Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “scattering geometry”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 127 records · Page 7
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Icing Formation Strains on Airfoil Skin

Aircraft icing has long presented a safety hazard to the aerospace industry. One problem inherent to aircraft icing is predicting the adhesive properties of the ice-aircraft interface; values commonly reported span multiple orders of magnitude, making shedding prediction and surface evaluation difficult. An effort has been undertaken at the NASA Glenn Research Center to understand the cause of the scatter in the data. Geometry dependencies, variation in testing procedures, and residual stresses in ice samples have previously been identified as significant contributors to the problem. Residual stresses were singled out for this study, which investigated the strains at the leading edge of a Common Research Model (CRM) wind tunnel model in the NASA Glenn Icing Research Tunnel. Sprays were conducted at a particle size median volumetric diameter (MVD) of 20 µm, with liquid water contents (LWC) spanning from 0.4 to 3.0 g/m3. Total temperatures were varied between 0 and -25 °C, and test section velocity between 51 and 118 m/s. The leading edge was instrumented with custom strain gages, resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), optical fibers, and a pressure mat. Results indicate Δ strains, which were the difference between recorded strains and those predicted from isotropic thermal expansion of aluminum, below -400 µε with consistent patterns of strain across a wide variety of tunnel conditions. Isotropic, linear elastic finite element analysis (FEA) was conducted by varying the temperature of simplified airfoil and ice geometries, producing similar strains to those observed in testing. This allowed induced stresses to be predicted. Predicted stresses were above the expected tensile strength for ice, and suggest a source for previously observed cracking in tunnel ice.

Ice Adhesion↗
NASA NTRS2000

Coherence Measurements for Excited to Excited State Transitions in Barium

Experimental studies concerning elastic and inelastic electron scattering by coherently ensembles of Ba (...6s6p (sub 1)P(sub 1)) atoms with various degrees of alignment will be described. An in-plane, linearly-polarized laser beam was utilized to prepare these target ensembles and the electron scattering signal as a function of polarization angle was measured for several laser geometries at fixed impact energies and scattering angles. From these measurements, we derived cross sections and electron-impact coherence parameters associated with the electron scattering process which is time reverse of the actual experimentally studied process. This interpretation of the experiment is based on the theory of Macek and Herte. The experimental results were also interpreted in terms of cross sections and collision parameters associated with the actual experimental processes. Results obtained so far will be presented and plans for further studies will be discussed.

Trajmar, S.↗
NASA NTRS1979

A general and computationally fast formulation for radiative transfer with scattering

A general formulation of monocromatic radiative transfer with scattering has been developed for plane-parallel geometry. The inhomogeneous and nonisothermal medium absorbs, emits, and anisotropically scatters radiation. Surfaces can emit and scatter radiation in any specified manner. The solution procedure uses the fact that phase incoherent scattering is linear in radiative sources. Certain basic scattering functions are then defined and calculated by an adding computer code using matrix algebra. These scattering functions are weighted by the temperature field and summed (superimposed) to obtain the solution for any specific problem. Numerical results for exiting intensities and one-sided heat fluxes from general media bound by one arbitrary surface are presented. These parametric studies demonstrate the effects of scattering particles and surfaces on radiative transfer from inhomogeneous and nonisothermal media. Application of the formulation to radiative equilibrium is also discussed. The conclusion is that all problems in plane-parallel radiative transfer with scattering can be solved by a common and computationally fast algorithm based on this formulation.

Cogley, A. C.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Forward-scatter radiant mapping

Forward-scatter systems have been much neglected for the study of meteors and meteor streams. A great deal of this neglect stems from the complicated geometry which has made the interpretation of results difficult in the past. This no longer presents a problem because of the computer power now available. There are practical advantages in using forward-scatter in that low-power transmitters are much easier to handle than the high-power ones used in pulsed back-scatter radars. The data reduction of the CW signals is also significantly simpler. Because the forward-scatter reflection geometry increases the duration of the echoes relative to the back-scatter case, the problem of the underdense ceiling is partially alleviated. We have built a 'short hop' forward-scatter system between Ottawa and London (Ont) for which the transmitter and receiver are separated by about 500 km. With it, we are able to measure unambiguously the directions of arrival of the echoes using a 5-antenna interferometer. Morton and Jones (1982, MN, 198, 737) have shown how the echo direction distribution can be deconvolved to yield the meteor radiant distribution for back-scatter data. We have extended the technique to the forward-scatter case and present some preliminary meteor radiant distribution maps.

Jones, James↗
NASA NTRS1984

Usefulness of multifrequency MST radar measurements, part 2.6B

Scattering of radio waves from atmospheric refractive-index irregularities induced by turbulence was invoked almost four decades ago to explain the characteristics of signals received on VHF/UHF ionospheric and tropospheric forward-scatter links. Due to the bistatic geometry of these links a slender, horizontally extended, common volume or cell is formed in space. The principal contribution to scattering arises from refractive-index fluctuations in this volume at the Bragg wave number K approx. sub B = K approx. sub i -k approx. sub s vectors. It has been surmised that the use of more than one frequency in probing the middle-atmosphere regions should help resolve several issues pertaining to the scattering mechanism. These issues are briefly re-examined in this note. The implications of the radar equation are discussed. The problems arising due to layered structure of turbulence and the choice of frequencies most suitable for multifrequency measurements are considered.

Rastogi, P. K.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Phased Microphone Array on Aircraft Fuselage

This paper studies some challenging features for phased microphone arrays on aircraft fuselage, including the effects of sound scattering such as refraction by nonuniform boundary layer flows, reflection by curved surfaces, and diffraction by sharp edges and smooth geometry. The objective is to show if and how source locations and source amplitudes can be accurately captured by the array data analysis, in the presence of these features. The study starts with canonical problems to separately examine the individual features, making use of their respective analytical solutions, which provide exact results for all quantities needed for the array data processing. To simulate realistic flight environments, a generic aircraft geometry is then utilized, involving multiple scattering mechanisms and multiple noise sources to model aircraft engine noise. For this application, numerical solutions are computed to provide noise propagation and scattering from the sources to the microphones, as well as the quantities needed for array data analysis. The study reveals the effects of various features on fuselage-mounted arrays and provides guidelines to account for these effects in array data analysis.

Yueping Guo↗
NASA NTRS1977

X-ray polarimeters

The paper presents the theory, design, performance parameters, and statistical limitations of dispersive-crystal and Thomson-scattering devices as X-ray polarimeters for solar and extrasolar observations. With reference to the Bragg crystal polarimeter, the instrument parameters of the OSO-8 polarimeter are reported along with estimates of the minimum detectable polarization for several sources as derived from measured values for the integral reflectivities, the known spectra for a number of X-ray sources, and crystal panel geometry. For the Thomson-scattering polarimeter, values are given for the scattering efficiency for hydrogen and lithium as a function of photon energy and for the spectra of the two brightest X-ray sources: Sco X-1 and the Crab Nebula.

Silver, E. H.↗
NASA NTRS1988

X-ray heated winds in Seyfert galaxies

Recent observational work has shown that Type 2 Seyfert galaxies contain Type 1 nuclei. These are hidden from direct view by obscuring material of toroidal geometry, but are revealed by scattering off asymmetrically distributed warm electrons which gives the light net polarization. Warm, ionized gas of the right temperature and optical depth to match the observations is exactly what would be expected due to evaporation of material from the inner edge of the obscuring torus by the nuclear UV and X-ray continuum. In addition to revealing the nucleus by scattering, this warm gas also produces strong X-ray Fe K features.

Krolik, Julian H.↗
NASA NTRS1995

User's and test case manual for FEMATS

The FEMATS program incorporates first-order edge-based finite elements and vector absorbing boundary conditions into the scattered field formulation for computation of the scattering from three-dimensional geometries. The code has been validated extensively for a large class of geometries containing inhomogeneities and satisfying transition conditions. For geometries that are too large for the workstation environment, the FEMATS code has been optimized to run on various supercomputers. Currently, FEMATS has been configured to run on the HP 9000 workstation, vectorized for the Cray Y-MP, and parallelized to run on the Kendall Square Research (KSR) architecture and the Intel Paragon.

Chatterjee, Arindam↗
NASA NTRS2012

An Icy Kuiper Belt Around the Young Solar-type Star HD 181327

Context. HD 181327 is a young main sequence F5/F6 V star belonging to the Beta Pictoris moving group (age approx.. 12 Myr). It harbors an optically thin belt of circumstellar material at radius approx.. 90 AU, presumed to result from collisions in a population of unseen planetesimals. Aims. We aim to study the dust properties in the belt in details, and to constrain the gas-to-dust ratio. Methods. We obtained far-infrared photometric observations of HD 181327 with the PACS instrument onboard the Herschel Space Observatory, complemented by new 3.2 mm observations carried with the ATCA array. The geometry of the belt is constrained with newly reduced HST/NICMOS scattered light images that allow the degeneracy between the disk geometry and the dust properties to be broken. We then use the radiative transfer code GRaTeR to compute a large grid of models, and we identify the grain models that best reproduce the spectral energy distribution (SED) through a Bayesian analysis. We attempt to detect the oxygen and ionized carbon fine-structure lines with Herschel/PACS spectroscopy, providing observables to our photochemical code ProDiMo. Results. The HST observations confirm that the dust is confined in a narrow belt. The continuum is detected with Herschel/PACS completing nicely the SED in the far-infrared. The disk is marginally resolved with both PACS and ATCA. A medium integration of the gas spectral lines only provides upper limits on the [OI] and [CII] line fluxes.We show that the HD 181327 dust disk consists of micron-sized grains of porous amorphous silicates and carbonaceous material surrounded by an important layer of ice, for a total dust mass of approx.. 0.05 Solar Mass (in grains up to 1 mm). We discuss evidences that the grains consists of fluffy aggregates. The upper limits on the gas atomic lines do not provide unambiguous constraints: only if the PAH abundance is high, the gas mass must be lower than approx. 17 Solar Mass. Conclusions. Despite the weak constraints on the gas disk, the age of HD 181327 and the properties of the dust disk suggest that it has passed the stage of gaseous planets formation. The dust reveals a population of icy planetesimals, similar to the primitive Edgeworth-Kuiper belt, that may be a source for the future delivery of water and volatiles onto forming terrestrial planets.

HD 181327↗
NASA NTRS2019

Explicit Aerosol Correction of OMI Formaldehyde Retrievals

Atmospheric aerosols are significant sources of uncertainty in air mass factor (AMF) calculations for trace gas retrievals using ultraviolet measurements from space. Current trace gas retrievals typically do not consider aerosols explicitly as cloud products partially account for aerosol effects. Here, we propose a new measurement-based approach to correct for aerosols explicitly in the AMF calculation, apply it to Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) formaldehyde (HCHO) retrievals and quantify the aerosol-induced HCHO vertical column density difference for three aerosol types (smoke, dust, and sulfate) during 2006–2007. We use OMI aerosol retrievals for aerosol optical properties and vertical profiles to construct lookup tables of scattering weights as functions of geometry, surface pressure, surface albedo, and aerosol information. The average difference between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration operational OMI HCHO product (not considering aerosols) and the results obtained in this study on a global scale are 27%, 6%, and −0.3% for smoke, dust, and sulfate aerosols, respectively. The region with the largest aerosol effects is East China, where the explicit smoke aerosol correction enhances mean HCHO vertical column densities by 35%, with corrections to individual observations sometimes larger than 100%. The quantified aerosol effects are applicable under clear-sky conditions. This study highlights the need to implement aerosol corrections in the AMF calculation for HCHO retrievals. This is particularly relevant in regions with high levels of pollution where aerosols interfere the most with formaldehyde satellite observations.

Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) formaldehyde (HC↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Noise Scattering Study for a NACA 0012 Airfoil with a Shielding Flap

Noise scattering measurements for a NACA 0012 airfoil with a flap were conducted. The effects of the flap relative placement and geometry on noise shielding are examined. This scattering test supports the development of a noise reduction concept (referred as the Shielding Flap) applicable to a NATO MULDICON vehicle. Together with the NASA PAASc scattering prediction method, the experimental study presented here was used for the initial exploration and development of the Shielding Flap concept.

noise shielding↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Noise Scattering Study for a NACA 0012 Airfoil with a Shielding Flap

Noise scattering measurements for a NACA 0012 airfoil with a flap were conducted. The effects of the flap relative placement and geometry on noise shielding are examined. This scattering test supports the development of a noise reduction concept (referred as the Shielding Flap) applicable to a NATO MULDICON vehicle. Together with the NASA PAASc scattering prediction method, the experimental study presented here was used for the initial exploration and development of the Shielding Flap concept.

acoustic↗
NASA NTRS2011

An Icy Kuiper-Belt Around the Young Solar-Type Star HD 181327

HD 181327 is a young Main Sequence F5/F6 V star belonging to the Beta Pictoris moving group (age approx 12 Myr). It harbors an optically thin belt of circumstellar material at approx90 AU, presumed to result from collisions in a populat.ion of unseen planetesimals. Aims. We aim to study the dust properties in the belt in great details, and to constrain the gas-to-dust ratio. Methods. We obtained far-IR photometric observations of HD 181327 with the PACS instrument onboard the Herschel Space Observatory, complemented by new 3.2 nun observations carried with the ATCA array. The geometry of the belt is constrained with newly reduced HST /NICMOS scattered light images that break the degeneracy between the disk geometry and the dust properties. We then use the radiative transfer code GRaTer to compute a large grid of dust models, and we apply a Bayesian inference method to identify the grain models that best reproduce the SED. We attempt to detect the oxygen and ionized carbon fine-structure lines with Herschel/PACS spectroscopy, providing observables to our photochemical code ProDiMo. Results. The HST observations confirm that the dust is confined in a narrow belt. The continuum is detected with Herschel/PACS completing nicely the SED in the far-infrared. The disk is marginally resolved with both PACS and ATCA. A medium integration of the gas spectral lines only provides upper limits on the [OI] and [CII] line fluxes. We show that the HD 181327 dust disk consists of micron-sized grains of porous amorphous silicates and carbonaceous material surrounded by an import.ant layer of ice for a total dust mass of approx 0.05 stellar Mass. We discuss evidences that the grains consists of fluffy aggregates. The upper limits on the gas atomic lines do not provide unambiguous constraints: only if the PAH abundance is high, the gas mass must be lower than approx 17 Stellar Mass Conclusions. Despite the weak constraints on the gas disk, the age of HD 181327 and the properties of the dust disk suggest that it has passed the stage of gaseous planets formation. The dust reveals a population of icy planetesimals, similar to the primitive Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt, that may be a source for the future delivery of water and volatiles onto forming terrestrial planets.

Lebreton, J.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Acoustic Reflection and Transmission of 2-Dimensional Rotors and Stators, Including Mode and Frequency Scattering Effects

A reduced order modeling scheme has been developed for the unsteady acoustic and vortical coupling between blade rows of a turbomachine. The essential behavior of the system is governed by modal scattering coefficients (i.e., reflection and transmission coefficients) of the rotor, stator, inlet and nozzle, which are calculated as if they were connected to non-reflecting ducts. The objective of this report is to identify fundamental behavior of these scattering coefficients for a better understanding of the role of blade row reflection and transmission in noise generation. A 2D flat plate unsteady cascade model is used for the analysis with the expectation that the general behavior presented herein will carry over to models that include more realistic flow and geometry. It is shown that stators scatter input waves into many modes at the same frequency whereas rotors scatter on frequency, or harmonic order. Important cases are shown here the rotor reflection coefficient is greater than unity; a mode at blade passing frequency (BPF) traveling from the stator with unit sound power is reflected by the rotor with more than unit power at 2xBPF and 3xBPE Analysis is presented to explain this unexpected phenomenon. Scattering curves are presented in a format chosen for design use and for physical interpretation. To aid in interpretation of the curves, formulas are derived for special condition where waveforms are parallel to perpendicular to the rotor.

Hanson, Donald B.↗
NASA NTRS2020

INVESTIGATING THE FEASIBILITY AND STABILITY FOR MODELING ACOUSTIC WAVE SCATTERING USING A TIME-DOMAIN BOUNDARY INTEGRAL EQUATION WITH IMPEDANCE BOUNDARY CONDITION

Reducing aircraft noise is a major objective in the field of computational aeroacoustics. When designing next generation quiet and environmentally friendly aircraft, it is important to be able to accurately and efficiently predict the acoustic scattering by an aircraft body from a given noise source. Acoustic liners are an effective tool for aircraft noise reduction and are characterized by a frequency-dependent impedance. Converted into the time-domain using Fourier transforms, an impedance boundary condition can be used to simulate the acoustic wave scattering by geometric bodies treated with acoustic liners. This work considers using either an impedance or an admittance (inverse of impedance) boundary condition to allow for acoustic scattering problems to be modeled with geometries consisting of both un-lined and lined surfaces. Three acoustic liner models are discussed: the Extended Helmholtz Resonator Model, the Three-Parameter Impedance Model, and the Broadband Impedance Model. In both the Helmholtz and Three-Parameter models, liner impedance is specified at a given frequency, whereas the Broadband model allows for the investigation of multiple frequencies simultaneously. The impedance and admittance boundary conditions for acoustic liners are derived for each model and coupled with a time-domain boundary integral equation. The scattering solution is obtained iteratively using a boundary element method with constant spatial and third-order temporal basis functions. Time-domain boundary integral equations are unfortunately prone to numerical instabilities due to resonant frequencies resulting from non-trivial solutions in the interior domain. When reformulated with the Burton-Miller method, the instabilities are eliminated. Using a Burton-Miller reformulation, the stability of the boundary element method assuming a liner boundary condition is assessed using eigenvalue analysis. The stability of each liner model is discussed, and it is shown that the Three-Parameter and Broadband models are sufficient for modeling an acoustic liner on the surface of scattering bodies. The Helmholtz model demonstrates strict limitations for stability, whereas the Three-Parameter and Broadband models are stable for most cases. Also included in this work is an assessment of the spatial accuracy of the time-domain boundary element method with respect to the surface element basis functions, as well as a performance study of the numerical algorithm.

computational mathematics↗
NASA NTRS1987

The unusual dust-scattering properties in the reflection nebula CED 201

Spectrophotometric data available from ground-based and IUE observations of the reflection nebula CED 201 and its illuminating star BD + 69.1231 deg are analyzed to deduce the most likely star-nebula geometry and the wavelength dependence of the scattering characteristics of the nebular grains. The dust albedo is found to decline from 0.72 at V to probably less than 0.2 at lambda less than 2000 A, explaining the unusual red color of this reflection nebula. The wavelength dependence of the optical depth and of the phase function asymmetry in the visible suggests the existence of a narrow size distribution of grains, skewed toward larger than normal particle sizes. CED 201 is one of two reflection nebulae with positive evidence for enhanced scattering in the long-wavelength wing of the 2175 A dust extinction feature, also pointing toward larger than average grains.

Witt, A. N.↗