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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 127 records · Page 7
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Finding Your Niche: An Evolutionary Approach to HPC Topologies

Traditional interconnection network design approaches focus on building general network topologies by optimizing the bisection bandwidth or minimizing the network’s diameter to reduce the maximum distance between any two nodes, thus amortizing the overall execution time of the HPC workloads. While such network topologies may accommodate a wide variety of applications in general, this may result in sub-optimal performance for many frequently-executed or dynamic workloads. In this paper, instead of focusing on designing an all-encompassing, general-purpose network topology, we develop a methodology to design customized network interconnects, evolved by “finding” the optimal topologies for a particular target workload given by its communication and contention profiles. To this end, we implement a Genetic Algorithm (GA)-based approach for network topology design tailored to improve the overall execution time of a particular workload of interest. We conducted extensive experiments with well-known motifs in physics-based workloads (Sweep3D and FFT), as well as with a representative graph application (MiniVite), using the well-known Structural Simulation Toolkit (SST) Macroscale Element Library (SST/macro) simulator for network interconnect evaluation. We demonstrate that our genetic algorithm-based approach is robust enough to find the underlying optimal topology of a particular workload.

network interconnects, graph search, meta-heuristi↗
DOE OSTI2022

Near-Term Reliability and Resilience (NTRR) (Final Report)

The Near-Term Reliability and Resiliency (NTRR) was awarded in December 2020 as an inter-lab project to examine the reliability and resilience of the electricity grid and natural gas transportation availability. The project builds on studies conducted by The North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC), the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), and other non-governmental research and operational focused on reliability and resilience analyses challenges. The research was conceived to address near-term scenarios (within 10 years), when many local and regional policy transitions could begin to impact grid reliability, resilience, and supporting infrastructure availability. To integrate the natural gas interdependency, the team began with the generating capacity and demand projections from the 2020 NERC Long-Term Reliability Assessment and the Bulk Electric System (BES) transmission topologies defined in the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) Anchor Data Set, Eastern Interconnection Reliability Assessment Group Multi-Regional Modeling Working Group (ERAG/MMWG) Data Set, the team calculated baseline regional power sector gas demands from present electricity delivery year through the end of delivery year 2030/31 by applying security constrained economic dispatch. This demand was compiled along with demand projections for regional residential, commercial, and industrial natural gas demands from the most recent Energy Information Administration (EIA) Annual Energy Outlook Reference Case into Deloitte’s MarketBuilder® North American Gas Model. Through the application of these demands, MarketBuilder® was projected the topology of natural gas flows in the natural gas pipeline network across the interconnected North American system along with regional natural gas prices that may be seen by market participants in future years Additionally, contingencies and sensitivities focused on the built models of the Eastern Interconnection (EI) and Western Interconnection (WI). They address challenges from the following with the outcomes being an identification of performance under the extreme conditions and an identification of potential grid weaknesses that should be addressed to mitigate the reduced performance and improve the resilience and reliability of the specific regions as well as the National Grid: • Weather events including extreme heat, extreme cold, high wind, no wind, wind and solar forecasting errors, and wildfires. • Gas availability, factoring in supply disruption (contractual and physical), seasonal availability constraints, and infrastructure limitations; and • Transmission availability and congestion.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Hardware Design of Medium Voltage SiC-Based Modular Multilevel Converters for Grid-Tied Applications

This paper presents a design of a 10 kV silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFET based modular multilevel converter (MMC). The MMC functions as the interconnection between a 24 kV dc bus and a 13. SkV distribution grid. This paper focuses on the hardware design of the MMC and its submodules. The gate driver, auxiliary power supply and bus bur in submodules are major components that need to meet high dv/dt immunity and high insulation voltage requirements. The gate driver achieves over 200 kV/us common mode transient immunity (CMTI). Its associated auxiliary power supply is based on an on-board transformer with over 30 kV insulation capability and 1.4 pF barrier capacitance. The busbar achieves less than 11 kV/cm electric field in the air to avoid partial discharges. Validation tests of the MMC submodule were performed by double pulse tests at 5 kV and buck converter tests at3 kV, 52A (peak). Reliable operations were achieved in validation tests.

auxiliary power supply↗
DOE OSTI2021

Light by design: emerging frontiers in ultrafast photon sciences and light–matter interactions

Photon sciences and technologies establish the building blocks for myriad scientific and engineering frontiers in life and energy sciences. Because of their overarching functionality, the developmental roadmap and opportunities underpinned by photonics are often semiotically mediated by the delineation of subject areas of application. In this perspective article, we map current and emerging linkages between three intersecting areas of research stewarded by advanced photonics technologies, namely light by design, outlined as (a) quantum and structured photonics, (b) light–matter interactions in accelerators and accelerator-based light sources, and (c) ultrafast sciences and quantum molecular dynamics. In each section, we will concentrate on state-of-the-art achievements and present prospective applications in life sciences, biochemistry, quantum optics and information sciences, and environmental and chemical engineering, all founded on a broad range of photon sources and methodologies. We hope that this interconnected mapping of challenges and opportunities seeds new concepts, theory, and experiments in the advancement of ultrafast photon sciences and light–matter interactions. Additionally, through this mapping, we hope to inspire a critically interdisciplinary approach to the science and applications of light by design.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Nickel-incorporated Oxide Composites for Fiber-Optic Based Gas Sensing

Numerous high-value applications within the energy sector involve environmental conditions that are incompatible with traditional sensor technology due to degradation of electrical interconnects, packaging, or the sensors themselves. These can include chemically harsh conditions, high temperature operation, or the presence of electromagnetic interference due to high voltage. The fiber optic platform, constructed of robust, electrically insulating glass or single crystal oxides, offers a versatile and often low cost per node solution to this problem, especially with the integration of distributed sensing techniques such as optical time-domain and frequency-domain reflectometry (OTDR, OFDR). A major challenge of gas and chemical sensing on the optical fiber platform is the fabrication of robust and stable sensing materials that interact quickly and reversibly to the presence of the target analytes. In this work, we discuss the utilization of nickel-incorporated oxides on evanescent-field optical fiber sensors for gas sensing under harsh conditions relevant to multiple energy infrastructure applications. This paper will discuss a Ni/GDC (Ni / Gd-doped ceria) based sensing layer targeting conditions relevant for high-temperature (up to at least 800 oC) hydrogen sensing applications (e.g., for operation within a solid oxide fuel cell or electrolyzer). The impact of hydrogen at elevated temperatures on the optical properties of Ni/GDC will be shown and the material mechanisms for the optical response will be discussed.

gas sensors↗
DOE OSTI2025

Nickel-incorporated Oxide Composites for Fiber-Optic Based Gas Sensing

Numerous high-value applications within the energy sector involve environmental conditions that are incompatible with traditional sensor technology due to degradation of electrical interconnects, packaging, or the sensors themselves. These can include chemically harsh conditions, high temperature operation, or the presence of electromagnetic interference due to high voltage. The fiber optic platform, constructed of robust, electrically insulating glass or single crystal oxides, offers a versatile and often low cost per node solution to this problem, especially with the integration of distributed sensing techniques such as optical time-domain and frequency-domain reflectometry (OTDR, OFDR). A major challenge of gas and chemical sensing on the optical fiber platform is the fabrication of robust and stable sensing materials that interact quickly and reversibly to the presence of the target analytes. In this work, we discuss the utilization of nickel-incorporated oxides on evanescent-field optical fiber sensors for gas sensing under harsh conditions relevant to multiple energy infrastructure applications. This paper will discuss a Ni/GDC (Ni / Gd-doped ceria) based sensing layer targeting conditions relevant for high-temperature (up to at least 800oC) hydrogen sensing applications (e.g., for operation within a solid oxide fuel cell or electrolyzer). The impact of hydrogen at elevated temperatures on the optical properties of Ni/GDC will be shown and the material mechanisms for the optical response will be discussed.

gas sensors↗
DOE OSTI2022

Providencia Island White Papers: Overview of Technical Requirements for Interconnection

This issue brief provides an overview of key technical requirements for inverter-based resources - including distributed energy resources (DERs) - to support the reliable and safe operation of the Providencia Island electrical grid, and other island or isolated area mini-grid applications. With the planned increase in inverter-based resources and the introduction of energy storage, adopting Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Std 1547-2018, including the more advanced performance capabilities for voltage and frequency ride-through, will simplify interconnection as well as help to maintain a safe, reliable grid on Providencia Island.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2025

Magnetic Solitons and Thickness‐Dependent Magnetization Reversal in Interconnected Helical Nanowire Arrays

By expanding magnetic nanostructures into the third dimension, it is possible to introduce new interactions and realize new forms of magnetic textures and emergent phenomena. Consequently, this unlocks new opportunities for applications in data storage, unconventional computing and sensing by utilizing 3D devices with enhanced functionalities. Connected magnetic nanowires offer a unique platform for applications such as neuromorphic computing due to their tunability and the presence of multiple transport pathways. However to realize this promise, it is necessary to further our understanding of how to locally control the magnetization in 3D, nanowire-based geometries. In this work we show the formation of magnetic domain walls, vortices, anti-vortices, and linked vortex-anti-vortex pairs in interconnected helical nanowire arrays. We show how wire diameter and 3D geometric design can control the states that form and reveal the magnetization reversal mechanism. Hence, we demonstrate this to be a highly tunable system, where the magnetization can be readily reconfigured by an external magnetic field.

3D Nanomagnetism↗
DOE OSTI2024

Communication engine for hybrid interconnect technologies

Systems, apparatuses, and methods for dynamically selecting between wired and wireless interconnects for sending packets are disclosed. A system includes at least a hybrid communication engine and a plurality of interconnects for connecting to various end-points. The communication engine dynamically discovers and utilizes the best interconnect technology available in between given end-points. The communication engine dynamically chooses the physical interconnect that is best suited at any given time to send data from one source to one or multiple destinations. This communication can be either on-chip or across nodes. The communication engine makes a decision based on a set of predetermined parameters that can be re-adjusted by the application layer, such as latency of the transmission, message data size, physical distance from source to destination, the energy cost, and the current congestion on the alternative interconnects.

Blagodurov, Sergey↗
DOE OSTI2020

Simplified interconnection structure based on C 60 /SnO 2-x for all-perovskite tandem solar cells

The efficiencies of all-perovskite tandem devices are improving quickly. However, their complex interconnection layer (ICL) structures – with typically four or more layers deposited by different processes – limit their prospects for applications. Here, we report an ICL in all-perovskite tandem cells consisting merely of a fullerene layer and a SnO 2-x (0 60 layer is unintentionally n-doped by iodine ions from the perovskite and thus acts as an effective electron collecting layer. The SnO 2-x layer, formed by the incomplete oxidization of tin (x=1.76), has ambipolar carrier transport property enabled by the presence of a large density of Sn 2+ . The C 60 /SnO 1.76 ICL forms Ohmic contacts with both wide and narrow bandgap perovskite subcells with low contact resistivity. The ICL boosts the efficiencies of small-area tandem cells (5.9 mm 2 ) and large-area tandem cells (1.15 cm 2 ) to 24.4% and 22.2%, respectively. Lastly, the tandem cells remain 94% of its initial efficiency after continues 1-sun illumination for 1,000 hours.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Effect of Acid Etching Time in Ti 3 C 2 MXene’s Interlayer Spacing and Conductivity

Materials with sheet-like morphologies often form interconnected networks of layers or flakes, offering continuous channels for electron and ion transport in electrochemical energy storage applications. One such material is the recently discovered class of 2-D transition metal carbides/nitrides, called MXene, whose general formula is M n+1 X n T x (where M = transition metal; n = 1, 2, or 3; X = carbon or nitrogen; and T x = termination group such as –F, –OH, and/or =O). Ti 3 C 2 , one of the most studied MXene, can be synthesized by selectively etching the aluminum layer in Ti 3 AlC 2 (also called MAX phase). The most straightforward technique to exfoliate this layer is by wet-chemical etching with high-concentration hydrofluoric acid (HF). In this study, the effect of etching time on the morphology, interlayer spacing, and electrical conductivity of the resultant MXene was studied.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

AI-Enhanced Co-Design for Next-Generation Microelectronics: Innovating Innovation (Workshop Report)

The Artificial Intelligence Enhanced Co-Design for Next Generation Microelectronics virtual workshop was held April 4-5, 2023, and attended by subject matter experts from universities, industry, and national laboratories. This was the third in a series of workshops to motivate the research community to identify and address major challenges facing microelectronics research and production. The 2023 workshop focused on a set of topics from materials to computing algorithms, and included discussions on relevant federal legislation and such as the Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors and Science Act (CHIPS Act) which was signed into law in the summer of 2022. Talks at the workshop included edge computing in radiation environments, new materials for neuromorphic computing, advanced packaging for microelectronics, and new AI techniques. We also received project updates from several of the Department of Energy (DOE) microelectronics co-design projects funded in the fall of 2021, and from three of the Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRCs) that had been funded in the fall of 2022. The workshop also conducted a set of breakout discussions around the five principal research directions (PRDs) from the 2018 Department of Energy workshop report: 1) define innovative material, device, and architecture requirements driven by applications, algorithms, and software; 2) revolutionize memory and data storage; 3) re-imagine information flow unconstrained by interconnects; 4) redefine computing by leveraging unexploited physical phenomena; 5) reinvent the electricity grid through new materials, devices, and architectures. We tasked each breakout group to consider one primary PRD (and other PRDs as relevant topics arose during discussions) and to address questions such as whether the research community has embraced co-design as a methodology and whether new developments at any level of innovation from materials to programming models requires the research community to reevaluate the PRDs developed back in 2018.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2026

Adsorption Hysteresis Under Control: Tuning Host–Guest Interactions via a Genetic Algorithm

Mesoporous adsorbent materials offer a large volumetric capacity; however, cyclic adsorption/desorption processes in these systems often suffer from hysteresis and may require a significant pressure swing to access this capacity. To mitigate hysteresis, a proposed strategy is to include nucleation sites on the walls of the mesoporous material to facilitate droplet and bubble formation, lowering the free energy barriers to the respective phase transitions. It is unclear, however, what combination of adsorbate− adsorbent interactions and spatial patterning would be beneficial for a given application, considering that improvements to some sorption properties may come at the expense of other attributes. To understand these interconnected observables, we examine two model systems, planar-slit and cylindrical pores with tunable interaction sites, using GPU-accelerated transition matrix Monte Carlo simulations. The simulations provide a free energy map of the pressure−adsorption space in a matter of minutes, which we use to track adsorption isotherm characteristics as a function of adsorbent properties. We then leverage the rapid acquisition of simulation data to construct a genetic algorithm to iteratively modify interaction sites of the slit-pore wall to minimize the hysteresis of this system without sacrificing uptake. We find that the adsorption branch of the isotherm is easily modulated via the average host−guest interaction strength, but desorption is only adjustable if there is a suitable bubble nucleation site. Within the context of a slit-pore system, we identify relative interaction strengths and patch sizes required to gain control over both branches of the hysteresis loop.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

An Analysis of System Balance and Architectural Trends Based on Top500 Supercomputers

Supercomputer design is a complex, multi-dimensional optimization process, wherein several subsystems need to be reconciled to meet a desired figure of merit performance for a portfolio of applications and a budget constraint. However, overall, the HPC community has been gravitating towards ever more FLOPS, at the expense of many other subsystems. To draw attention to overall system balance, in this paper, we analyze balance ratios and architectural trends in the world's most powerful supercomputers. Specifically, we have collected performance characteristics of systems between1993 and 2018 based on the Top500 lists, and then analyzed their architectures from diverse system design perspectives. Notably, our analysis studies the performance balance of the machines, across a variety of subsystems such as compute, memory, I/O, interconnect, intra-node connectivity and power. Our analysis reveals that balance ratios of the various subsystems need to be considered carefully alongside the application workload portfolio to provision the subsystem capacity and bandwidth specifications, which can help achieve optimal performance.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2021

An Analysis of System Balance and Architectural Trends Based on Top500 Supercomputers

Supercomputer design is a complex, multi-dimensional optimization process, wherein several subsystems need to be reconciled to meet a desired figure of merit performance for a portfolio of applications and a budget constraint. However, overall, the HPC community has been gravitating towards ever more Flops, at the expense of many other subsystems. To draw attention to overall system balance, in this paper, we analyze balance ratios and architectural trends in the world’s most powerful supercomputers. Specifically, we have collected the performance characteristics of systems between 1993 and 2019 based on the Top500 lists and then analyzed their architectures from diverse system design perspectives. Notably, our analysis studies the performance balance of the machines, across a variety of subsystems such as compute, memory, I/O, interconnect, intra-node connectivity and power. Our analysis reveals that balance ratios of the various subsystems need to be considered carefully alongside the application workload portfolio to provision the subsystem capacity and bandwidth specifications, which can help achieve optimal performance.

Khan, Awais↗
DOE OSTI2021

Characterization of Extremes and Compound Impacts: Applications of Machine Learning and Interpretable Neural Networks

Focal Area: This white paper responds to Focal area III by exploring data fusion, learning and explainable AI methods in characterizing hydrological extremes and interconnections. It also addresses Focal area II by using probabilistic AI and ensemble ML for predicting extremes and compound extremes. Science Challenge: A key question associated with the integrated water (or hydrological) cycle grand challenge in the Earth and Environmental Systems Sciences Division (EESSD) strategic plan, is how the frequency and intensity of hydrological events will change. Prediction of the tail behavior (extremes) of the hydrological cycle is especially challenging, because of their stochasticity and low probability. These extreme events and their compound impacts have significant societal and economic consequences. It is anticipated for the next-generation Earth System models (ESMs), that model predictability of the water cycle will improve with increased resolution (e.g., regionally refined E3SM), advanced software and computational architectures, and improved model physics based on the data from ARM measurements and high-fidelity models. However, the challenges for predictability of low-probability high-impact extreme events will unlikely be alleviated with conventional modeling and data-driven approaches, as ESMs are calibrated largely for capturing the high-frequency mean climate states. Recent AI and ML applications have shown great potential in quantifying well-defined climate extremes (e.g., supervised learning of tropical cyclones/atmospheric rivers by ClimateNet1) but few efforts are dedicated to compound events, extreme drivers and uncertainty estimation. We envision the opportunity to develop and apply ML and interpretable AI methods extended on the existing efforts, specifically, for: (1) identification of compound extremes, (2) diagnosing drivers of extremes, (3) bias correction in extreme predictions and (4) probabilistic modeling of extremes.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Valuation of Hydrogen Technology on the Electric Grid Using Production Cost Modeling: Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA Number CRD-18-00736

This research project will estimate the value to the United States electric grid of deploying hydrogen technology (such as electrolyzers and hydrogen-fueled generation) under projected conditions of high renewable penetration. The analysis will advance the state of the art in systems-level cost-benefit analysis of hydrogen technology for the electric grid by incorporating production cost modeling results in the analysis. Large-scale grid simulation tools will be used to evaluate total system production cost and grid operation when hydrogen technology is deployed for applications such as energy storage and demand response. Scenarios will include one or more future grid mixes in the Western Interconnect (WI) with a high proportion of intermittent renewables. Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) will work with four utility companies to refine scenarios. Results of the analysis will include comparing the net cost of hydrogen to other technologies for long duration storage, and of power-to-gas (P2G) scenarios including merchant hydrogen sale and hydrogen-fueled generation.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2026

Multi-omic characterization of a soil microbial consortium reveals critical role of succinate and glutamate metabolism during calcium carbonate precipitation

Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) holds potential for use in soil stabilization and carbon sequestration, with the overall efficiency of the process being a major determinant for use in many environmental and civil engineering applications. While the biogeochemical pathways and enzymes driving MICP are known, the microbial metabolic networks and community dynamics underlying such precipitation remain poorly characterized. To address this gap, we developed a four-member consortium of soil bacteria (Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens, Rhodococcus qingshengii, Microbacterium sp., and Bacillus toyonensis), termed carbon storing consortium - A (CSC-A), that is capable of MICP. Prior work shows that MICP production is higher in CSC-A compared to the sum of carbonate produced by each member, suggesting carbonate production is driven by consortium dynamics. To that end we used a multi-omic integration approach of genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics to investigate potential inter-species interactions that may influence the MICP phenotype. Genomic life history characterizations identified evidence of niche specialization by B. toyonensis and Microbacterium, while metatranscriptomic analysis suggests R. qingshengii is a keystone species during growth in urea. By comparing individual species’ metabolomes to the metabolic profile of a shared well of precipitated metabolites, we identified over 200 metabolites predicted to be produced or consumed by CSC-A members. Integrating both data types to search the KEGG reactome highlighted a network centered around glutamine metabolism and branched chain amino acid biosynthesis under regulation during CSC-A growth in urea. Succinate metabolism was also a major node in this network and laboratory assays confirmed that increasing the amount of succinate in the growth medium leads to increased carbonate precipitation by CSC-A, a critical confirmation of our modeling approach. By isolating and identifying the interconnected metabolic components underlying MICP in CSC-A, we identified keystone taxa, metabolites, and pathways important for future optimization of the application of this consortia to carbonate precipitation.

carbon storing consortium - A (CSC-A)↗