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DOE OSTI2022

Hanford Site Revegetation Monitoring Report for Fiscal Year 2022

This report describes the monitoring of areas revegetated by various contractors on the Hanford Site. Revegetation sites include those revegetated by the River Corridor Closure Contractor and CH2M Hill Plateau Remediation Company that were transitioned to Mission Support Alliance (MSA) in 2017. These sites, along with sites revegetated by MSA between 2017 and 2020, were transitioned to Hanford Mission Integration Solutions (HMIS) in 2021. HMIS performs revegetation monitoring activities for these transitioned sites and for sites revegetated by HMIS and other contractors in subsequent years to determine revegetation site success. This report contains data collected in 2022 documenting the recovery of revegetation areas associated with the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 cleanup of National Priorities List waste sites and restoration of lands disturbed by ongoing mission activities at the Hanford Site in Richland, Washington. It contains vegetation monitoring data for 53 sites selected to be representative sites for areas planted between the years of fiscal year (FY) 2007 and FY 2022.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2021

Thermal Hydraulic Experimental Test Article (FY21 Final Report)

The Thermal Hydraulic Experimental Test Article (THETA) is a facility that will be used to develop sodium components and instrumentation as well as acquire experimental data for validation of reactor thermal hydraulic and safety analysis codes. The facility will simulate nominal conditions as well as protected/unprotected loss of flow accidents in a sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR). High fidelity distributed temperature profiles of the developed flow field will be acquired with Rayleigh backscatter based optical fiber temperature sensors. The facility is being designed in partnership with systems code experts to tailor the experiment to ensure the most relevant and highest quality data for code validation. THETA is comprised of a traditional primary and secondary system. The primary system is submerged in the pool of sodium and consists of a pump, electrically heated core, intermediate heat exchanger, and connected piping and thermal barriers (redan). The secondary system, located outside of the sodium pool, consists of a pump, sodium to air heat exchanger, and connected piping and valves. Figure 1 illustrates the main components of the primary system. THETA has been installed in the Mechanisms Engineering Test Loop (METL) with the primary system in the 28 inch Test Vessel #4, Figure 2 and Figure 3. Since the FY20 THETA status report, further water shakedown testing was performed, some final welding modifications were performed, all system components were sanitized, dry assembled, and commissioned. The THETA submersible electromagnetic flowmeter was welded closed to hermetically seal internal components from sodium followed by a helium leak check for the final time. Following installation of THETA into vessel #4, all data acquisition and control systems were brought online and commissioned at room temperature in the argon gas space of the empty vessel. The vessel zone 1 heaters were reinstalled and the flange was then insulated. The vessel 4 heaters were brought to a temperature of 100 °C and the THETA pump was jogged at 600 RPM to ensure it was functioning correctly. The secondary, AC Conduction based electromagnetic pump from CMI Novacast (product number CA-15) was ordered and will be delivered in late calendar year 2021. The custom designed permanent magnet based secondary flowmeter was designed, a drawing package and manufacturing specification created and quote requested from a machine shop. The intermediate heat exchanger design was completed and a drawing package is currently in progress. During the middle of calendar year 2021 the Building 308 sodium scrubber system was shut down in order to replaced some corroded piping and facilitate improvements on the system, thus requiring the sodium in METL to remain frozen. This has imposed a delay in filling vessel 4 with sodium to begin THETA testing. Sodium testing is expected to begin in early fiscal year 2022 as all THETA primary systems are operational.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Wet Waste Hydrothermal Liquefaction and Biocrude Upgrading to Hydrocarbon Fuels: 2022 State of Technology

Data from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory’s (PNNL) conversion hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) program for wet waste was used to update the pathway techno-economic analysis (TEA) for the fiscal year 2022 State of Technology (2022 SOT). Figure S.1 shows the modeled minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) for the 2022 SOT, along with the previous years’ SOTs (Snowden-Swan et al. 2020, 2021, 2022). These costs are for a HTL plant scale of 110 dry ton/day sludge feed and a larger centralized upgrading plant scale of 38 million gallons/year biocrude feed, commensurate with the design case. All costs were updated to 2020 dollars. Corresponding cost breakdowns and technical parameters for each case are given in Appendix B. In previous years’ analyses options with and without ammonia (NH 3 ) stripping treatment of the HTL aqueous phase recycle stream were included in the analysis to account for cases with direct recycle of untreated HTL aqueous phase back to the wastewater treatment plant. In the FY21 SOT assessment however, system boundaries for the analysis were adjusted to reflect separate ownership/operatorship for the HTL plant and with that, nutrient surcharge fees associated with disposal of the aqueous phase wastewater to a municipal sewer system were incorporated to provide an improved accounting of true disposal costs for a standalone plant. With these changes, there is no significant cost difference between the case including ammonia removal and the case excluding ammonia removal and therefore the “no NH3 removal” options will not be included in the 2022 and future SOTs.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

DOE OSTI2022

GDSA Framework Development and Process Model Integration FY2022

The Spent Fuel and Waste Science and Technology (SFWST) Campaign of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Nuclear Energy (NE), Office of Spent Fuel & Waste Disposition (SFWD) is conducting research and development (R&D) on geologic disposal of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and high-level nuclear waste (HLW). A high priority for SFWST disposal R&D is disposal system modeling (Sassani et al. 2021). The SFWST Geologic Disposal Safety Assessment (GDSA) work package is charged with developing a disposal system modeling and analysis capability for evaluating generic disposal system performance for nuclear waste in geologic media. This report describes fiscal year (FY) 2022 advances of the Geologic Disposal Safety Assessment (GDSA) performance assessment (PA) development groups of the SFWST Campaign. The common mission of these groups is to develop a geologic disposal system modeling capability for nuclear waste that can be used to assess probabilistically the performance of generic disposal options and generic sites. The modeling capability under development is called GDSA Framework (pa.sandia.gov). GDSA Framework is a coordinated set of codes and databases designed for probabilistically simulating the release and transport of disposed radionuclides from a repository to the biosphere for post-closure performance assessment. Primary components of GDSA Framework include PFLOTRAN to simulate the major features, events, and processes (FEPs) over time, Dakota to propagate uncertainty and analyze sensitivities, meshing codes to define the domain, and various other software for rendering properties, processing data, and visualizing results.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2023

DFTT report for Signal Analysis (2023)

The Detection Framework Testbed and Toolkit (DFTT) is a database and associated java programs intended to facilitate the development and testing of algorithms for operating suites of correlation and subspace detectors. This framework is a generalization of the system described in Harris and Dodge (2011) and Dodge and Harris (2016). DFTT allows retrospective processing of sequences of data using various system configurations. Results are saved in a database, so it is easy to compare the results obtained using different configurations of the system. The principal software components of DFTT are the ConfigCreator, the framework_runner and the Builder program. ConfigCreator assembles the files necessary to define a particular configuration used for processing. The framework_runner operates suites of detectors and saves the results in an Oracle™ database. Builder allows visual examination of templates and detected signals and allows editing and creation of detectors. In addition, there are tools for importing continuous data into the database. DFTT is licensed under the MIT license and has LLNL release number LLNL-CODE-801881. In the current fiscal year DFTT has been used in two different projects. The first (NTL-funded) project investigates the feasibility of screening nuisance detections using correlation detectors. The second (GNEM-funded) project seeks to extend the results of Harris and Dodge (2021) to 3- D sources and multiple stations. Each of these efforts required that additional functionality be added to DFTT. In this report I will summarize the enhancements to DFTT in the context of the relevant research effort.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2022

PNNL's Characterization Summary for MP-2 Experiment

Characterization of as-fabricated fuel was performed at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in accordance with the characterization plan for the fabrication of U 10Mo plate fuel for the U.S. High Performance Research Reactor conversion program’s Fuel Fabrication Pillar (INL 2021). Similar characterization work is also being performed at Idaho National Laboratory to provide a detailed understanding of the as-fabricated foils that would be irradiated in the Mini-Plate 2 (MP 2) experiment. Under the MP 2 characterization plan, foils are studied that have different fabrication parameters (such as rolling condition, rolling thickness reduction, co-rolling with Zr layers). Similar samples from master foils were sent to both the organizations, so that the testing and analysis can be done independently using similar equipment and standardized measurement and analysis procedures. A final, consolidated report will be prepared based on this work and will summarize all the information obtained from the two laboratories. The MP 2 experiment will provide an opportunity to understand the effects of processing conditions on the final fuel microstructure, to compare results obtained independently, and achieve a two-way validation. In Fiscal Year 2022, PNNL received five MP 2 cast (PD STD2) samples to examine the foils’ chemistry and microstructure. For each cast sample, PNNL received samples from three different locations. PNNL also received and characterized 24 U 10Mo foil samples, by sectioning four pieces/specimens from each foil, in accordance with the MP 2 Characterization Plan (INL 2021). These 24 samples consist of four types of foils from BWX Technologies: 0.047 in. thick hot-rolled and annealed samples with Zr layers; 0.025 in. thick cold-rolled and annealed samples with Zr layers; 0.0105 in. thick cold-rolled and annealed samples with Zr layers. Along with these, PNNL also received four plates with Zr layers that were 0.025 in. and 0.0105 in. thick. This report describes the results of PNNL’s MP 2 foil characterization. Microstructure, Mo homogeneity, carbide fraction and morphology, U 10Mo foil thickness, and Zr thickness were evaluated in both the longitudinal and transverse directions for all the foils of the three different thicknesses.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Status Update: Deposition Modeling For SNF Canister CISCC

This report fulfills the M3 milestones M3SF-21PN010207025 & M3SF-20PN0102070412. During fiscal year (FY) 2020, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) worked to further develop the FY 2019 deposition and particle tracking models. This status report outlines these efforts and presents the progress made so far. Model development work is ongoing and is planned to continue in FY 2021. The FY 2020 model development included work on: Wind Effects. Model development and sensitivity studies, investigated how wind direction and speed affect deposition; Brownian Motion. Implementing Brownian Motion into existing models; Particle Size Variability. Depending on the particle composition, the diameter of the particle may vary with changes in relative humidity. Models were developed to analyze this; Multiphase and Fluid Film Modeling. Investigating canister surface wetting and drying, and how this effects overall deposition. Models were developed to analyze this; Difusophoresis. Performing initial work to implement diffusiophoresis into the existing models; Turbophoresis. Performing initial work to implement turbophoresis into the existing models. Much of this work will continue into FY21. The authors present initial results and discus current and future work.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2022

U.S. Efforts in Support of Examinations at Fukushima Daiichi (November 2021 Meeting Notes with Updated Information Requests)

Information obtained from Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (Daiichi) is required to inform future Decontamination and Decommissioning (D&D) activities, improving the ability of the Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings, Incorporated (TEPCO Holdings) to characterize potential hazards and to ensure the safety of workers involved with cleanup activities. This information also has important implications for the safety and operation of U.S. commercial nuclear power plants. This document summarizes results from the Fiscal Year 2022 (FY2022) U.S. effort to review Daiichi information and extract insights to enhance the safety of existing and future nuclear power plant designs. This U.S. effort, which was initiated in 2014 by the Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy, is completed by a group of experts in reactor safety and plant operations that identify examination needs and evaluate recent Daiichi examination data to address these needs. Fukushima-related information and associated discussions during forensics meetings benefit operating, new, and advanced reactors. Significant safety insights are being obtained in several areas: system and component performance, radionuclide surveys and sampling, debris end-state location, combustible gas effects, and plant operations and maintenance. In addition to reducing uncertainties related to severe accident modeling progression, these insights have and continue to be used to update guidance for severe accident prevention, mitigation, and emergency planning. As discussed in this document, revised operator guidance was successfully used to improve operator response during a loss of off-site power event at the Duane Arnold Energy Center plant. Reduced uncertainties in modeling the events at Daiichi improve the realism of reactor safety evaluations that inform future D&D activities. U.S. evaluations of information from Fukushima and input regarding future examinations are of interest to several organizations within Japan. Meeting presentations by Japan describe how comments and recommendations documented in prior U.S. forensics effort reports, including consensus information requests developed by forensics effort participants, are considered in future Fukushima D&D activities. As discussed in this report, TEPCO Holdings considered these information requests in their D&D planning activities. An updated list of consensus information requests is included in this FY2022 report.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Annual Status Report (FY 2020): Performance Assessment for the Disposal of Low Level Waste in the 200 East Area Burial Grounds

This annual review provides the projected dose estimates of radionuclide inventories disposed in the 200 East Area Low-Level Waste Burial Grounds (LLBGs) since September 26, 1988. These estimates are calculated using the original dose methodology developed in the performance assessment (PA) analysis (WHC-SD-WM-TI-730). The estimates are compared with requirements of DOE O 435.1 Chg 1 and performance objectives defined in companion documents DOE M 435.1-1 Chg 1and DOE-STD-5002-2017). All performance objectives are currently satisfied, and operational waste acceptance criteria (HNF-EP-0063) and waste acceptance practices continue to be sufficient to maintain compliance with performance objectives. Inventory estimates and associated dose estimates from future waste disposal actions are unchanged from previous years’ evaluations that indicate potential impacts well below performance objectives; therefore, future compliance with DOE O 435.1 Chg 1 is expected. A new PA study was initiated in fiscal year (FY) 2019 for evaluation of active disposal sites within the 200 East and 200 West Areas (Trench 94 in 200 East; Trenches 31 and 34 in 200 West) due to extended time elapsing between the current annual status report and the original PA for the active disposal sites. The new PA for the active disposal sites is expected to be completed in FY 2021. Within the active burial grounds in the 200 East Area, low-level waste and mixed low-level waste will continue to be disposed of in the dedicated U.S. Navy reactor compartment trench at the 218-E-12B Burial Ground (Trench 94). During this reporting period (FY 2020, from October 1, 2019, through September 30, 2020), two reactor compartments were disposed in Trench 94. Results from sorption experiments are summarized for this reporting period to quantify the efficacy of concrete waste forms in retaining key radionuclides (e.g., technetium-99 and iodine-129). The test durations ranged from 1 to 3 months. Continued groundwater monitoring of the 200 East Area LLBGs indicates no groundwater contamination due to LLBG waste. Current assumptions about future land use at the Hanford Site are consistent with PA analysis1 assumptions of a post-closure facility that will not be degraded by human activity. The LLBGs are located in an area identified for waste management and containment of residual contamination. This area will remain after final environmental remediation and the proposed shrinkage of Hanford Site boundaries to small sections within the 200 East and 200 West Areas in the Central Plateau (DOE/EIS-0391). The current closure plan for the LLBGs (DOE/RL-2000-707) estimates that the 200 East LLBGs will be closed in the 2050 timeframe. The Disposal Authorization Statement, other technical basis documents, and the radioactive waste management basis are of continued adequacy to meet the performance objectives of DOE O 435.1 Chg 1. Overall, there are no substantive changes to primary PA assumptions nor the PA analysis conclusion; therefore, compliance with DOE O 435.1 Chg 1 and the Disposal Authorization Statement is maintained.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2022

Wind Energy Accomplishments & Midyear Performance Report: Fiscal Year 2022

2022 marks 43 years of innovation through the National Wind Technology Center at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Flatirons Campus. Scientists, engineers, analysts, and researchers continue to build on NREL's legacy of innovation at this world-class hub for wind energy technology research and development. Today, the nation's goals to tackle climate change and revitalize the U.S. economy through increased investment in clean energy - particularly in land-based, offshore, and distributed wind energy - are more ambitious than ever. From advancing wind energy science, technologies, and materials to demonstrating thought leadership on a worldwide scale, NREL's Wind Energy Program played a powerful role in maximizing the impact of wind energy in the first half of Fiscal Year (FY) 2022. NREL's technical expertise, research capabilities, and industry understanding continued to support DOE's efforts to champion clean energy, addressing market and deployment barriers and driving down costs with more efficient, reliable, and predictable wind energy systems. This report provides an overview of the achievements NREL made on behalf of DOE's Wind Energy Technologies Office (WETO) and other partners between October 1, 2021, and March 31, 2022.

accomplishments↗

DOE OSTI2023

Composite Analysis for Low-Level Waste Disposal in the Central Plateau of the Hanford Site (Annual Status Report FY 2022)

In accordance with DOE M 435.1-1 requirements and as implemented by DOE/RL-2000-29, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Richland Operations Office has prepared this annual summary for fiscal year (FY) 2022. Originally reported in PNNL-11800 and PNNL-11800, Addendum 1 (hereinafter collectively referred to as the Hanford Site Composite Analysis), the Hanford Site Composite Analysis was approved through issuance of a 2002 memorandum.5 As required by DOE/RL-2000-29, an annual evaluation of new information and data developed by several onsite programs was completed. The reporting period for this annual evaluation is FY 2022 (October 1, 2021 through September 30, 2022).

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2023

Hanford Site Bald Eagle Monitoring Report for Fiscal Year 2022

A national symbol of the United States, the Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) plays an important role in the riverine ecosystem at the U. S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Hanford Site. Historically, Bald Eagles have occupied the Hanford Site during the winter and early spring and have more recently remained through the nesting season. Monitoring is essential to maintain current biological information about Bald Eagle abundance and distribution on the Hanford Site, to ensure compliance with protection regulations, and to inform future protection and management efforts. This monitoring report provides an overview of Bald Eagle activity on the Hanford Site, along with Bald Eagle management guidelines and monitoring objectives between November 2021 and June 2022.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2020

Performance Assessment for the Disposal of Low Level Waste in the 200 East Area Burial Grounds (FY2019 Annual Status Report)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2020

Guidance for Federal Agencies on EPAct 2005 Section 701: Alternative Fuel Use Requirements for Dual-Fueled Vehicles

Section 701 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct 2005) requires Federal agencies to use alternative fuel in dual-fueled vehicles when it is reasonably available and not unreasonably more expensive than gasoline (42 U.S.C. Section 6374(a)(3)(E)). Since 2007, Federal agencies have requested waivers for vehicles from the Section 701 requirements as part of a June data call for the subsequent fiscal year (FY). The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) has reviewed those waiver requests and granted or denied them prior to the subsequent FY. At the end of each FY, DOE FEMP has reviewed each Federal agency's covered alternative fuel use and compared it to total fuel use in non-waivered vehicles to determine compliance. This guidance provides two different processes through which DOE will begin evaluating waiver requests for FY 2021 (beginning with the FY 2020 data call): Automated reporting in the Federal Fleet Sustainability Dashboard (FleetDASH), and waiver requests in FAST.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

DOE OSTI2024

Heliostat Consortium Annual Report: 2024

In 2021, the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Solar Energy Technologies Office (SETO) funded the formation of the Heliostat Consortium (HelioCon), a five-year consortium designed to advance U.S. heliostat technologies by engaging industry, subject matter experts, and general stakeholders for direct project-level collaboration, external consulting, and mission-specific panels and workshops. HelioCon is led by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and Sandia National Laboratories, in partnership with the Australian Solar Thermal Research Institute. This report describes HelioCon's activities and impact in fiscal year 2024.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2020

FY 2021 Idaho National Laboratory Site Sustainability Plan

The mission of the Department of Energy (DOE) is to ensure America’s security and prosperity by addressing its energy, environmental, and nuclear challenges through transformative science and technology solutions. This FY 2021 Idaho National Laboratory Site Sustainability Plan (SSP) was developed to enable and sustain Idaho National Laboratory’s (INL’s) mission to discover, demonstrate, and secure innovative nuclear solutions, clean energy options, and critical infrastructure. The SSP was developed according to the narrative requirements from the “FY 2021 DOE Site Sustainability Plan Guidance” document issued in August 2020. The SSP contains strategies and activities that will lead to continual energy, water, and waste reductions that move INL toward meeting DOE sustainability goals and requirements. The SSP summarizes energy and available fuel use reporting requirements and references criteria for instituting sustainable design. SSP requirements are integrated into each INL contractor’s Integrated Safety Management System and Environmental Management System (EMS). Finally, the Sustainability Program directives, based on this SSP, are integrated into the INL Annual Laboratory Plan Fiscal Year 2020 (INL/LTD-20-59747), and operations and acquisition systems.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2020

Integrated Initiative for Plutonium and Actinide Missions

Recognizing the dynamic environment and challenges facing the plutonium and actinide missions at Los Alamos National Laboratory over the next decade, Laboratory leadership established Fiscal Year (FY) 2020 Laboratory Agenda Item 2.6. This agenda item calls for the development and implementation of an integrated initiative for plutonium and actinide missions at Los Alamos. Over the next decade, Los Alamos has been asked to significantly ramp up pit production to help address nuclear stockpile and nuclear deterrence needs, heat source production to support expansion in space exploration, evaluation of stockpile returns, processing operations in support of nonproliferation, and the actinide science to support all of these efforts. All of this must be accomplished while significantly increasing the size of our plutonium and actinide missions workforce and modernizing and updating critical infrastructure. Only through enhanced integration of science, technology, and engineering (ST&E), manufacturing, and mission operations will we enable achievement of these critical missions. An overall summary of the plutonium and actinide missions is included in Figure 1 on Page 3 and Figure 2 on Page 4 summarizes our goals, objectives, FY 2021 recommended actions and internal strategic priorities that are key elements of our integrated initiative.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗

DOE OSTI2022

BETO 2021 Peer Review - 3.4.2.302 - Process Scale Up for Production Environments

This project supports the Department of Energy's Bioenergy Technology Office mission of transitioning bioenergy technologies to market by de-risking integration, developing scaling relations and modeling that de-risks scale up, and providing a feedback loop with lower TRL projects to understand process and technology fundamentals. Two objectives were pursued during this merit cycle. First, the Thermal and Catalytic Process Development Unit (TCPDU), a 0.5 ton/day pilot plant, was used to validate kinetic models developed by the Consortium for Computational Physics and Chemistry (CCPC). Validating the models accurately predict product yields and composition is a first step toward de-risking a common industry failure - taking too large of steps between scales. In addition, these models help with design and troubleshooting of new unit operations for the TCPDU. The second objective was to conduct the FY22 verification campaign around ex situ CFP. The primary challenge of this effort was the coordination of multiple national labs and projects. This was overcome by a dedicated leadership role and effective communication strategy between the projects. Currently the project is undergoing a pivot based on a stagegate decision to not conduct the verification campaign in the TCPDU and it is focused on closing out the CFP technology at a smaller scale by the end of the current fiscal year.

BIOMASS FUELS↗