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At least 127 records · Page 7

Quark flavor equilibration of the quark-gluon plasma

The early stage of a heavy-ion collision is marked by rapid entropy production and the transition from a gluon saturated initial condition to a plasma of quarks and gluons that evolves hydrodynamically. However, during the early times of the hydrodynamic evolution, the chemical composition of the QCD medium is still largely unknown. We present a study of quark chemical equilibration in the (Q)GP using a novel model of viscous hydrodynamic evolution in partial chemical equilibrium. Motivated by the success of gluon saturated initial condition models, we initialize the QCD medium as a completely gluon dominated state. Local quark production during the hydrodynamic phase is then simulated through the evolution of time-dependent fugacities for each independent quark flavor, with the timescales set as free parameters to compare different rates of equilibration. We present the results of complete heavy-ion collision simulations using this partial chemical equilibrium model, and show the effects on hadronic and electromagnetic observables. In particular, we show that the development of flow is sensitive to the equilibration timescale, providing an empirical way to probe the chemical equilibration of the QCD medium.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

The Effect of the Velocity Distribution on Kilonova Emission

The electromagnetic emission from the nonrelativistic ejecta launched in neutron star mergers (either dynamically or through a disk wind) has the potential to probe both the total mass and composition of this ejecta. These observations are crucial in understanding the role of these mergers in the production of r-process elements in the Universe. However, many properties of the ejecta can alter the light curves and we must both identify which properties play a role in shaping this emission and understand the effects these properties have on the emission before we can use observations to place strong constraints on the amount of r-process elements produced in the merger. This paper focuses on understanding the effect of the velocity distribution (amount of mass moving at different velocities) for lanthanide-rich ejecta on the light curves and spectra. The simulations use distributions guided by recent calculations of disk outflows and compare the velocity-distribution effects to those of ejecta mass, velocity, and composition. Our comparisons show that uncertainties in the velocity distribution can lead to a factor of 2–4 uncertainties in the inferred ejecta mass based on peak infrared luminosities. We also show that early-time UV or optical observations may be able to constrain the velocity distribution, reducing the uncertainty in the ejecta mass.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

The Effect of the Velocity Distribution on Kilonova Emission

Abstract The electromagnetic emission from the nonrelativistic ejecta launched in neutron star mergers (either dynamically or through a disk wind) has the potential to probe both the total mass and composition of this ejecta. These observations are crucial in understanding the role of these mergers in the production of r -process elements in the Universe. However, many properties of the ejecta can alter the light curves and we must both identify which properties play a role in shaping this emission and understand the effects these properties have on the emission before we can use observations to place strong constraints on the amount of r -process elements produced in the merger. This paper focuses on understanding the effect of the velocity distribution (amount of mass moving at different velocities) for lanthanide-rich ejecta on the light curves and spectra. The simulations use distributions guided by recent calculations of disk outflows and compare the velocity-distribution effects to those of ejecta mass, velocity, and composition. Our comparisons show that uncertainties in the velocity distribution can lead to a factor of 2–4 uncertainties in the inferred ejecta mass based on peak infrared luminosities. We also show that early-time UV or optical observations may be able to constrain the velocity distribution, reducing the uncertainty in the ejecta mass.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Plasmon Dynamics Driven by Aggregation of Tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II)-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles Probed by XANES and Transient Absorption Spectroscopy

Energy conversion dynamics is critical for advancing next-generation photovoltaics, optoelectronics, and light-harvesting technologies. Noble metal plasmonic nanoparticles play a pivotal role as nanoscale electromagnetic confinement structures, driving photon-induced chemical reactions. In this study, we explore the effects of [Ru(bpy) 3 ] 2+ functionalization and aggregation on citrate-capped gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of 40 and 100 nm diameters, focusing on molecule-plasmon interactions and their influence on electronic and energy dissipation properties. X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) revealed that [Ru(bpy) 3 ] 2+ functionalization induces controlled aggregation without altering the oxidation state of gold. A more pronounced white-line intensity is observed in 40 nm AuNPs, consistent with greater s–p–d hybridization and a higher density of surface states, likely influenced by both nanoparticle size and aggregation. Transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy highlights faster electron–phonon relaxation dynamics in aggregated 40 nm nanoparticles, which is attributed to increased electron delocalization and more efficient coupling to the phonon bath. In contrast, 100 nm nanoparticles exhibit minimal changes due to a lower degree of aggregation. Interestingly, we observe that enhanced electron–phonon coupling in aggregated nanoparticles coincides with a slowing of electron–electron scattering. These observations suggest a competitive interplay between the two relaxation pathways, where enhanced energy transfer to the lattice in aggregated systems can suppress electronic thermalization. In conclusion, these findings underscore the critical role of nanoparticle size, aggregation, and molecule–surface interactions in modulating plasmonic dynamics and excited-state lifetimes and further provide valuable insights into designing tailored plasmonic systems with transformative potential for sensing, catalysis, and energy conversion.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Direct deflection of Millicharged radiation

Millicharged particles are generic in theories of dark sectors. A cosmic or local abundance of them may be produced by the early universe, stellar environments, or the decay or annihilation of dark matter/dark energy. Furthermore, if such particles are light, these production channels result in a background of millicharged radiation. We show that light-shining-through-wall experiments employing superconducting RF cavities can also be used as “direct deflection” experiments to search for this relativistic background. The millicharged plasma is first subjected to an oscillating electromagnetic field of a driven cavity, which causes charge separation in the form of charge and current perturbations. In turn, these perturbations can propagate outwards and resonantly excite electromagnetic fields in a well-shielded cavity placed nearby, enabling detection. We estimate that future versions of the existing Dark SRF experiment can probe orders of magnitude of currently unexplored parameter space, including millicharges produced from the Sun, the cosmic neutrino background, or other mechanisms that generate a thermal abundance with energy density as small as ~ 10$^{−4}$ that of the cosmic microwave background.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Light mesons with one dynamical gluon on the light front

We obtain the light meson mass spectroscopy from the light-front quantum chromodynamics (QCD) Hamiltonian, determined for their constituent quark-antiquark and quark-antiquark-gluon Fock components, together with a three-dimensional confinement. The eigenvectors of the light-front effective Hamiltonian provide a good quality description of the pion electromagnetic form factor, decay constant, and the valence quark distribution functions following QCD scale evolution. We also show that the pion's gluon densities can be probed through the pion-nucleus induced $J/ψ$ production data. Our pion parton distribution functions provide excellent agreement with $J/ψ$ production data from widely different experimental conditions.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Theory for anomalous terahertz emission in striped cuprate superconductors

Recent experiments in the doped cuprates La 2−𝑥 ⁢Ba 𝑥⁢ CuO 4 have revealed the emission of anomalous terahertz radiation after impulsive optical excitation. Here, we theoretically investigate the nonlinear electrodynamics of such striped superconductors and explore the origin of the observed radiation. We argue that photoexcitation is converted into a photocurrent by a second-order optical nonlinearity, which is activated by the breaking of inversion symmetry in certain stripe configurations. We point out the importance of including umklapp photocurrents modulated at the stripe periodicity itself, which impulsively drive surface Josephson plasmons and lead to a resonant structure of outgoing radiation, consistent with the experiments. We speculate on the utility of the proposed mechanism in the context of generating tunable terahertz radiation.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Broadening of the Divertor Heat Flux Profile in High Confinement Tokamak Fusion Plasmas with Edge Pedestals Limited by Turbulence in DIII-D

Multimachine empirical scaling predicts an extremely narrow heat exhaust layer in future high magnetic field tokamaks, producing high power densities that require mitigation. Here, in the experiments presented, the width of this exhaust layer is nearly doubled using actuators to increase turbulent transport in the plasma edge. This is achieved in low collisionality, high confinement edge pedestals with their gradients limited by turbulent transport instead of large-scale, coherent instabilities. The exhaust heat flux profile width and divertor leg diffusive spreading both double as a high frequency band of turbulent fluctuations propagating in the electron diamagnetic direction doubles in amplitude. The results are quantitatively reproduced in electromagnetic XGC particle-in-cell simulations which show the heat flux carried by electrons emerges to broaden the heat flux profile, directly supported by Langmuir probe measurements.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

A Superconducting Micro-Magnetometer for Quantum Vortex in Superconducting Nanoflakes

Superconducting quantum interferometer device (SQUID) plays a key role in understanding electromagnetic properties and emergent phenomena in quantum materials. The technological appeal of SQUID is that its detection accuracy for the electromagnetic signal can precisely reach the quantum level of a single magnetic flux. However, conventional SQUID techniques normally can only be applied to a bulky sample and do not have the capability to probe the magnetic properties of micro-scale samples with small magnetic signals. Here, in this paper, it is demonstrated that, based on a specially designed superconducting nano-hole array, the contactless detection of magnetic properties and quantized vortices in micro-sized superconducting nanoflakes is realized. An anomalous hysteresis loop and a suppression of Little–Parks oscillation are observed in the detected magnetoresistance signal, which originates from the disordered distribution of the pinned vortices in Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+δ . Therefore, the density of pinning centers of the quantized vortices on such micro-sized superconducting samples can be quantitatively evaluated, which is technically inaccessible for conventional SQUID detection. The superconducting micro-magnetometer provides a new approach to exploring mesoscopic electromagnetic phenomena of quantum materials.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

The Kangaroo’s First Hop: The Early Fast Cooling Phase of EP250108a/SN 2025kg

Fast X-ray transients are a rare and poorly understood population of events. Previously difficult to detect in real time, the launch of the Einstein Probe with its Wide-field X-ray Telescope has led to a rapid expansionof the sample and allowed the exploration of these transients across the electromagnetic spectrum. EP250108a is a recently detected example linked to an optical counterpart, SN 2025kg, or “the kangaroo.” Together with a companion Letter we present our observing campaign and analysis of this event. In this letter, we focus on the early evolution of the optical counterpart over the first 6 days, including our measurement of the redshift of z = 0.17641. We compare to other supernovae and fast transients showing similar features, finding significant similarities with SN 2006aj and SN 2020bvc, and show that the source is well modelled by a rapidly expanding cooling blackbody. We show the observed X-ray and radio properties are consistent with a collapsar-powered jet that is low energy (≲10 51 erg) and/or fails to break out of the dense material surrounding it. While we examine the possibility that the optical emission emerges from the shock produced as the supernova ejecta expand into a dense shell of circumstellar material, due to our X-ray and radio inferences, we favour a model where it arises from a shocked cocoon resulting from a trapped jet. This makes SN 2025 one of the few examples of this currently observationally rare event.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Development of a scintillator based fast-ion loss detector for the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator

A new scintillator based fast-ion loss detector (FILD) system has been designed for the Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) stellarator. The mechanical design of the system is presented here along with engineering analyses of the system. This includes an assessment of the structural loads which also considers electromagnetic forces calculated for possible disruption scenarios as well as a mode frequency analysis of the system. Furthermore, an analysis of the thermal characteristics of the actively cooled probe head under prescribed steady state and transient heat loads is presented. Finally, the optical relay system is described and its properties used to forward model synthetic camera signals using the FILDSIM code and based on theoretical fast-ion losses incident on the probe head calculated using the ASCOT5 code.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

FLArE up dark sectors with EM form factors at the LHC forward physics facility

Despite being mostly secluded, dark sector particles may feebly interact with photons via a small mass-dimension 4 millicharge, a mass-dimension 5 magnetic and electric dipole moment, or a mass-dimension 6 anapole moment and charge radius. If sufficiently light, the LHC may produce an intense and collimated beam of these particles in the far forward direction. We study the prospects of searching for such dark sector particles with electromagnetic form factors via their electron scattering signature in the Forward Liquid Argon Experiment (FLArE) at the Forward Physics Facility (FPF). We find that FLArE can provide new probes of sub-GeV dark particles with dipole moments and strong sensitivities for millicharged particles in the 100 MeV to 100 GeV region. This complements other search strategies using scintillation signatures or dark matter direct detection and allows for probing strongly interacting dark matter motivated by the EDGES anomaly. Along with the FORMOSA detector, this leads to a very versatile and leading experimental program in the search for millicharged particles in the FPF.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Monophotons at neutrino experiments from neutrino polarizability

Nontrivial electromagnetic properties of neutrinos are an avenue to physics beyond the Standard Model (SM). To this end, we investigate the power of monophoton signals at neutrino experiments to probe a higher-dimensional operator connecting neutrinos to SM photons dubbed, neutrino polarizability. A simplified scenario giving rise to this operator involves a new pseudoscalar that couples to both neutrinos and photons, with clear implications for axionlike particle (ALP) and Majoron physics. By analyzing the photon energy spectrum and angular distributions, we find that NOMAD and MiniBooNE currently set the most stringent limits, while short baseline near detector and the DUNE near detector will soon provide significantly improved constraints.

Particle detection signatures↗

On the Effect of Beating during Nonlinear Frequency Chirping

Spectroscopic analyses of energetic particle (EP) driven bursts of MHD fluctuations in magnetically confined plasmas often exhibit chirps that occur simultaneously in groups of two or more. While the superposition of oscillations at multiple frequencies necessarily causes beating in the signal acquired by a localized external probe, self-consistent hybrid simulations of chirping EP modes in a JT-60U tokamak plasma have demonstrated the possibility of global beating, where the mode's electromagnetic field vanishes globally between beats and reappears with opposite phase [Bierwage et al., Nucl. Fusion 57, 016036 (2017)]. This implies that there can be a single coherent field mode that oscillates at multiple frequencies simultaneously when it is resonantly driven by multiple density waves in EP phase space. Conversely, this means that the EP density waves are mutually coupled and interfere with each other via the jointly driven field, a mechanism ignored in some theories of chirping. In this thesis-style treatise, we study the role of field pulsations in general and beating in particular using the Hamiltonian guiding center orbit-following code ORBIT with a reduced wave-particle interaction model in realistic geometry. Beating is found to drive the evolution of EP phase space structures. Additionally, a key mechanism is the pulsation of effective phase space islands combined with the alternation of their effective O- and X-points due to phase jumps between each beat. Observations: (1) Beating causes density wave fronts to advance radially in a pulsed manner and the resulting chirps become staircase-like. (2) The pulsations facilitate convective transfer of material between neighboring layers of phase space density waves. On the one hand, this may inhibit the early detachment of solitary phase space vortices. On the other hand, it facilitates the accumulation of hole and clump fragments into larger structures. (3) Long-range chirping is observed when massive holes or clumps detach and drift away from the turbulent belt around the seed resonance. It is remarkable that the detached vortices remain robust and,on average, maintain their concentric nested layers while being visibly perturbed by the field's continued beating.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak

The turbulence and transport expected in the SPARC tokamak Primary Reference Discharge (PRD) [P. Rodriguez-Fernandez et al., J. Plasma Phys. 86, 865860503 (2020)] have been investigated with the gyrokinetic code CGYRO [J. Candy et al., J. Comput. Phys. 324, 73–93 (2016)]. Linear and nonlinear simulations that focus on ion (kθρs<1.0) and electron-scale (kθρs>1.0) turbulence were used to probe the nature of the turbulence and the resulting transport in the fusion core. It is found that in the SPARC PRD, ion temperature gradient (ITG) turbulence is expected to dominate transport over most of the profile with some potential trapped electron mode impact in the near edge. Stiff turbulence is observed over a part of the plasma core such that SPARC's ion temperature profile will likely be pinned to just above the critical gradient for ITG. The role of electromagnetic turbulence, rotation, and electron-scale turbulence was investigated to provide some insight into the physics required to accurately predict SPARC performance via gyrokinetics. Additionally, predictions of impurity peaking for potential low- and high-Z SPARC first-wall materials are probed using ion-scale simulation. The dominance of low-k turbulence in SPARC provides a potential opportunity for more tractable prediction of plasma profiles using nonlinear gyrokinetics. This work is the first step toward full gyrokinetic profile prediction of SPARC kinetic profiles and the resulting fusion power and plasma gain.

Howard, N. T. (ORCID:0000000287876309)↗

Large-Area Lasing in Nanoscale Complex Media: The Critical Role of Local Dielectric Environment

Controlling how electromagnetic waves interact with complex media is critical for applications in imaging and focusing. Such lightwave interactions with complex media can lead to dramatic optical effects like lasing. While much work in random lasing focus on understanding how gain and scattering co-operatively generate lasing, little work has focused on how to manipulate the lasing threshold without modifying the structural disorder. Here, a simple, mostly unexplored, strategy is demonstrated that employs atomic layer deposition (ALD) to tune the local near-field environment while preserving the underpinning disorder—controlling lasing in a nanoscale complex medium on a large scale (>cm 2 ). The nanoscale complex medium is a quasi-2D system of coupled zinc oxide nanospheres with overall thickness deep in the sub-wavelength regime (≈λ/4). Near-ultraviolet femtosecond spectroscopy probes the broadband response of the gain nanomaterial, details how ALD process fundamentally modifies the fast-picosecond and slow-nanosecond carrier dynamics, and informs on the relevant timescales critical for lasing. Full-field electromagnetic simulations provide critical insights about how near-field dielectric environment modifies the nanostructure's scattering cross-section, which ultimately results in enhanced lasing. Importantly, these results highlight a simple path to control how electromagnetic waves interact in a complex medium, a key step toward large-scale implementation of complex lasers.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Noninvasive Near‐Field Spectroscopy of Single Subwavelength Complementary Resonators

Abstract Subwavelength metallic resonators provide a route to achieving strong light–matter coupling by means of tight confinement of resonant electromagnetic fields. Investigation of such resonators however often presents experimental difficulties, particularly at terahertz (THz) frequencies. A single subwavelength resonator interacts weakly with THz beams, making it difficult to probe it using far‐field methods, whereas arrays of resonators exhibit inter‐resonator coupling, which affect the resonator spectral signature and field confinement. Here, traditional far‐field THz spectroscopy is systematically compared with aperture‐type THz near‐field microscopy for investigating complementary THz resonators. While the far‐field method proves impractical for measuring single resonators, the near‐field technique gives high signal‐to‐noise spectral information, only achievable in the far‐field with resonator arrays. At the same time, the near‐field technique allows to analyze single resonators without significant interaction with the near‐field probe. Furthermore, the near‐field technique allows highly confined fields and surface waves to be mapped in space and time. This information gives invaluable insight into spectral response in resonator arrays. This near‐field microscopy and spectroscopy method enables investigations of strong light–matter coupling at THz frequencies in the single‐resonator regime.

Hale, Lucy L.↗

Method and apparatus for real time, in situ sensing and characterization of roughness, geometrical shapes, geometrical structures, composition, defects, and temperature in three-dimensional manufacturing systems

Methods and apparatuses for manufacturing are disclosed, including (a) providing an apparatus having: a laser; scanner; powder injection system; powder spreading system; dichroic filter; imager-and-processor; and computer; (b) programming the computer with specifications of a sample; (c) using the computer to set initial parameters based on the sample specifications; (d) adjusting a stage to position the sample; (e) focusing and scanning electromagnetic radiation onto the sample while powder is concurrently injected onto the sample in order to deposit a layer; (f) capturing two-dimensional images of the sample and probing the sample to determine whether the deposited layer was manufactured per the specifications; (g) use the computer to adjust the three-dimensional manufacturing parameters based on the determination made in step (f) prior to additively manufacturing a subsequent layer or making repairs; and (h) repeating steps (d), (e), (f), and (g) until the manufacture is complete. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Liu, Jian↗