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At least 127 records · Page 7

Reliability study of refractory gate gallium arsenide MESFETS

Refractory gate MESFET's were fabricated as an alternative to aluminum gate devices, which have been found to be unreliable as RF power amplifiers. In order to determine the reliability of the new structures, statistics of failure and information about mechanisms of failure in refractory gate MESFET's are given. Test transistors were stressed under conditions of high temperature and forward gate current to enhance failure. Results of work at 150 C and 275 C are reported.

Yin, J. C. W.↗

Abundances of refractory elements in quasars

A comparison of previous and new observations of iron, silicon, aluminum, magnesium and carbon lines in quasars with theoretical models shows that the gas-phase abundances of these refractory elements cannot be much less than solar, and that they do not show the order-of-magnitude depletions that are found in planetary nebulae and the interstellar medium. In light of this lack of refractory element depletions, it is suggested that the broad emission-line clouds must be devoid of dust.

Gaskell, C. M.↗

Method of repairing surface damage to porous refractory substrates

A damaged porous refractory material coated with a glass coating is repaired by applying hydrolyzed tetraethyl orthosilicate to the damaged area and curing it. A pliable filler comprised of hydrolyzed tetraethyl orthosilicate and powdered refractory substrate is then applied to the area which is then heated.

Ecord, G. M.↗

Influence of deflocculant on the isoelectric point of refractory powders: Considerations on the action of deflocculant

Isoelectric point changes in suspensions of refractory materials vis-a-vis the role of deflocculants used in monolithic refractories were investigated by considering the mineral compositions and adsorbed ions in four kinds of clay. Three types of curves represented the relation between the isoelectric point and the deflocculant. The surface charge of clay particles in the suspensions became negative as a result of the deflocculant, since the isoelectric point of suspensions decreased as the deflocculant was added. The isoelectric point changes of calcined alumina were also compared with those of the clays, and a similar phenomenon was observed, except that the deflocculant dispersed the calcined alumina better than it did the clays. A simple model was used to analyze the results.

Naruse, Y.↗

Chemical compositions of refractory inclusions in the Murchison C2 chondrite

Neutron activation has been used to analyze samples from ten refractory inclusions in Murchison for 36 elements. Two inclusions, BB-5 and MUCH-1, have large negative Yb anomalies unaccompanied by correspondingly large and negative Eu anomalies; six inclusions have group II or III patterns, or variants of such patterns. The frequency of highly fractionated REE patterns, and the absence of group I patterns, suggest that refractory inclusions in Murchison stopped equilibrating with the nebular gas at higher temperatures than most Allende coarse grained inclusions. Murchison inclusions tend to be lower in nonrefractory elements than Allende coarse grained inclusions, further suggesting that, on average, the former underwent less severe secondary alteration than the latter.

Ekambaram, V.↗

Does nucleation theory apply to the formation of refractory circumstellar grains?

It is pointed out that kinetic factors inherent in cosmic systems will prevent the attainment of an approximate equilibrium precondensation cluster distribution, and that therefore such systems will violate one of the most fundamental assumptions of nucleation theory. More importantly, it is shown that of the 11 refractory metal/metal oxide systems which have been studied experimentally none are consistent with the predictions of either classical nucleation theory or the Lothe-Pound modification. Since no valid method is known by which these deficiencies can be circumvented, it is concluded that nucleation theory cannot be made to work in expanding circumstellar shells. However, a stochastic, kinetic treatment which makes use of experimental and theoretical data for specific refractory systems does appear to be feasible.

Donn, B.↗

The need for isotopic data on refractory elements in the solar wind

The Sun accounts for the bulk of material in the solar system. Information on the isotopic composition of elements in the solar wind is therefore essential for an understanding of the contribution made by each nucleogenetic component that has been identified in meteorites. Recent work suggests that isotopic data on the solar wind may also help us to understand the physical process that is concentrating light elements at the solar surface. Refractory and volatile elements would behave alike under the conditions of solar fractionation. Prolonged exposure of foils at 1AU from the sun would be a relatively inexpensively way to collect the quantity of solar wind implanted refractory elements needed to test this hypothesis.

Manuel, O. K.↗

The abundance and relative volatility of refractory trace elements in Allende Ca,Al-rich inclusions - Implications for chemical and physical processes in the solar nebula

The relative volatilities of lithophile refractory trace elements (LRTE) were determined using calculated 50-percent condensation temperatures. Then, the refractory trace-element abundances were measured in about 100 Allende inclusions. The abundance patterns found in Allende Ca,Al-rich inclusions (CAIs) and ultrarefractory inclusions were used to empirically modify the calculated LRTE volatility sequence. In addition, the importance of crystal-chemical effects, diffusion constraints, and grain transport for the origin of the trace-element chemistry of Allende CAIs (which have important implications for chemical and physical processes in the solar nebula) is discussed.

Kornacki, Alan S.↗

Refractory minerals in interplanetary dust

A newly studied interplanetary dust particle contains a unique set of minerals that closely resembles assemblages in the refractory, calcium- and aluminum-rich inclusions in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. The set of minerals includes diopside, magnesium-aluminum spinel, anorthite, perovskite, and fassaite. Only fassaite has previously been identified in interplanetary dust particles. Diopside and spinel occur in complex symplectic intergrowths that may have formed by a reaction between condensed melilite and the solar nebula gas. The particle represents a new link between interplanetary dust particles and carbonaceous chondrites; however, the compositions of its two most abundant refractory phases, diopside and spinel, differ in detail from corresponding minerals in calcium- and aluminum-rich inclusions.

Christoffersen, Roy↗

Isotopic studies of Mg, Fe, Mo, Ru and W in Fremdlinge from Allende refractory inclusions

This paper presents the first isotopic measurements, made with an ion microprobe, of Mg, Fe, Mo, Ru, and W in Fremdlinge and refractory metal nuggets from Allende meteorite. No non-mass-dependent deviations exceeding 1 percent from normal solar isotopic abundances were found for any of the elements analyzed, despite the unusual mineralogy of Fremdlinge and the extreme enrichment in refractory siderophile elements. It is concluded that the chemical, petrologic, and isotopic data on Fremdlinge are most plausibly interpreted in terms of the origin of Fremdlinge within the solar nebula.

Hutcheon, Ian D.↗

Experimental constraints on heating and cooling rates of refractory inclusions in the early solar system

The refractory inclusions in carbonaceous chondrites were the subject of considerable interest since their discovery. These inclusions contain minerals that are predicted to be some of the earliest condensates from the solar nebula, and contain a plethora of isotopic anomalies of unknown origin. Of particular interest are those coarse-grained inclusions that contain refractory metal particles (Fe, Ni, Pt, Ru, Os Ir). Experimental studies of these inclusions in terrestrial laboratories are, however, complicated because the dense particles tend to settle out of a molten or partially molten silicate material. Heating experiments in the Space Station technology and microgravity in order to observe the effects of metal nuggets (which may act as heterogeneous nucleation sites) on nucleation rates in silicate systems and to measure simultaneously the relative volatilization rate of siderophile and lithophile species. Neither experiment is possible in the terrestrial environment.

Boynton, W. V.↗

The search for refractory interplanetary dust particles from preindustrial aged Antarctic ice

In a study of refractory interplanetary dust particles, preindustrial-aged Antarctic ice samples have been collected, melted, and filtered to separate the particle load. Particles containing a significant amount of aluminum, titanium, and/or calcium were singled out for detailed SEM and STEM characterization. The majority of these particles are shown to be volcanic tephra from nearby volcanic centers. Six spherical aggregates were encountered that consist of submicron-sized grains of rutile within polycrystalline cristobalite. These particles are probably of terrestrial volcanic origin, but have not been previously reported from any environment. One aggregate particle containing fassaite and hibonite is described as a probable interplanetary dust particle. The constituent grain sizes of this particle vary from 0.1 to 0.3 microns, making it significantly more fine-grained than meteoritic calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions. This particle is mineralogically and morphologically similar to recently reported refractory interplanetary dust particles collected from the stratosphere, and dissimilar to the products of modern spacecraft debris.

Zolensky, Michael E.↗

The density distribution of refractory elements away from the Galactic plane

The density distributions of the three refractory elements Ti II, Ca II, and Fe II away from the Galactic plane are compared with the distribution of hydrogen and dust by examining plots of N s in b versus z. It is found that Ti II and Ca II are considerably more extended in z than the H I and dust and that Fe II has an intermediate extension. Although the results are strongly influenced by sample bias, the indicated exponential scale heights for the data sample are h(Ti II) not less than 2 kpc, h(Ca II) = 1 kpc, h(Fe II) = 0.5 kpc, H(H I) = 0.3 kpc, and h(E/B-V) = 0.1 kpc. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that Ti II and Ca II are much more smoothly distributed in space than the hydrogen or dust. The large scale heights for Ti II and Ca II and their smooth distributions are most easily understood as the effect of a mixture along the line of sight of two H I phases namely, a diffuse cloud phase, in which nearly all of the Ti and Ca are tied up in dust, and an intercloud medium, where refractory elements are less depleted. It is found that Ti II and Ca II mostly trace the smoothly distributed intercloud medium. The smoothness of the distributions of Ti II and Ca II makes them candidates for use as distance indicators.

Edgar, Richard J.↗

Stochastic evolution of refractory interstellar dust during the chemical evolution of a two-phase interstellar medium

The evolution course of refractoary interstellar dust during the chemical evolution of a two-phase interstellar medium (ISM) is studied using a simple model of the chemical evolution of ISM. It is assumed that, in this medium, the stars are born in molecular clouds, but new nucleosynthesis products and stellar return are entered into a complementary diffuse medium; the well-mixed matter of each interstellar phase is repeatedly cycled stochastically through the complementary phase and back. The dust is studied on a particle-by-particle bases as it is sputtered by shock waves in the diffuse medium, accretes an amorphous mantle of gaseous refractory atoms while its local medium joins the molecular cloud medium, and encounters the possibility of astration within molecular clouds. Results are presented relevant to the size spectrum of accreted mantles, its age spectrum and the distinction among its several lifetimes, depletion factors of refractory atoms in the diffuse gas, and isotopic anomalies.

Liffman, Kurt↗

Refractory solids in chondrites and comets: How similar

The grains of ice, dust, and organic material that came together to form the solar system have been preserved to differing degrees in the most primitive solar system bodies, asteroids and comets. The study of samples of asteroids (in the form of chondritic meteorites) reveals that the dust component was extensively altered by high-temperature events and processes in the early solar system, before it was aggregated into chondritic planetesimals. The nature of these high-temperature events and processes is not known, but the evidence of their operation is pervasive and unequivocal. Are the refractory particles in comets likely to be similar to these chondrite components. Probably not (except for the presolar carbonaceous grains in chondrites), because the chondritic components are products of severe thermal processing, and all imaginable energy sources that could have provided the heat tend to diminish with distance from the sun. Every indication is that comets formed at much greater radial distances than asteroids, so the particles they incorporated would have experienced less heating. The possibilities cannot be completely ruled out that comets, too, formed inside the present orbit of Jupiter, or that thermally-processed grains were able to diffuse great radial distances before being incorporated in accreting objects, but it is far more likely that most of the refractory grains in comets have been spared the extreme thermal processing that shaped the character of chondritic components.

Wood, John A.↗

Experimental studies of circumstellar, interstellar and interplanetary refractory grain analogs

Experimental techniques for studying the processes which occur during the life cycle of a refractory grain are reviewed. Consideration is given to the construction of a differentially-pumped beam-mass spectrometer which is expected to determine the relative stability of small clusters in the Fe-Mg-Si-O and Ca-Ti-Al-O systems as a function of temperature and pressure. Also, a smoke generator has been constructed to produce gram quantities of amorphous grains for use in thermal annealing and hydrous alteration studies of smokes containing Fe-Mg-Al-Ti-Ca-Si-O and Cl. Topics of the studies include the properties of grains produced in a flow condensation apparatus, the sorption efficiency of Si2O3 smokes for AR gas, the processing of ices containing refractory precursors such as SiH4 or Fe(CO)5 plus water, and the residue from 1 MeV bombardment and warming of an amorphous Fe-SiO smoke.

Nuth, J. A.↗

Refractory metal alloys and composites for space power systems

Results are presented on recent studies of refractory-metal-alloy and refractory-metal-composite technologies for space power systems, with emphasis on work performed at the Lewis Research Center in support of the Ground Engineering System (GES) for the SP-100 reactor. Special attention is given to the mechanical properties of alloys with compositions Nb-1Zr and Nb-0.1Zr-0.1C (the PWC-11 alloy) and to advanced fiber-reinforced composites. The results to date indicate that, for the GES at a power level of about 100 kWe, the PWC-11 has attractive creep properties that will extend the capabilities of the SP-100 reactor compared to a similar system fabricated from Nb-1Zr. On the other hand, tungsten-reinforced Nb-1Zr composites were found to provide a ten-fold and four-fold creep strength over Nb-1Zr and PWC-11, respectively, at 1400 to 1500 K.

Stephens, R.↗

High temperature refractory member with radiation emissive overcoat

A radiation type heat dissipator for use in a plasma engine is formed of a refractory metal layer upon which there is deposited a radiation emissive coating made of a high emissivity material such as zirconium diboride. The radiation emissive coating has a surface emissivity coefficient substantially greater than the emissivity coefficient of the refractory metal and thereby enhances the optical radiating efficiency of the heat dissipator.

Deininger, William D.↗