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At least 127 records · Page 7

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NASA NTRS1972

The emissivities of liquid metals at their fusion temperatures.

The emissivities for several transition metals and various other metals and compounds in the liquid state at their fusion temperatures have been determined in this laboratory. The technique used involves electromagnetic levitation-induction heating of the materials in an inert atmosphere. The brightness temperature of the liquid phase of the material is measured as the material is heated through fusion. Given a reliable value of the fusion temperature, which is available for most pure substances, one may readily calculate an emissivity for the liquid phase at the fusion temperature. Even in cases where melting points are poorly known, the brightness temperatures are unique parameters, independent of the temperature scale and measured for a chemically defined system at a fixed point.

Bonnell, D. W.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Thermomechanical behavior of a polynorbornadiene

A high-temperature linear amorphous hydrocarbon polymer synthesized cationically from 2,5-norbornadiene was studied thermomechanically with respect to physical transitions and stability in nitrogen. The glass transition temperature was determined to be 320 C (at less than 1 cps), which is probably the highest known for a linear hydrocarbon addition polymer. The thermomechanical technique of torsional braid analysis, together with thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, infrared analysis, and solubility studies, was used to investigate the sequential events of the glass transition and degradation. The polymer is of particular interest since it is a high-temperature plastic which in the bulk form would probably need to be processed at high speeds in the vicinity of the glass transition temperature in an inert atmosphere. The presence of tertiary hydrogen atoms should render it amenable to degradation by the earth's environment.

Roller, M. B.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Quinoxaline polymers and copolymers derived from 1, 4-BIS(1'-napthalenyloxayl) benzene

A route for the synthesis of a new monomer, 1,4-bis(1'-naphthalenyl)-oxayl benzene, was devised, and six polymers and copolymers were prepared from this monomer, 1,4-bis(phenyloaxaly)benzene, 3,3'-diaminobenzidine and 3,3',4,4'-tetraaminobenzophenone. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that decomposition of these quinoxaline polymers and copolymers sets in at about 500 C but does not become significant in an inert atmosphere below 600 C. Oxidation becomes significant at about 550 C and the phenylquinoxaline homopolymer is somewhat more oxidation resistant than is the 1-naphthalenylquinoxaline homopolymer. Stress-relaxation measurements showed that, with two exceptions, the homopolymers and copolymers exhibited two second-order transition temperatures, one at about 204.4 C (400 F) and the other at about 315.6 C (600 F). No gross differences in the high temperature plasticity was observed between the naphthalenyl- and the phenyl-quinoaxaline homopolymers. Work was begun on a method for cross-linking polyquinoxalines. A new monomer, p-(methyloxaly)benzil, was synthesized, and model reaction studies showed that cross-linking of 2-methylquinoxaline polymers by a Michael condensation with dimaleimides will probably occur.

Port, W. S.↗

NASA NTRS1975

Contamination Control in Hybrid Microelectronic Modules. Part 1: Identification of Critical Process and Contaminants

Various hybrid processing steps, handling procedures, and materials are examined in an attempt to identify sources of contamination and to propose methods for the control of these contaminants. It is found that package sealing, assembly, and rework are especially susceptible to contamination. Moisture and loose particles are identified as the worst contaminants. The points at which contaminants are most likely to enter the hybrid package are also identified, and both general and specific methods for their detection and control are developed. In general, the most effective controls for contaminants are: clean working areas, visual inspection at each step of the process, and effective cleaning at critical process steps. Specific methods suggested include the detection of loose particles by a precap visual inspection, by preseal and post-seal electrical testing, and by a particle impact noise test. Moisture is best controlled by sealing all packages in a clean, dry, inert atmosphere after a thorough bake-out of all parts.

Himmel, R. P.↗

NASA NTRS1976

Crystal growth from the vapor phase experiment MA-085

Three vapor transport experiments on multicomponent systems were performed during the Apollo Soyuz mission to determine the effects of microgravity forces on crystal morphology and mass transport rates. The mixed systems used germanium selenide, tellurium, germanium tetraiodide (transport agent), germanium monosulfide, germanium tetrachloride (transport agent), and argon (inert atmosphere). The materials were enclosed in evacuated sealed ampoules of fused silica and were transported in a temperature gradient of the multipurpose electric furnace onboard the Apollo Soyuz spacecraft. Preliminary evaluation of 2 systems shows improved quality of space grown crystals in terms of growth morphology and bulk perfection. This conclusion is based on a direct comparison of space grown and ground based crystals by means of X-ray diffraction, microscopic, and chemical etching techniques. The observation of greater mass transport rates than predicted for a microgravity environment by existing vapor transport models indicates the existence of nongravity caused transport effects in a reactive solid/gas phase system.

Wiedemeir, H.↗

NASA NTRS1976

Method of making an apertured casting

An apertured casting is made by first forming a duplicate in the shape of the finished casting, positioning refractory metal bodies such as wires in the duplicate at points corresponding to apertures or passageways in finished products, forming a ceramic coating on the duplicate, removing the duplicate material, firing the ceramic in a vacuum or inert atmosphere, vacuum casting the metal in the ceramic form, removing the ceramic form, heating the cast object in an atmospheric furnace to oxidize the refractory metal bodies and then leaching the oxidized refractory bodies from the casting with a molten caustic agent or acid solution.

Terray, A.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Cross Linking and Degradation Mechanisms in Model Sealant Candidates

Model compounds were investigated as to which type of heterocyclic ring is the most advantageous for curing sealants based on perfluoroalkylether chains. The relative thermal, thermal oxidative, hydrolytic, and fuel stability of potential crosslinks were determined. Specifically substituted materials were synthesized and evaluation of their stabilities in air, inert atmosphere, water, and Jet-A fuel at 235 and 325 C was made. Three heterocyclic ring systems were considered, namely, triazine, 1,2,4- and 1,3,4-oxadiazoles.

Paciorek, K. L.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Behavior of volatiles in Mars' polar areas - A model incorporating new experimental data

A model has been developed to explain the north polar water vapor results obtained by the Viking orbiter Mars atmospheric water detector; it has also been used to compute the thickness of seasonally deposited CO2 frost, the variation of the total atmospheric pressure, and wind velocities due to mass motions associated with CO2 condensation. A north polar water ice thickness in excess of 1 m and an ice albedo a of 0.34(+0.06,-0.03) are inferred from a comparison of the model and experimental data. The model results confirm an earlier conclusion that the atmosphere over the ice is saturated. It is suggested that concentration of the atmospheric inert gases in the polar region, combined with local topography and arctic circulation patterns, could be responsible for the south remnant cap not being at the south pole

Davies, D. W.↗

NASA NTRS1977

A hermetic sealing process for large irregularly shaped hybrid microcircuit enclosures

A system for sealing vacuum baked hybrids in a dry inert atmosphere using an overlapping spot resistance weld is described. A unique electrode configuration and fixturing that permits sealing of large and irregularly shaped gold plated Kovar packages to the hermeticity requirements of MIL-STD-883 was discussed. Metallurgical considerations and comparisons to laser sealing were made. Problems encountered during the development and optimization of the process were highlighted. Solutions to plating, fixturing, warpage, weld splatter and cracked bead problems are presented.

Stahler, M. R.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Pitch carbon microsphere composite

Petroleum pitch carbon microspheres were prepared by flash heating emulsified pitch and carbonizing the resulting microspheres in an inert atmosphere. Microsphere composites were obtained from a mixture of microspheres and tetraester precursor pyrrone powder. Scanning electron micrographs of the composite showed that it was an aggregate of microspheres bonded together by the pyrrone at the sphere contact points, with voids in and among the microspheres. Physical, thermal, and sorption properties of the composite are described. Composite applications could include use as a honeycomb filler in elevated-temperature load-bearing sandwich boards or in patient-treatment tables for radiation treatment of tumors.

Price, H. L.↗

NASA NTRS1978

Development and fabrication of a diffusion welded Columbium alloy heat exchanger

A Mini Brayton space power generation system required the development of a Columbium alloy heat exchanger to transfer heat from a radioisotope heat source to a He/Xe working fluid. A light-weight design featured the simultaneous diffusion welding of 148 longitudinal fins in an annular heat exchanger about 9-1/2 in. in diameter, 13-1/2 in. in length and 1/4 in. in radial thickness. To complete the heat exchanger, additional gas ducting elements and attachment supports were added by GTA welding in a vacuum-purged inert atmosphere welding chamber. The development required the modification of an existing large size hot isostatic press to achieve HIP capabilities of 2800 F and 10,000 psi for at least 3 hr. Excellent diffusion welds were achieved in a high-quality component which met all system requirements.

Zimmerman, W. F.↗

NASA NTRS1978

Wear of steel by rubber

Wear of a steel blade used as a scraper to abrade rubber surfaces has been found to take place much more rapidly on a cis-polyisoprene (natural rubber) surface than on a cis-polybutadiene surface, and much more rapidly in an inert atmosphere than in air. These observations are attributed to the direct attack upon steel of free-radical species generated by mechanical rupture of elastomer molecules during abrasion.

Gent, A. N.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Protecting brazing furnaces from air leaks

Inexpensive inert-atmosphere shielding protects vacuum brazing-furnace components that are likely to spring leak. Pipefittings, gages, and valves are encased in transparent plastic shroud inflated with argon. If leak develops, harmless argon will enter vacuum chamber, making it possible to finish ongoing brazing or heat treatment before shutting down for repair.

Armenoff, C. T.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Brazing titanium to stainless steel

Titanium and stainless-steel members are usually joined mechanically for lack of any other effective method. New approach using different brazing alloy and plating steel member with nickel resolves problem. Process must be carried out in inert atmosphere.

Batista, R. I.↗

NASA NTRS1979

Development and evaluation of die and container materials. Low cost silicon solar array project

Specific compositions of high purity silicon aluminum oxynitride (Sialon) and silicon beryllium oxynitride (Sibeon) solid solutions were shown to be promising refractory materials for handling and manipulating solar grade silicon into silicon ribbon. Evaulation of the interaction of these materials in contact with molten silicon indicated that solid solutions based upon beta-Si3N4 were more stable than those based on Si2N2O. Sibeon was more resistant to molten silicon attack than Sialon. Both materials should preferably be used in an inert atmosphere rather than under vacuum conditions because removal of oxygen from the silicon melt occurs as SiO enhances the dissolution of aluminum and beryllium. The wetting angles of these materials were low enough for these materials to be considered as both die and container materials.

Wills, R. R.↗

NASA NTRS1979

The diameter and reflectance of Triton

The surface reflectance, radius and geometric albedo of Triton are investigated. Image tube spectra of the reflectance of the satellite between 3200 and 7400 A are presented which indicate that the surface is composed mainly of rocky (non-icy) material, with violet absorption suggesting a composition similar to that of lunar fines, terrestrial igneous rocks and chondrites. Photometric/radiometric calculations based on measurements of the 20-micron thermal flux and the known visual magnitude of Triton reveal an upper limit of 5280 km to its diameter, and a lower limit of 0.19 to its geometric albedo. Computations of Rayleigh scattering in a potential inert atmospheric component are also presented which appear to preclude the presence of large quantities of nitrogen and noble gases on Triton.

Cruikshank, D. P.↗

NASA NTRS1982

Preparation of Perfluorinated Imidoylamidoxime Polymers

Perfluorinated imidoylamidoxime polymers with excellent resistance to heat, chemicals and solvents are prepared by condensing a perfluorinated nitrile with a perfluorinated amidoxime in vacuum or inert atmosphere from 20 degrees to 70 degrees C. When both reactants are difunctional, oligomeric or polymeric products are obtained. After cyclization of imidoylamidoxime groups to 1,2,4-oxadiazole linkages, process yields highly resistant elastomers. Competing side reactions are inhibited by low processing temperature.

Rosser, R. W.↗

NASA NTRS1982

Electrically-conductive Low-Permeability Pressure Seal

Metal-plated butyl rubber seal has been devised for enclosures of electronic equipment that must be maintained under dry, inert atmosphere. Seal prevents gas leakage over prolonged periods, while conductivity suppresses electromagnetic emissions from sealed equipment. Seal is formed by depositing aluminum or gold onto molded-in-place butyl rubber gasket and surrounding areas of flange.

Krieg, H. C.↗