility for the evaluation and exploitation of climate simulations. The list reflects the most frequently used elements of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) archive. Successive phases of CMIP have supported strong results in science and substantially influence international climate policy formulation. This paper responds to both interest in exploiting CMIP data standards in a broader range of climate modelling activities and a need to achieve greater clarity about the significance and intention of variables in the CMIP Data Request. As Earth system modelling archives grow in scale and complexity, there are emerging problems associated with weak standardisation at the variable collection level. That is, there are good standards covering how specific variables should be archived, but this paper fills a gap in the standardisation of which variables should be archived. The ESM-BCV list is intended as a resource for ESM intercomparison projects (MIPs) developing requests to enable greater consistency among MIPs and as a reference for modelling centres to enhance consistency within MIPs. Provisional planning for the CMIP7 Data Request exploits the ESM-BCVs as a core element. The baseline variable list includes 98 variables which have modest or minor data volume footprints and could be generated systematically when simulations are produced and archived for exploitation by the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) community. A further 35 variables are classed as “high volume” and are only suitable for production when the resource implications are justified.

Juckes, Martin [University of Oxford (United Kingd↗

WIPP Safety Significant Confinement Ventilation System (SSCVS) Quality Assurance Program - 20237

Construction and major equipment fabrication are underway for a new ventilation exhaust system at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP). The new system will provide continuous HEPA filtration of the exhaust from the WIPP underground while meeting the ventilation demands for expanded waste emplacement and mining operations over the next 40 years. The SSCVS project has proceeded with the awarding of CD-3A for Long Lead Procurements followed by CD-2/3 approval for the construction of the facilities. The SSCVS project team made the decision to increase the quality oversight throughout the complete project per the Project Quality Assurance Plan (PQAP) such that it can ensure the final products meet applicable NQA-1 requirements and general quality requirements, and that the project will proceed to operations without significant delays due to post installation quality concerns. The PQAP was established prior to approval of the project at the CD-2/3 milestone. The SSCVS project has 2 major long lead procurements which commenced with the awarding of CD-3A. These procurements include the HEPA filter housing assemblies and the Exhaust Fans. There are 22 HEPA filter assemblies for the SSCVS, which are designated Safety Significant for pressure boundary confinement, per the approved PDSA. The exhaust fans also have Safety Significant components to maintain the pressure confinement boundary. NWP made the decision to install resident Quality Inspectors at the fabrication facilities to ensure the documentation for each fabricated unit meets all the QA requirements as defined in the respective contract documents. For the construction of the SSCVS Salt Reduction Building (SRB) and New Filter Building (NFB), dedicated, on-site quality inspectors have been utilized to ensure that all work being performed will comply with quality requirements and the Special Inspections as defined in IBC-2015. At each stage of inspection, hold points are placed into the work packages to ensure NWP QA personnel are present to inspect and verify the installations are in accordance with the design specifications, codes and standards. With this level of oversight, NWP anticipates that the level of quality related issues, as seen on multiple other DOE complex site projects, will be avoided and that the commissioning, start-up and hot operations will progress in a timely fashion, as all documentation will be in place and approved prior to initiation of these activities. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

GRIDAPPSD/distopf (33583-E)

DistOPF is an open-source Python package providing a three-phase, asymmetric optimal power flow (OPF) tool specifically designed for distribution systems. The key inventive features include: - Asymmetrical 3-phase OPF modeling for distribution systems with unbalanced phases - Comprehensive control optimization supporting both active (P) and reactive (Q) power control variables - Built-in visualization and validation tools - Standard test system benchmarking platform for algorithm development and comparison - Modular CSV-based input system using Pandas DataFrames for flexible model specification - Standard power distribution model importer enabling direct conversion from CIM and OpenDSS format to optimization-ready models - Multiple solve interface compatibility (PYOMO, CVXPY, SciPy) with automatic solver selection based on problem type

Gray, Nathan [Pacific Northwest National Laborator↗

Navigating United States Standards and Regulation for Digital Energy Systems

This report provides an analysis of the U.S. standards and regulatory landscape for digital energy systems, focusing on cybersecurity, safety, and reliability requirements. It examines the interplay between federal mandates, state regulations, voluntary industry standards, and utility-specific policies, highlighting critical gaps between compliance and real-world risk mitigation. While NERC CIP standards enforce cybersecurity for Bulk Electric System assets, distribution-level infrastructure and emerging technologies often fall outside mandatory oversight, creating vulnerabilities. The report identifies systemic challenges such as reliance on self-attestation, uneven state adoption of safety codes, and lagging standards for advanced technologies like battery energy storage and inverter-based resources. Through a detailed gap analysis, it underscores the urgency of proactive risk-based approaches, independent verification, and strategic engagement with state and federal entities. Recommendations include adopting tiered security frameworks, strengthening procurement practices, and addressing emerging technology risks to ensure resilient and secure digital energy infrastructure. This guidance is intended for utilities, regulators, and stakeholders navigating compliance obligations and seeking to enhance cybersecurity and safety beyond minimum standards.

24 - POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

Magnetic, Mechanical and Thermal Modeling of Superconducting, Whole-Body, Actively Shielded, 3 T MRI Magnets Wound Using MgB 2 Strands for Liquid Cryogen Free Operation

Here we present magnetic, mechanical and thermal modeling results for a 3 Tesla actively shielded whole body MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) magnet consisting of coils with a square cross section of their windings. The magnet design was a segmented coil type optimized to minimize conductor length while hitting the standard field quality and DSV (Diameter of Spherical Volume) specifications as well as a standard, compact size 3 T system. It had an overall magnet length and conductor length which can lead to conduction cooled designs comparable to NbTi helium bath cooled 3 T MRI magnets. The design had a magnetic field homogeneity better than 10 ppm (part-per-million) within a DSV (Diameter of Spherical Volume) of 48 cm and the total magnet winding length of 1.37 m. A new class of MgB 2 strand especially designed for MRI applications was considered as a possible candidate for winding such magnets. This work represents the first magnetic, mechanical and thermal design for a whole-body 3 T MgB 2 short (1.37 m length) MRI magnet based on the performance parameters of existing MgB 2 wire. 3 Tesla MRI magnet can operate at 20 K at 67% of its critical current.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Recommendations for Data-in-Transit Requirements for Securing DER Communications

With the adoption of Distributed Energy Resource (DER) interoperability standards, common communication protocols are now being deployed between power system operators and DER devices. In 2018, a revision to the US interconnection and interoperability standard, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Std. 1547, required DER equipment to have an IEEE 2030.5, IEEE 1815, or SunSpec Modbus communication exchange interface. This change supports the future transition to secure connection and exchange of information between the DER equipment and implementing parties, such as grid operators. Adoption of standardized communication protocols and associated information models is a critical step toward interoperability between power system operators and DER, such as photovoltaic (PV) and energy storage systems. However, security requirements for these standardized communication protocols are not comprehensive, resulting in non-standard and vendor-specific implementation that may leave DER equipment susceptible to cyberattacks. This paper examines the data-in-flight security requirements for standardized DER communication protocols, per IEEE 1547-2018 revision, as it relates to device authentication, key management, and encryption. The state of the art for these security features is also explored, addressing their impact on communication and performance of low-cost single board computers, which are typical of DER devices. In conclusion, a recommendation is provided to adopt a common set of communication requirements, which are intended to achieve interoperability and implement data security over DER network pathways, while ensuring reliable, secure, and real-time information delivery.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Options for Achieving Cost Reduction in Advanced Reactors through Open Architecture

A key contributor to high capital costs and schedule overruns for new nuclear power plants is lack of standardization, driven by site-specific customization and construction of multiple designs by competing vendors rather than commitment to a single standardized program. While advanced reactor vendors typically individually target repeat construction of standardized units, the many competing designs could exacerbate the problem. “Open Architecture”, the open specification of requirements and interfaces for structures, systems and components (SSCs), has been proposed as a means of promoting standardization, by facilitating existing non-nuclear suppliers to enter the industry and/or allowing SSCs to be configured for more than one reactor within the same technology type. Contracting mechanisms that facilitate information sharing and alignment of incentives between stakeholders may complement such an approach. A preliminary scheme is presented for selection of SSCs for which such strategies could be adopted, based on a vendor make/buy decision model and stakeholder interviews. SSCs are categorized according to number of suppliers and their contribution to the reactor’s competitive edge. SSCs with many potential suppliers and a high contribution to competitive edge may be attractive for widening the supply chain via open specification of system requirements and interfaces, e.g., SSCs in the power island. SSCs with few suppliers and low contribution to competitive edge may be potential avenues for common system specification between vendors, e.g., some of the auxiliary SSCs. Potential cost reductions from such strategies will depend upon the size of the build program and the reactor type.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

In situ liquid SIMS analysis of uranium oxide

Trace analysis of nuclear materials in solid particles collected in the environment or particles in liquid slurry generated in nuclear material manufacturing processes can pinpoint elemental, organic, and isotopic signatures of nuclear fuel cycle activities and processes. Such information can support nuclear safeguards programs by increasing our ability to detect undeclared nuclear materials, routine activities for safeguarding at declared facilities, and illicit activities. However, trace radioactive material analysis in liquids and slurries is challenging using bulk approaches. For example, one drawback of sensitive analysis such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is that sample is consumed or destroyed as a result of the technical approach. We developed a vacuum compatible microfluidic interface to enable surface analysis of liquids and liquid-solid interactions using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). In this work, we illustrate initial results of liquid standards containing uranium using in situ liquid SIMS. Specifically a series of diluted uranium standards used for ICPMS analysis were studied and the limit of detection was estimated. Since the liquid SIMS analysis is almost nondestructive, the same sample can be analyzed by other more destructive approaches afterwards or saved for future references. Consequently, multimodal analysis is possible. Our results demonstrate that in situ liquid SIMS can be used as a new approach to analyze radioactive materials in liquid and slurry forms of relevance to the IAEA safeguards missions.

In situ liquid ToF-SIMS, uranium, limit of detecti↗