Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “primordial”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 127 records · Page 7
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Refining localtype primordial non-Gaussianity: Sharpened bϕ constraints through bias expansion

Local-type primordial non-Gaussianity (PNG), predicted by many nonminimal models of inflation, creates a scale-dependent contribution to the power spectrum of large-scale structure tracers. Its amplitude is characterized by the product bϕfNLloc, where bϕ is an astrophysical parameter dependent on the properties of the tracer. However, bϕ exhibits significant secondary dependence on halo concentration and other astrophysical properties, which may bias and weaken the constraints on fNLloc. In this work, we demonstrate that incorporating knowledge of the relation between Lagrangian bias parameters and bϕ can significantly enhance PNG constraints. We employ the hybrid effective field theory approach at the field level and a linear regression model to seek a connection between the bias parameters and bϕ for halo and galaxy samples, constructed using the abacussummit simulation suite and mimicking the luminous red galaxies and quasistellar objects of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument survey. For the fixed-mass halo samples, our full bias model reduces the uncertainty by more than 70%, with most of that improvement coming from b∇, which we find to be an excellent proxy for concentration. For the galaxy samples, our model reduces the uncertainty on bϕ by 80% for all tracers. By adopting Lagrangian-bias informed priors on the parameter bϕ, future analyses can thus constrain fNLloc with less bias and smaller errors.

Hadzhiyska, Boryana↗
DOE OSTI2025

Superexponential primordial black hole production via delayed vacuum decay

If a cosmological first-order phase transition occurs sufficiently slowly, delayed vacuum decay may lead to the formation of primordial black holes. Here we consider a simple model as a case study of how the abundance of the produced black holes depends on the model’s input parameters. We demonstrate, using both numerical and analytical arguments and methods, that the black hole abundance is controlled by a double, “super”-exponential dependence on the three-dimensional Euclidean action over temperature at its minimal value. We show that a modified expansion rate during the phase transition, such as one driven by an additional energy density component, leads to a weaker dependence on the underlying model parameters, but maintains the same superexponential structure. We argue that our findings generalize to any framework of black hole production via delayed vacuum decay. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

Wu, Yanda (ORCID:000000034487305X)↗
DOE OSTI2019

Constraining Primordial Black Hole Abundance with the Galactic 511 keV Line

Models in which dark matter consists entirely of primordial black holes (PBHs) with masses around 10 17 g are currently unconstrained. However, if PBHs are a component of the Galactic dark matter density, they will inject a large flux of energetic particles into the Galaxy as they radiate. Positrons produced by these black holes will subsequently propagate throughout the Galaxy and annihilate, contributing to the Galactic 511 keV line. Here, using measurements of this line by the INTEGRAL satellite as a constraint on PBH positron injection, we place new limits on PBH abundance in the mass range 10 16 –10 17 g, ruling out models in which these PBHs constitute the entirety of dark matter.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Exploring Primordial Black Holes from the Multiverse with Optical Telescopes

Primordial black holes (PBHs) are a viable candidate for dark matter if the PBH masses are in the currently unconstrained “sublunar” mass range. We revisit the possibility that PBHs were produced by nucleation of false vacuum bubbles during inflation. We show that this scenario can produce a population of PBHs that simultaneously accounts for all dark matter, explains the candidate event in the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) data, and contains both heavy black holes as observed by LIGO and very heavy seeds of supermassive black holes. Here, we demonstrate with numerical studies that future observations of HSC, as well as other optical surveys, such as LSST, will be able to provide a definitive test for this generic PBH formation mechanism if it is the dominant source of dark matter.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Primordial Black Holes from Long-Range Scalar Forces and Scalar Radiative Cooling

We describe a new scenario for the formation of primordial black holes (PBHs). In the early Universe, the long-range forces mediated by the scalar fields can lead to formation of halos of heavy particles even during the radiation-dominated era. The same interactions result in the emission of scalar radiation from the motion and close encounters of particles in such halos. Radiative cooling due the scalar radiation allows the halos to collapse to black holes. We illustrate this scenario on a simple model with fermions interacting via the Yukawa forces. The abundance and the mass function of PBHs are suitable to account for all dark matter, or for some gravitational wave events detected by LIGO. The model relates the mass of the dark-sector particles to the masses and abundance of dark matter PBHs in a way that can explain why the dark matter and the ordinary matter have similar mass densities. The model also predicts a small contribution to the number of effective light degrees of freedom, which can help reconcile different measurements of the Hubble constant.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Improved Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves using Planck , WMAP, and BICEP/ Keck Observations through the 2018 Observing Season

Here, we present results from an analysis of all data taken by the BICEP2, Keck Array, and BICEP3 CMB polarization experiments up to and including the 2018 observing season. We add additional Keck Array observations at 220 GHz and BICEP3 observations at 95 GHz to the previous 95/150/220 GHz dataset. The Q/U maps now reach depths of 2.8, 2.8, and 8.8 μK CMB arcmin at 95,150, and 220 GHz, respectively, over an effective area of ≈ 600 square degrees at 95 GHz and ≈ 400 square degrees at 150 and 220 GHz. The 220 GHz maps now achieve a signal-to-noise ratio on polarized dust emission exceeding that of Planck at 353 GHz. We take auto- and cross-spectra between these maps and publicly available WMAP and Planck maps at frequencies from 23 to 353 GHz and evaluate the joint likelihood of the spectra versus a multicomponent model of lensed ΛCDM + r + dust + synchrotron + noise . The foreground model has seven parameters, and no longer requires a prior on the frequency spectral index of the dust emission taken from measurements on other regions of the sky. This model is an adequate description of the data at the current noise levels. The likelihood analysis yields the constraint r 0.05 < 0.036 at 95% confidence. Running maximum likelihood search on simulations we obtain unbiased results and find that σ(r) = 0.009 . These are the strongest constraints to date on primordial gravitational waves.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Cosmic Coincidences of Primordial-Black-Hole Dark Matter

If primordial black holes (PBHs) contribute more than 10% of the dark matter (DM) density, their energy density today is of the same order as that of the baryons. Such a cosmic coincidence might hint at a mutual origin for the formation scenario of PBHs and the baryon asymmetry of the Universe. Baryogenesis can be triggered by a sharp transition of the rolling rate of inflaton from slow-roll to (nearly) ultraslow-roll phases that produce large curvature perturbations for PBH formation in single-field inflationary models. We show that the baryogenesis requirement drives the PBH contribution to DM, along with the inferred PBH mass range, the resulting stochastic gravitational wave background frequency window, and the associated cosmic microwave background tensor-to-scalar ratio amplitude, into potentially observable regimes.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Primordial Black Holes with QCD Color Charge

We describe a realistic mechanism whereby black holes with significant QCD color charge could have formed during the early Universe. Primordial black holes (PBHs) could make up a significant fraction of the dark matter if they formed well before the QCD confinement transition. Such PBHs would form by absorbing unconfined quarks and gluons and hence could acquire a net color charge. We estimate the number of PBHs per Hubble volume with near-extremal color charge for various scenarios and discuss possible phenomenological implications. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Physics↗
DOE OSTI2025

Constraints on Local Primordial Non-Gaussianity with 3D Velocity Reconstruction from the Kinetic Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect

The cosmic velocity field is an unbiased probe of the total matter distribution but is challenging to measure directly at intermediate and high redshifts. The large-scale velocity field imprints a signal in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) through the kinetic Sunyaev-Zeldovich (kSZ) effect. We perform the first 3D reconstruction of the large-scale velocity field from the kSZ effect by applying a quadratic estimator to CMB temperature maps and the 3D positions of galaxies. We do so by combining CMB data from the fifth data release of the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (in combination with Planck) and a spectroscopic galaxy sample from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We then measure the galaxy-velocity cross-power spectrum and detect the presence of the kSZ signal at a signal-to-noise ratio of 7.2⁢𝜎. Using this galaxy-velocity cross-correlation alone, we constrain the amplitude of local primordial non-Gaussianity finding 𝑓 NL =−9⁢0$^{+210}_{−350}$. In conclusion, this pathfinder measurement sets the stage for joint galaxy-CMB kSZ constraints to significantly enhance the 𝑓 NL information obtained from galaxy surveys through sample variance cancellation.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Fermionic sub-GeV dark matter from evaporating primordial black holes at DarkSide-50

We present a search for boosted dark matter from primordial black hole (PBH) evaporation using the DarkSide-50 ionization-signal-only dataset corresponding to the experiment’s ( 12202 ± 180 ) kg d exposure. We focus on evaporation of PBHs with masses in the range [ 10 14 , 10 16 ] g producing Dirac fermionic dark matter particles with sub-GeV kinetic energy. These relativistic particles, with energies up to hundreds of MeV, can generate detectable signals for masses below O ( 100 ) MeV . The absence of a signal enables setting complementary limits to those derived from cosmological observations and direct detection searches for cosmic-ray-boosted dark matter.

Agnes, P. [Gran Sasso; GSSI, Aquila]↗
DOE OSTI2024

Structure Formation Through Magnetohydrodynamical Instabilities in Primordial Disks

The shear flow instabilities under the presence of magnetic fields in the primordial disk can greatly facilitate the formation of density structures that serve as seeds prior to the onset of the gravitational Jeans instability. We evaluate the effects of the Parker, magnetorotational and kinematic dynamo instabilities by comparing the properties of these instabilities. We calculate the mass spectra of coagulated density structures by the above mechanism in the radial direction for an axisymmetric magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) torus equilibrium and power density profile models. Our local three-dimensional MHD simulation indicates that the coupling of the Parker and magnetorotational instability creates spiral arms and gas blobs in an accretion disk, reinforcing the theory and model. Such a mechanism for the early structure formation may be tested in a laboratory. The recent progress in experiments involving shear flows in rotating tokamak, field reversed configuration (FRC) and laser plasmas may become a key element to advance in nonlinear studies.

Noguchi, Koichi↗
DOE OSTI2021

Dynamical Avenues for Mercury’s Origin. I. The Lone Survivor of a Primordial Generation of Short-period Protoplanets

The absence of planets interior to Mercury continues to puzzle terrestrial-planet formation models, particularly when contrasted with the relatively high derived occurrence rates of short-period planets around Sun-like stars. Recent work proposed that the majority of systems hosting hot super-Earths attain their orbital architectures through an epoch of dynamical instability after forming in quasi-stable, tightly packed configurations. Isotopic evidence seems to suggest that the formation of objects in the super-Earth-mass regime is unlikely to have occurred in the solar system as the terrestrial-forming disk is thought to have been significantly mass deprived starting around 2 Myr after the formation of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions—a consequence of either Jupiter’s growth or an intrinsic disk feature. Nevertheless, terrestrial-planet formation models and high-resolution investigations of planetesimal dynamics in the gas-disk phase occasionally find that quasi-stable protoplanets with mass comparable to that of Mars emerge in the vicinity of Mercury’s modern orbit. In this paper, we investigate whether it is possible for a primordial configuration of such objects to be cataclysmically destroyed in a manner that leaves Mercury behind as the sole survivor without disturbing the other terrestrial worlds. We use numerical simulations to show that this scenario is plausible. In many cases, the surviving Mercury analog experiences a series of erosive impacts, thereby boosting its Fe/Si ratio. A caveat of our proposed genesis scenario for Mercury is that Venus typically experiences at least one late giant impact.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

MEGASIM: Lifetimes and Resonances of Earth Trojan Asteroids—The Death of Primordial ETAs?

Abstract We present an analysis of lifetimes and resonances of Earth Trojan Asteroids (ETAs) in the MEGASIM data set. Trojan asteroids co-orbit the Sun with a planet, but remain bound to the Lagrange points, L4 (60° leading the planet) or L5 (60° trailing). In the circular three-body approximation, the stability of a Trojan asteroid depends on the ratio of the host planet mass and the central mass. For the inner planets, the range of stability becomes increasingly small, so perturbations from the planets have made primordial Trojans rare. To date, there have been just two ETAs (2010 TK 7 and 2020 XL 5 ), several Mars Trojans, and a Venus Trojan discovered. The estimated lifetimes of the known inner system Trojans are shorter than a million years, suggesting they are interlopers rather than members of a stable and long-lasting population. With the largest ETA n -body simulation to date, we are able to track their survival across a wide initialized parameter space. We find that the remaining fraction of ETAs over time is well fit with a stretched exponential function that, when extrapolated beyond our simulation run time, predicts zero ETAs by 2.33 Gyr. We also show correlations between ETA ejections and the periods of the Milankovitch cycles. Though Earth’s orbital dynamics dominate the instabilities of ETAs, we provide evidence that ETA ejections are linked to resonances found in the variation of the orbital elements of many if not all of the planets.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Eridanus III and DELVE 1: Carbon-rich Primordial Star Clusters or the Smallest Dwarf Galaxies?

We present spectroscopy of the ultra-faint Milky Way satellites Eridanus III (Eri III) and DELVE 1. We identify eight member stars in each satellite and place non-constraining upper limits on their velocity and metallicity dispersions. The brightest star in each object is very metal-poor, at [Fe/H] = -3.1 for Eri III and [Fe/H] = -2.8 for DELVE 1. Both of these stars exhibit large overabundances of carbon and very low abundances of the neutron-capture elements Ba and Sr, and we classify them as CEMP-no stars. Because their metallicities are well below those of the Milky Way globular cluster population, and because no CEMP-no stars have been identified in globular clusters, these chemical abundances could suggest that Eri III and DELVE 1 are dwarf galaxies. On the other hand, the two systems have half-light radii of 8 pc and 6 pc, respectively, which is more compact than any known ultra-faint dwarfs. We conclude that Eri III and DELVE 1 are either the smallest dwarf galaxies yet discovered, or they are representatives of a new class of star clusters that underwent chemical evolution distinct from that of ordinary globular clusters. In the latter scenario, such objects are likely the most primordial star clusters surviving today. These possibilities can be distinguished by future measurements of carbon and/or iron abundances for larger samples of stars or improved stellar kinematics for the two systems.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Primordial Black Holes are 5D

We revisit well-established mechanisms for primordial black hole (PBH) production, namely inflation, phase transitions, and cosmic strings, in the context of the Dark Dimension Scenario, which is motivated by Swampland principles. Applying quantum gravity constraints, we demonstrate that any viable mechanism, barring exotic new physics at low energies, inevitably leads to the formation of five-dimensional PBHs. We further show that PBHs formed from cosmic strings can have lifetimes comparable to the age of the universe. We comment on the observational implications of this result, including a potential connection to the recent detection of a high-energy neutrino by KM3NeT, whose energy is intriguingly close to the five-dimensional Planck scale in the Dark Dimension Scenario.

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.C↗
DOE OSTI2024

Predictions for a Low-mass Cutoff for the Primordial Black Hole Mass Spectrum

In this note, we outline how a modest violation in the conservation of mass during the merger of two PBHs affects the PBH mass spectrum that we previously obtained using a Boltzmann equation model for the evolution of the mass spectrum with no mass loss. We find that if the initial cosmological redshift is of the order of 10 12 , then the fraction of primordial holes with masses greater than 10 3 solar masses appears to be close to what is required to provide the seeds for galaxies. In addition, we note that as a result of rapid collisions and strong coupling to electromagnetic radiation for temperatures > GeV, there will be an effective low-mass cutoff in the mass spectrum for PBH masses less than a certain PBH mass less than 0.1M ⊙ . We also point out that this cutoff in the mass spectrum below ~ 0.1M ⊙ can be confirmed by combining future microlensing observations from the Roman Space Telescope and the Vera C. Rubin Observatory with astrometric observations.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Is GW170817 a Multimessenger Neutron Star-Primordial Black Hole Merger?

We investigate the possibility of the gravitational-wave event GW170817 being a light, solar-mass black hole (BH) - neutron star (NS) merger. We explore two exotic scenarios involving primordial black holes (PBH) that could produce such an event, taking into account available observational information on NGC 4993. First, we entertain the possibility of dynamical NS-PBH binary formation where a solar-mass PBH and a NS form a binary through gravitational interaction. We find that while dynamical NS-PBH formation could account for the GW170817 event, the rate is highly dependent on unknown density contrast factors and could potentially be affected by galaxy mergers. We also find that PBH-PBH binaries would likely have a larger merger rate, assuming the density contrast boost factor of an order similar to the NS-PBH case. These exotic merger formations could provide new channels to account for the volumetric rate of compact-object mergers reported by LIGO/Virgo. Secondly, we consider the case where one of the NS's in a binary NS system is imploded by a microscopic PBH. We find that the predicted rate for NS implosion into a BH is very small, at least for the specific environment of NGC 4993. We point out that similar existing (e.g. GW190425 and GW190814) and future observations will shed additional light on these scenarios.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2022

The Sensitivity of Future Gamma-Ray Telescopes to Primordial Black Holes

The strongest existing constraints on primordial black holes with masses in the range of $m_{\rm BH} \sim 10^{15}-10^{17} \, {\rm g}$ have been derived from measurements of the local cosmic-ray electron-positron flux by Voyager 1, and MeV-scale gamma-ray observations of the Inner Galaxy by COMPTEL and INTEGRAL. In this paper, we evaluate the sensitivity of future MeV-scale gamma-ray telescopes such as e-ASTROGAM or AMEGO to Hawking radiation. We show that such an instrument would be able to provide the strongest constraints on black holes in the mass range of $m_{\rm BH} \sim (0.6-20) \times 10^{16} \, {\rm g}$, typically exceeding current constraints by approximately two orders of magnitude. In scenarios in which the observed 511 keV excess is the result of Hawking radiation, we find that e-ASTROGAM or AMEGO would not only be able to detect the Hawking radiation from the Inner Galaxy, but could precisely measure the abundance and mass distribution of the black holes responsible for this signal.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗