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At least 127 records · Page 7

Sweep-tracing algorithm: in silico slip crystallography and tension-compression asymmetry in BCC metals

Abstract Direct Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations are being increasingly employed to model dislocation-mediated crystal plasticity with atomic resolution. Thanks to the dislocation extraction algorithm (DXA), dislocation lines can be now accurately detected and positioned in space and their Burgers vector unambiguously identified in silico, while the simulation is being performed. However, DXA extracts static snapshots of dislocation configurations that by themselves present no information on dislocation motion. Referred to as a sweep-tracing algorithm (STA), here we introduce a practical computational method to observe dislocation motion and to accurately quantify its important characteristics such as preferential slip planes (slip crystallography). STA reconnects pairs of successive snapshots extracted by DXA and computes elementary slip facets thus precisely tracing the motion of dislocation segments from one snapshot to the next. As a testbed for our new method, we apply STA to the analysis of dislocation motion in large-scale MD simulations of single crystal plasticity in BCC metals. We observe that, when the crystal is subjected to uniaxial deformation along its [001] axis, dislocation slip predominantly occurs on the {112} maximum resolved shear stress plane under tension, while in compression slip is non-crystallographic (pencil) resulting in asymmetric mechanical response. The marked contrast in the observed slip crystallography is attributed to the twinning/anti-twinning asymmetry of shears in the {112} planes relatively favoring dislocation motion in the twinning sense while hindering dislocations from moving in the anti-twinning directions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Variable rate neural compression for sparse detector data

Particle colliders produce data at extraordinary rates, posing major challenges for transmission and storage. High-throughput compression algorithms are therefore essential. In the sPHENIX experiment taking data at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, a time projection chamber records three-dimensional (3D) particle trajectories that are highly sparse, making conventional learning-free lossy compression ineffective. Convolutional neural networks have surpassed traditional methods in compression ratio and accuracy. However, they fail to exploit sparsity for efficiency. To address these gaps, we present BCAE-VS, a bicephalous convolutional autoencoder with variable compression ratio for sparse data, which adapts compression to input complexity through key-point identification and sparse convolution. BCAE-VS achieves higher accuracy and compression ratios than prior neural approaches while being orders of magnitude smaller. Moreover, its throughput increases with sparsity—a property not observed in other methods. Although it was developed for collider experiments, BCAE-VS readily extends to other sparse data domains, such as light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensing and 3D microscopy.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

CODAS Data from Oliktok Point, Beaufort Sea, Alaska

Cryosphere/Ocean Distributed Acoustic Sensing (CODAS) data collected from the Beaufort Sea, Alaska, using ~37.4 km of dark telecommunications fiber located at Oliktok Point, Alaska. Data were collected with a Silixa iDAS, using 10 m gauge length, 2 m spatial resolution, and 1000 Hz sample rate. Provided here are the DAS-recorded time series for the rapid refreeze event described in Baker & Abbott (2022) (see link below). This covers a date range of 2021-11-10 15:00 UTC to 2021-11-11 17:00 UTC. Data have been decimated to 100 Hz and 20 m (i.e., every 10th channel for 1831 channels, total), as used in Baker & Abbott (2022). Data have been extracted from raw format into 1-hour long .sac* files and organized into directories by channel number, spanning channels 100 to 18400. Time series units are nano-strainrate (nm/m/s). For distribution, data have been compressed into .zip files containing all time series files for 100 channels. *For information on the Seismic Analysis Code (SAC) file format: https://seiscode.iris.washington.edu/projects/sac

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗

NEON AOP Survey of Upper East River CO Watersheds: Waveform LiDAR Binary Data

The waveform Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data in this package were generated through a National Ecological Observatory Network Airborne Observation Platform (NEON AOP) acquisition over watersheds of interest surrounding Crested Butte, Colorado. The remote sensing imagery acquired by the NEON AOP supports an interdisciplinary project on hydrology, biogeochemistry, and ecosystem functioning in a snow-dominated headwater environment. These waveform LiDAR data enable spatially continuous estimation of vegetation structure parameters to facilitate analyses of the major environmental drivers of structural and compositional variability. The package contains 97 compressed file archives in 7-zip (.7z) format, each corresponding to one acquisition flightpath. Within each .7z archive is a set of constituent files describing properties of the LiDAR waveforms, such as return intensity, geolocation, outgoing pulse and other behavior of the sensor and signals. Once downloaded, the files must first be unzipped using the widely distributed command-line software utility 7z, using the command '7z x \[filename\].7z \[target_directory\]'. All files within the .7z archives can be opened in IDL, MatLab, or the open-source R statistical computing environment. Further details about the data package are in the attached user guide (neon_aop_crbu_waveformlidar_userguide.pdf). This work was supported by the Watershed Function Science Focus Area at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory funded by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.

2018 NEON and 2025 CHESS Campaigns↗

WIRE-21 Sensor Irradiation Experiment Ready for HFIR Insertion

The ability to deploy new nuclear fuels for current or future reactor concepts requires a wealth of data regarding fuel performance during normal operation, anticipated operational occurrences, and design-basis accidents. Most of these data have historically been collected during experiments in materials test reactors, ideally with online instrumentation to collect as much data as possible. However, advanced instrumentation could also allow for in situ monitoring of fuel operating conditions during commercial reactor operation to maximize fuel utilization, reduce unnecessary conservativism in design margins, and improve operator understanding of limiting peaking factors. The latter approach would complicate fuel handling, particularly during refueling, unless the instrumentation could be placed inside the fuel rods and transmitted wirelessly to a receiver located outside the fuel’s primary pressure boundary. To this end, Westinghouse Electric Company (WEC) developed wireless sensors based on inductive coupling that can transmit information regarding fuel centerline temperatures and rod internal pressures wirelessly from within a fuel rod to a nearby instrument thimble. After testing these sensors in lower-power university research reactors, the next step is to perform high neutron fluence testing to characterize the performance of these wireless sensors under conditions that are more representative of the intended application—in this case, light-water reactors (LWRs). The removable Be (RB) positions of the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) provide the neutron flux, experiment volume, and access to instrument leads required to achieve these sensor testing goals. This report summarizes the design, analysis, and assembly of the Wireless Instrumented RB Experiment 2021 (WIRE-21). This is the most highly instrumented irradiation experiment ever performed in HFIR. The experiment will use seven different sensing techniques to measure temperature, pressure, neutron flux, and neutron fluence during reactor operation. In addition to WEC’s wireless temperature and pressure sensors, WIRE-21 includes an array of thermocouples, self-powered neutron detectors, spatially distributed fiber optic temperature sensors, passive SiC temperature monitors, and flux wires. The design of WIRE-21 and the cabling that was installed in HFIR also provide the infrastructure to enable accelerated, economical testing of advanced sensor technologies while leveraging the extremely high neutron flux that is available in HFIR. The containment for WIRE-21 is similar to previous RB irradiation vehicles but includes a few modifications, most notably the use of integrated compression seals to pass a larger number of sensor leads through the experiment’s pressure boundary. In addition to the sensor leads, inert gas lines are passed into the experiment to enable active temperature control and the ability to pneumatically actuate a bellows-driven pressure sensor. WIRE-21 is targeting component temperatures (300–350°C) and neutron fluence levels (~10 22 n/cm 2 ) that would be expected in the plenum region of LWR fuels, except for the active sensing region of the wireless temperature sensor, which is targeting LWR fuel centerline temperatures (~800–1,100°C). WIRE-21 was successfully assembled, passed all nondestructive examination, and was delivered to HFIR for insertion during upcoming cycle 498 (April 2022).

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Near-wall model for compressible turbulent boundary layers based on an inverse velocity transformation

In this work, a near-wall model, which couples the inverse of a recently developed compressible velocity transformation (Griffin et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci., vol. 118, 2021, p. 34) and an algebraic temperature–velocity relation, is developed for high-speed turbulent boundary layers. As input, the model requires the mean flow state at one wall-normal height in the inner layer of the boundary layer and at the boundary-layer edge. As output, the model can predict mean temperature and velocity profiles across the entire inner layer, as well as the wall shear stress and heat flux. The model is tested in an a priori sense using a wide database of direct numerical simulation high-Mach-number turbulent channel flows, pipe flows and boundary layers (48 cases, with edge Mach numbers in the range 0.77–11, and semi-local friction Reynolds numbers in the range 170–5700). The present model is significantly more accurate than the classical ordinary differential equation (ODE) model for all cases tested. The model is deployed as a wall model for large-eddy simulations in channel flows with bulk Mach numbers in the range 0.7–4 and friction Reynolds numbers in the range 320–1800. When compared to the classical framework, in the a posteriori sense, the present method greatly improves the predicted heat flux, wall stress, and temperature and velocity profiles, especially in cases with strong heat transfer. In addition, the present model solves one ODE instead of two, and has a computational cost and implementation complexity similar to that of the commonly used ODE model.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Bright, Modular, and Switchable Near-Infrared II Emission from Compact Tetrathiafulvalene-Based Diradicaloid Complexes

Near-infrared (NIR)-emitting molecules are promising candidates for biological sensing and imaging applications; however, many NIR dyes are large conjugated systems which frequently have issues with stability, solubility, and tunability. Here, we report a novel class of compact and tunable fluorescent diradicaloid complexes which are air-, water-, light-, and temperature-stable. These properties arise from a compressed pi manifold which promotes an intense ligand-centered π-π transition in the NIR II (1000-1700 nm) region and which subsequently emits at similar to ~1200 nm. This emission is among the brightest known for monomolecular lumiphores with deep NIR II (>1100 nm) emission, nearly an order of magnitude brighter than the commercially available NIR II dye IR 26. Additionally, this fluorescence is electrochemically sensitive, with efficient switching upon addition of redox agents. The brightness, stability, and modularity of this system distinguish it as a promising candidate for the development of new technologies built around NIR emission.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Zero-Power Analog Optical Processing

The motivation behind this research is the growing challenge of handling the massive amounts of data generated by modern imaging systems. Conventional digital image processing techniques are struggling to keep pace with the demands of high-resolution and high-speed imaging systems for remote sensing due to their high-power consumption and data storage requirements. We present a novel approach based on analog photonics to address this challenge. The proposed system utilizes a silicon-photonics-based image encoder positioned after image formation and initial optical-to-electrical conversion. The photonic encoder compresses image data using a passive disordered photonic structure to perform kernel-type random projections of the raw data. The compressed data is then processed by a back-end neural network, which reconstructs the original image with high fidelity (structural similarity exceeding 90%). Our proposed approach has the potential to compress images with ~ 1000X lower power consumption compared to digital approaches with data rates exceeding 1 terapixel/second.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

High-power few-cycle Cr:ZnSe mid-infrared source for attosecond soft x-ray physics

The development of mid-infrared, high-energy pulses of extremely short pulse duration is of great importance to the strong-field physics community, as it enables extension of the high-harmonic cutoff towards the keV range of photon energies. Here we demonstrate a C r 2 + : Z n S e laser amplifier delivering 7 mJ, 100 fs pulses at 1 kHz repetition rate and 2.4 µm central wavelength with excellent energy stability and beam quality. These pulses are post-compressed to 39 fs, 6.2 mJ, and 115 GW peak power in a novel nonlinear compression scheme. The laser system was used to generate coherent soft x-ray radiation up to 0.6 keV covering the entire water window, which is of high importance for bio-relevant applications. The obtained results open a wide range of applications in nonlinear optics, attosecond and strong-field physics, and remote sensing.

Leshchenko, Vyacheslav E. (ORCID:0000000199708559)↗

Exploratory Efforts to Constrain Geologic Material Properties from Remote Sensing Data: A Joint Study

Identification and characterization of underground events from surface or remote data requires a thorough understanding of the rock material properties. However, material properties usually come from borehole data, which is expensive and not always available. A potential alternative is to use topographic characteristics to approximate the strength, but this has never been done before quantitatively. Here we present the results from the first steps towards this goal. We have found that there are strong correlations between compressive and tensile strengths and slopes, but these correlations vary depending on data analysis details. Rugosity may be better correlated to strength than slope values. More comprehensive analyses are needed to fully understand the best method of predicting strength from topography for this area. We also found that misalignment of multiple GIS datasets can have a large influence on the ability to make interpretations. Lastly, these results will require further study in a variety of climatic conditions before being applicable to other sites.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Adhesion Capabilities of Permanent Foaming Fixatives

DOE-EM have identified an operational requirement for a fixative that can immobilize and/or encapsulate residual contamination in 3D void volumes (pipes, gloveboxes, waste containers, etc.) during D and D activities. Failure to safely and effectively immobilize residual contamination can: Put workers at risk; Contaminate the public and environment; Drive up costs. Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) polyurethane (PU) foams is one possible solution and is currently being investigated by Savannah River National Lab (SRNL). Adhesion testing will dictate how well PU foams will adhere and immobilize residual contamination onto a substrate. Results can provide a performance criteria for Section 5 of ASTM E3191: Standard Specification for Permanent Foaming Fixatives Used to Mitigate Spread of Radioactive Contamination. Initial mechanical testing showed intumescent rigid PU foams were best in class (tensile, compression, TGA/DSC) Application of intumescent rigid PU foam in pipe scenario with 'contamination' showed excellent adhesion capabilities as long as foam had contact with pipe. The foam, however, was not able to penetrate 'contamination' but created pockets where the contamination interacted with the substrate. Pretreatment options of pipe were considered to produce better immobilization capabilities. Pretreatment options included COTS products like baking spray, rubber cement, and soap. Foam was still able to immobilize on a global sense, but not a local sense. Essentially acted as a mechanical plug. A tensile tester (MTS Criterion Series 43) was utilized to evaluate the tensile adhesion strength of 6 COTS PU foams. ASTM D1623: Tensile and Tensile Adhesion Properties of Rigid Cellular Plastics. Procedures: PU foams were cured between two smooth 2'' x 2'' 304 stainless steel coupons with hinges glued on plates for gripping support. Parameters Used: Pull rate of 0.1 in/min. Calculations: Tensile adhesion strength, elongation, and ImageJ analysis of how PU foam is left on substrate. Outcome: The PU foam with the best adhesion capabilities would be downselected for further evaluation to be used as a permanent foaming fixative. The rigid PU foams had the best adhesion capabilities with the R1 foam having a max load of 236 N. One of the I-R2 samples reached almost 450 N and another sample reached 2500 N before slipping. The other intumescent foam, I-F4, had the most coverage on the stainless steel coupon's surface from the ImageJ results (61.43% surface coverage). The intumescent foam, I-R2, will be the foam of choice for future testing due its fire retardant and adhesion capabilities. Future directions: Conduct the following experiment in a pipe scenario with the down-selected PU foam. Procedures: PU foam will be cured between in a 304 stainless steel pipe (ID: 4'', OD: 4.5'', Height: 4''). Parameters Used: Compression testing results will be referenced to determine if foam's adhesion strength would be greater its compression strength as its being compressed. Calculations: Compression strength, shear stress, total time elapsed. Conduct further adhesion testing with the down-selected PU foam (I-R2) to be treated as a permanent foaming fixative (PFF). Determine the minimum contact the PFF should have with the substrate for adequate results. Evaluate if PFF's adhesion capabilities is time dependent (3.1.5 of ASTM E3911). Subject PFF to seismic stressors addressed in Safety Basis of Interim Operation documents (SBIO) to further evaluate adhesion capabilities.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Exploratory Efforts to Constrain Geologic Material Properties from Remote Sensing Data: Joint Study (FY2020 Final Report)

Identification and characterization of underground events from surface or remote data requires a thorough understanding of the rock material properties. However, material properties usually come from borehole data, which is expensive and not always available. A potential alternative is to use topographic characteristics to approximate the strength, but this has never been done before quantitatively. Here we present the results from the first steps towards this goal. We have found that there are strong correlations between compressive and tensile strengths and slopes, but these correlations vary depending on data analysis details. Rugosity may be better correlated to strength than slope values. More comprehensive analyses are needed to fully understand the best method of predicting strength from topography for this area. We also found that misalignment of multiple GIS datasets can have a large influence on the ability to make interpretations. Lastly, these results will require further study in a variety of climatic conditions before being applicable to other sites.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

Structure formation in turbulence as an instability of effective quantum plasma

Structure formation in turbulence can be understood as an instability of “plasma” formed by fluctuations serving as effective particles. These “particles” are quantumlike in the sense that their wavelengths are non-negligible compared to the sizes of background coherent structures. The corresponding “kinetic equation” describes the Wigner matrix of the turbulent field, and the coherent structures serve as collective fields. This formalism is usually applied to manifestly quantumlike or scalar waves. Here, we show how to systematically extend it to more complex systems using compressible Navier–Stokes turbulence as an example. In this case, the fluctuation Hamiltonian is a five-dimensional matrix operator and diverse modulational modes are present. As an illustration, we calculate these modes for a sinusoidal shear flow and find two modulational instabilities. One of them is specific to supersonic flows, and the other one is a Kelvin–Helmholtz-type instability that is a generalization of the known zonostrophic instability. Our calculations are readily extendable to other types of turbulence, for example, magnetohydrodynamic turbulence in plasma.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Correlative Nanoscale Imaging of Strained hBN Spin Defects

Spin defects like the negatively charged boron vacancy color center (V B - ) in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) may enable new forms of quantum sensing with near-surface defects in layered van der Waals heterostructures. Here, the effect of strain on V B - color centers in hBN is revealed with correlative cathodoluminescence and photoluminescence microscopies. Strong localized enhancement and redshifting of the V B - luminescence is observed at creases, consistent with density functional theory calculations showing V B - migration toward regions with moderate uniaxial compressive strain. The ability to manipulate spin defects with highly localized strain is critical to the development of practical 2D quantum devices and quantum sensors.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Multifunctional Silk Fibroin Hydrogels with Strong Adhesion for Tissue Sealing and Wearable Electronic Sensors

Multifunctional hydrogels with excellent adhesion, biodegradability, and conductivity are essential for overcoming the obstacles of postoperative secondary injury, flexible sensing instability, and so on. Herein, we develop a multifunctional silk fibroin (SF) hydrogel modified with poly(acrylic acid). Owing to the stable chemical cross-linking network and the abundant carboxylic acid groups of the SF network, the SF hydrogel exhibits a high tensile strength of 74.34 kPa due to sufficient cohesion and interfacial interactions. Additionally, the tensile strain reaches a maximum of 414.6%, the compressive strength is 0.9 MPa, and the shear adhesive strength for pig skin tissues is as high as 64 kPa. Compared with most hydrogels, our multifunctional SF hydrogel with a low swelling ratio provides excellent adhesion, biodegradation, and conductivity, which shows advantages in terms of invasive tissue sealing. Furthermore, the use of self-adhesive SF hydrogels as conductive hydrogels in flexible sensors also benefits the collection of physiological electricity and human motion signals in the field of wearable and implantable electronic devices.

adhesive↗

Method for Evaluating Irradiation Effects on Flow Stress in Fe-9%Cr ODS Using TEM In Situ Cantilevers

Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) in situ mechanical testing has become a widely utilized tool for simultaneously measuring mechanical properties and understanding fundamental deformation mechanisms in irradiated and nuclear materials. Although tensile and compression specimen geometries are amongst the most common, opportunities remain for investigating alternative geometries that could provide unique insights into the plasticity of irradiated materials. This research demonstrates a new TEM in situ cantilever beam configuration. Cantilevers are produced from as-received and proton irradiated (1 dpa, 500°C) Fe-9%Cr oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steel. Flow stress is measured using a TEM in situ depth-sensing mechanical testing holder. A 200 MPa increase in flow stress is measured due to irradiation. Size effects arise when the intrinsic (i.e. microstructural) size approaches the extrinsic (i.e. external dimensions) size and can be described using a power law relationship as a function of the material microstructure and cantilever dimensions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Quantum Emitter Formation Dynamics and Probing of Radiation-Induced Atomic Disorder in Silicon

Near-infrared color centers in silicon are emerging candidates for on-chip integrated quantum emitters, optical-access quantum memories, and sensing. We access ensemble G-color-center formation dynamics and radiation-induced atomic disorder in silicon for a series of megaelectronvolt proton-flux conditions. The photoluminescence results reveal that the G centers are formed more efficiently by pulsed-proton irradiation than by continuous-wave proton irradiation. The enhanced transient excitations and dynamic annealing within nanoseconds allows optimization of the ratio of G-center formation to nonradiative defect accumulation. The G centers preserve narrow line widths of about 0.1 nm when they are generated by moderate pulsed-proton fluences, while the line width broadens significantly as the pulsed-proton fluence increases. This implies vacancy or interstitial clustering by overlapping collision cascades. The tracking of G-center properties for a series of irradiation conditions enables sensitive probing of atomic disorder, serving as a complementary analytical method for sensing damage accumulation. Aided by ab initio electronic structure calculations, we provide insight into the atomic disorder induced inhomogeneous broadening by introducing vacancies, silicon interstitials, and oriented strain fields in the vicinity of a G center. A vacancy leads to a tensile strain and can result in either a red shift or a blue shift of the G-center emission, depending on its position relative to the G center. Meanwhile, Si interstitials lead to compressive strain, which results in a monotonic red shift. In conclusion, high-flux and tunable ion pulses enable the exploration of the fundamental dynamics of radiation-induced defects as well as methods for the optimization of G-center formation and qubit synthesis for quantum information processing.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Utah FORGE: Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Data from 2023 and 2024

The dataset comprises Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data from the TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X satellite missions, covering the Utah FORGE site. This data includes interferometric pairs created using GMT-SAR processing software, chosen for their short orbital separations between May 1, 2023, and June 30, 2024. Included are various data and metadata, including Digital Elevation Models, unit vectors, and correlation coefficients. The dataset is packaged in several compressed tar files and formatted in NetCDF. To utilize this dataset, users will need software capable of handling NetCDF files and tools for decompressing tar files.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗