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At least 127 records · Page 7
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1975

Flight Performance of Skylab Attitude and Pointing Control System

In 1967 a paper at the AIAA Guidance, Control and Flight Dynamics Conference in Huntsville, Ala. presented for the first time the prot)osed SKYLAB Attitude and Pointing Control System (APCS) The system requirements, Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) configuration, control philosophy, and operational modes were presented and the APCS described. The Initial mission and system design requirements changed during the period of time before the SKYLAB was launched. This paper will review the Initial and final APCS requirements and goals and their relationship. The actual flight mission (and Its alterations during the flight) and known achieved APCS performance will then be presented. SKYLAB was a tremendous success in furthering man's scientific knowledge; but perhaps SKYLAB will be remembered more for the anomalies and the efforts undertaken to solve them. On May 14, 1973, the unmanned SKYLAB Orbital Workshop (OWS) was launched from Cape Kennedy. Serious hardware failures began to occur during ascent through the atmosphere and their spectre continued to haunt both the astronauts and their ground based support team. Nor were these the only surprises affecting the design and operation of the APCS. Mission requirements for pointing to various stellar targets and to nadir for earth resources experiments were added after the hardware was designed. The chance appearance of comet Kohoutek during the SKYLAB operational life-time caused NASA to add comet observation to the mission requirements and to adjust the time when the third crew would man the SKYLAB. The development of new procedures and software for the opportunity to observe this visitor to our solar system is described.

Chubb, W. B.↗
NASA NTRS2013

Calibration of the Soft X-ray Telescopes (SXT) Onboard the ASTRO-H Satellite

ASTRO-H is an astrophysics satellite dedicated for non-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic study on selective celestial X-ray sources. Among the onboard instruments there are four Wolter-I X-ray mirrors of their reflectors' figure in conical approximation. Two of the four are soft X-ray mirrors, of which the energy range is from a few hundred eV to 15 keV. The focal point instruments will be a calorimeter (SXS) and a CCD camera (SXI), respectively. The mirrors were in quadrant configuration with photons being reflected consecutively in the primary and secondary stage before landing on the focal plane of 5.6 m away from the interface between the two stages. The reflectors of the mirror are made of heat-formed aluminum substrate of the thickness gauged of 152 m, 229 m, and 305 m of the alloy 5052 H-19, followed by epoxy replication on gold-sputtered smooth Pyrex cylindrical mandrels to acquire the X-ray reflective surface. The epoxy layer is 10 m nominal and surface gold layer of 0.2 m. Improvements on angular response over its predecessors, e.g. Astro-E1/Suzaku mirrors, come from error reduction on the figure, the roundness, and the grazing angle/radius mismatching of the reflecting surface, and tighter specs and mechanical strength on supporting structure to reduce the reflector positioning and the assembly errors. Each soft x-ray telescope (SXT), FM1 or FM2, were integrated from four independent quadrants of mirrors. The stray-light baffles, in quadrant configuration, were mounted onto the integrated mirror. Thermal control units were attached to the perimeter of the integrated mirror to keep the mirror within operating temperature in space. The completed instrument went through a series of optical alignment, thus made the quadrant images confocal and their optical axes in parallel to achieve highest throughput possible. Environmental tests were carried out, and optical quality of the telescopes has been confirmed. The optical and x-ray calibrations also include: angular resolution, effective area in the energy range of ~ 0.4 - 12keV, off-axis response, etc. Some of those are being carried out by our counterpart at JAXA/ISAS, Japan. We report the calibration results of the FM1 and FM2 that were obtained at Goddard Space Flight Center.

ASTRO-H Satellite↗
NASA NTRS2018

Using Numerical Simulations to Explore Top-Mounted Propulsion on a Conceptual Commercial Supersonic Transport Aircraft

Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations were performed on an N+2 conceptual commercial supersonic transport aircraft to explore the possibility of relocating the engines from below the wings to above the wings in order to capitalize upon potential noise shielding benefits. The simulations focused on the feasibility of the top-mounted propulsion configuration in terms of inlet performance and flow separation around the nacelles at take-off conditions for both 0deg and 8deg angle of attack. The results showed overall good inlet performance and little separation around the nacelles. The results were comparable to the engines in their original underwing configuration.

Friedlander, David J.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Subsonic Single Aft Engine Narrowbody (SUSAN) Freighter Concept and Market Analysis

The dedicated air cargo and freight market has the potential to be a critical early pathway for emerging technologies in low to zero emission propulsion. This study analyzes the cargo aviation market to understand current market trends and future market viability of a mid-sized all-electric or hybrid-electric concept aircraft. While cargo aviation’s overall emissions footprint is small relative to commercial passenger aviation, it remains an important and challenging transportation sector to decarbonize. Past research has focused on small, less than 19-seat electrified aircraft propulsion concepts that could serve both passenger and air cargo markets This study extends the electrified market space into larger aircraft classes, considering if a purpose-built large hybrid electric turboprop freighter can compete in the market currently served primarily by conversion narrowbody freighters. Specifically, this paper focuses on the mid-sized cargo market with payload ranges of 40,000-50,000lbs, and an all-electric range potential up to 750 miles. The concept aircraft is based on a 4-engine turboprop configuration, with mounted wing battery packs and an aft cargo door to allow for standardized palletization. The market analysis indicates broad market coverage with 73% of the existing mid-sized cargo network within the range of 750 miles. A breakeven analysis of operating and capital costs shows potential for market competition, however, additional energy and acquisition cost savings from the concept aircraft are needed. Evidence from the breakeven analysis also points to higher rates of aircraft utilization being a critical path to lowering costs and increasing cost effectiveness.

Jacob M. Wishart↗
NASA NTRS1992

Axial-Loading Circumferential Dovetail Turbine-Blade Mount

In new configuration, retaining ring holds base of blades in circumferential dovetail slot. Blades inserted axially via loading slots into circumferential dovetail slot. Ring placed over loading slots and fastened with split ring held by arm of disk. Blades less likely to be shaken loose during operation.

Pierce, Martin J.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Low speed aerodynamic characteristics of a transport model having 42.33 deg swept low wing with supercritical airfoil, double-slotted flaps, and T-tail or low tail

A low-speed investigation was conducted in the Langley V/STOL tunnel over an angle-of-attack range of approximately 4 deg to 24 deg to determine the static longitudinal stability characteristics and high lift performance of a general research model which represented an advanced subsonic transport configuration. The model had a 42.33 deg swept, aspect ratio 7.05 wing with a supercritical airfoil and high lift system consisting of a leading edge device (slat or Kruger flap) and a double-slotted flap. The flaps were deflected for take off and landing configurations and were not deflected for tests of the clean configuration. The model was tested with the horizontal tail in either a T tail or low tail position. The effects of various arrangements of flowthrough nacelles which represent a three engine configuration (two large wing-mounted nacelles and a vertical tail mounted nacelle) and a four engine configuration (four smaller wing-mounted nacelles) were determined.

Fournier, P. G.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Inlet and airframe compatibility for a V/STOL fighter/attack aircraft with top-mounted inlets

Aerodynamic force and inlet pressure data are obtained for 9.5% force and pressure models of a V/STOL fighter/attack aircraft configuration with top mounted twin inlets. Data are presented from tests conducted in the Ames Unitary Wind Tunnels at Mach numbers of 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2 at angles of attack up to 27 deg. and angles of sideslip up to 12 deg. Trimmed aerodynamic characteristics and inlet performance are compared for three different leading edge extension (LEX) configurations. The effects of wing leading and trailing-edge flaps on the inlet are also determined. Maneuver perfromance is calculated form combined force and inlet pressure data. The largest of the three LEX sizes tested gives the best airplane maneuver performance. Wing flap deflections improved inlet recovery at all Mach numbers.

Durston, D. A.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Effect of wing-mounted nacelles on a 42 deg swept supercritical wing configuration at near-sonic speeds

An investigation was made to assess the effect of wing-mounted nacelles on a supercritical wing configuration at near-sonic Mach numbers. The investigation was made by utilizing the Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory 8-foot transonic tunnel and covered a Mach number range from 0.90 to 0.99. Force data and pressure measurements at selected locations were obtained. The investigation with the nacelles on included the effect of spanwise location of the nacelle (semispan locations of 35 and 70 percent) and the effect of area ruling for the nacelles located at the 35 percent semispan station. Tests were also made with the outboard nacelle extended forward so that it was directly adjacent to the inboard nacelle location. These tests provided a direct assessment of the extent of the nacelle interference flow field in a lateral direction.

Mckinney, L. W.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Effects of the air breathing propulsion system on space shuttle orbiter subsonic stability and control characteristics (OA71A)

Experimental aerodynamic investigations were conducted on an 0.0405 scale representation of the -89B (2A) Space Shuttle Orbiter in a 7.75 x 11.00 ft low speed wind tunnel during the time period from July 27, 1973 to August 3, 1973. The primary test objective was to investigate the aerodynamic effects of engine nacelle grouping and location on the orbiter ferry mission configuration. Five nacelles were tested, both individually mounted as well as mounted in a podded configuration, at the baseline position and moved 45.0 in. aft (full scale). Orbiter control effectiveness, both with and without nacelles, was recorded at elevon deflections of 0 deg, 5 deg, 10 deg, -10 deg and -20 deg and aileron deflections, about 0 deg elevon, of 0 deg, 5 deg, 10 deg, and 15 deg. The model was sting mounted on a 2.5 inch diameter internal strain gage balance entering through the base region. The nominal angle of attack range was -4 deg or = alpha or = 30 deg. Yaw polars were recorded over the beta range of -10 deg or = beta or = at fixed angles of attack of 0 deg and 10 deg.

Mennell, R. C.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Computation of three-dimensional inviscid flow over hypersonic missile configurations using the GIM code

A three-dimensional computational technique was used to obtain flowfield solutions to the Euler equations over selected hypersonic missile configurations. The General Interpolants Method (GIM) computer code was used with interpolation functions in an algebraic approach to generate a discrete computational grid for each configuration. The spatial marching version of the GIM code, which treats the parabolized Navier-Stokes (PNS) equations or the Euler equations with a shock capturing, 'MacCormack-like' scheme, was used to advance the solution hyperbolically over each configuration. The inviscid flowfield solutions over the two three-dimensional missile configurations, calculated using the GIM hyperbolic scheme, are presented here. The flow field over a wing/body configuration at zero degree angle of attack is presented. Flow over the fuselage of a tactical missile, termed the TAME 10, at both zero degree and 7.5 degree angles of attack is presented. In addition, an inviscid, two-dimensional analysis of an inlet configuration designed to mount on the TAME 10 is included. Contour maps of velocity and pressure are included for each configuration. Comparison of calculation and data show good agreement.

Xiques, K. E.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Use of piezoelectric foil for flow diagnostics

A laboratory investigation was conducted to characterize two piezoelectric-film sensor configurations, a rigidly mounted sensor and a sensor mounted over an air cavity. The sensors are evaluated for sensitivity and frequency response, and methods to optimize data are presented. The cavity-mounted sensor exhibited a superior frequency response and was more sensitive to normal pressure fluctuations and less sensitive to vibrations through the structure. Both configurations were sensitive to large-scale structural vibrations. Flight-test data are shown for cavity-mounted sensors, illustrating practical aspects to consider when designing sensors for application in such harsh environments. The relation of the data to skin friction and maximum shear stress, transition detection, and turbulent viscous layers is derived through analysis of the flight data.

Carraway, Debra L.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Longitudinal and lateral-directional aerodynamic characteristics of a wing-cone configuration at Mach numbers from 2.5 to 4.5

A study was conducted to determine the longitudinal and lateral-directional aerodynamic characteristics of a generic wing-cone configuration at supersonic speeds. The fuselage has a 5 deg half-angle cone forebody, cylindrical midbody, and a 9 deg truncated cone afterbody. The delta wing (aspect ratio 1.0) had a 4 pct. thick diamond airfoil section. The tests were made in the Langley Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel at Mach numbers from 2.50 and 4.50. Angle of attack was varied from -4 to 28 degs, and angle of sideslip varied from -8 to 8 degs. Several configurations were studied to determine the effects of variations in wing longitudinal position, wing incidence, vertical tail configuration, canard shape, and nose bluntness. Typical effects of Reynolds number and Mach number on the longitudinal characteristics were observed. The incremental effects of the configuration variables were generally unaffected by Mach number. The directional stability characteristics of the large and small centerline mounted vertical tail configurations were significantly degraded with increasing angle of attack and Mach number.

Covell, Peter F.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Effects of upper-surface blowing and thrust vectoring on low-speed aerodynamic characteristics of a large-scale supersonic transport model

Tests were conducted in the Langley full-scale tunnel to determine the low-speed aerodynamic characteristics of a large-scale arrow-wing supersonic transport configured with engines mounted above the wing for upper surface blowing, and conventional lower surface engines with provisions for thrust vectoring. A limited number of tests were conducted for the upper surface engine configuration in the high lift condition for beta = 10 in order to evaluate lateral directional characteristics, and with the right engine inoperative to evaluate the engine out condition.

Coe, P. L., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Instrumentation for measuring the dynamic pressure on rotating compressor blades

To establish the capability for measurement of oscillatory pressure on rotating blades, miniature fast response semiconductor strain gage pressure transducers (2mm x 0.33mm) were mounted in several configurations on thin titanium and steel compressor blades and subjected to pressure cycles from 1 to 310 kPa during static tests and spin tests. Static test conditions included 20 C to 150 C, 0 to 3000 tensile microstrain, -1000 to +1000 bending microstrain and + or - 650G vibration. The spin test conditions included 20 C to 82 C at 0 to 90,000G. Durability was excellent. Pressure transducer sensitivity changed by only a few percent over this range of environmental conditions. Noise signal due to oscillatory acceleration normal to the diaphragm was acceptable (0.33Pa/G). Noise signal due to oscillatory strain was acceptable (0.5 Pa/microstrain) when the transducer was mounted on a 0.05mm rubber pad, with a total buildup of 0.38mm on the measure surface. Back mounting or partial recessing to eliminate buildup, increased the strain effect to 1.2 Pa/microstrain. Flush mounting within the blade to eliminate buildup reduced the strain effect, but required development of a special transducer shape. This transducer was not available in time for spin tests. Unpredictable zero drift + or - 14 kPa ruled out the use of these mounting arrangements for accurate steady-state (D.C.) measurements on rotating blades. The two best configurations fully developed and spin tested were then successfully applied in the NAS3-20606 rotating fan flutter program for quantitative measurement of oscillatory pressure amplitudes.

Grant, H. P.↗