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At least 127 records · Page 7

Elliptic Aperture CCT Coils for HTS Dipole Magnets

High-temperature REBa$_{2}$Cu$_{3}$O$_{7-x}$ (REBCO) superconductors are a route to increase the field of accelerator magnets beyond the 15-16T practical limit of Nb$_{3}$Sn. REBCO cabled in a CORC geometry is a promising fit for this application, enabling the design of low inductance magnets with conductor transposition. However, the use of CORC in coils with the tight conductor bending radii typical of accelerator magnets remains a key challenge, with on-going research both on the conductor development and coil design fronts seeking to address this issue. Here, in this work we explore the tradeoffs between circular and elliptic aperture canted-cosine-theta (CCT) coils when the conductor minimum bending radius is a key consideration, concluding that aperture ellipticity is an important free parameter in the optimization of magnetically efficient CORC dipole magnets. In particular, we show that elliptic bore designs enable a regime of smaller aperture HTS coils, an important result for LTS-HTS hybrid magnets and more generally for accelerator applications benefiting from non-circular magnet apertures. To this end we present an elliptic aperture dipole design optimized for hybrid testing within the US Magnet Development Program (US-MDP) and share 77 K test results of a prototype coil which provides first experimental confirmation of the advantages.

Brouwer, L. [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory↗

Residual resistance ratio measurement system for Nb 3 Sn wires extracted from Rutherford cables

Residual resistance ratio (RRR) of superconducting strands is an important parameter for magnet electrical stability. RRR serves as a measure of the low-temperature electrical conductivity of the copper within a conductor that has a copper stabilization matrix. For Nb 3 Sn, due to the need of a reaction heat treatment, the technical requirements for high quality measurements of strands extracted from Rutherford cables are particularly demanding. Quality of wire, cabling deformation, heat treatment temperature, heat treatment atmosphere, sample handling, and measurement methods can all affect the RRR. Therefore, as an integral part of the electrical quality control (QC) of Nb 3 Sn Rutherford cables manufactured at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, it was prudent that we established a RRR measurement system that can isolate the assessment of cable-fabrication-related impacts from sample preparation and measurement factors. Here we describe a bespoke cryocooler-based measurement system, capable of measuring RRR of over 80 samples in a single cooldown. The samples are mounted on custom-designed printed circuit boards that accommodate the shape of strands extracted from a Rutherford cable without added deformation, which we will show is critical in ensuring that the measurements accurately represent the RRR values of the conductor within the cable. Using this sample mounting solution, we routinely measure the overall RRR of the strand as well as individual intra-strand sections corresponding to both cable edges and cable broad faces with high reproducibility. Such measurements provide valuable information on the variation of RRR along the length of the strands as well as across strand productions and cable runs over time.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Design and Construction of a High Field Cable Test Facility at Fermilab

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, together with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, is building a new High Field Vertical Magnet Test Facility (HFVMTF) to be situated in the Magnet Test Facility at Fermilab. The HFVMTF is jointly funded by the US DOE Offices of Science, High Energy Physics, and Fusion Energy Sciences, and will serve as a superconducting cable test facility for both communities. The background magnetic field for test samples is 15 T and will be produced by a magnet provided by LBNL operating at 1.9 K in superfluid helium. The samples will be placed in the background magnetic field, cooled to between 4.5 K and a user-specified upper limit, and will be powered with a super-conducting transformer at up to 100 kA. Additionally, this facility will be used to test high-field superconducting magnet models and demonstrators, including hybrid magnets, produced by the US Magnet Development Program. Presently, the various tasks of the project are at different stages of execution, from conceptual to ready-for-construction designs. Here, this paper describes the parameters and design status of the pit construction, cryostat, heat exchanger, lambda plate, power system, and quench protection and monitoring systems of the facility.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Thermal Performance of a Conduction-Cooled CCT Dipole ReBCO Magnet: Several Cycles of Cool-Down and Thermal Gradient Measurements

Here, this paper presents experimental results from conduction-cooled thermal testing of a ReBCO canted cosine theta (CCT) magnet (C2), originally designed and fabricated at LBNL using CORC cables. While the performance of the coil under liquid helium and nitrogen environments has been previously established, this study explores its behavior under conduction cooling using a large test cryostat at The Ohio State University. The magnet, measuring 613 mm in length and weighing ∼75 kg, consists of four helical layers wound with ReBCO-based CORC wire and was thermally anchored to a copper cold ring supported by a G-10 strongback. Cooling was provided by two Sumitomo RDK-415D cryocoolers, offering a combined 3 W at 4.2 K and 150 W at 77 K. Multiple thermal cycles were performed, with cooldown durations of up to 45 hours. Final base temperatures of approximately 10.8 K (at the coil edge) and 12.0 K (at the coil center) were achieved, with an axial temperature difference of approximately 1.2 K. The warm-up period extended over approximately 24.6 hours. Voltage measurements from all four layers were recorded during cooldown and warmup. The system demonstrated stable cooldown performance, repeatable gradients, and good thermal anchoring. These results support the feasibility of conduction cooling in large-scale HTS magnets, aligning with broader goals for “green” cryogen-free accelerator technologies and paving the way for more sustainable, scalable, and energy-efficient high-field magnet systems in next-generation particle accelerators.

Canted cosine theta magnets↗

Inverted Geometry Ceramic Insulators in High Voltage DC Electron Guns for Accelerators

A direct current (dc) high voltage photo-emission electron gun operating at 130 kV is utilized at the Jefferson Lab (JLab) Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility to generate spin-polarized electrons for nuclear physics experiments. Over the past decade, JLab has tested and implemented inverted-geometry ceramic insulators in photoguns, connecting the cathode electrode in vacuum to the high voltage power supply using commercial high voltage cables. This contribution reports on tests performed up to 375 kV dc, implementation of inverted insulators in a 300 kV dc photogun generating magnetized electron beams, and describes plans to develop a reliable insulator-cable connector for applying 500 kV dc to a future polarized beam photogun operating reliably and without field emission at 350 kV.

Hernandez-Garcia, C.↗

A Finite Element Study of Stress Reduction Techniques in REBCO HTS Conductor on a Round Cable (CORC) Cable

ReBCO high-temperature superconducting (HTS) tape is critical for achieving the high magnetic fields needed in next-generation particle accelerators. Enhancing the mechanical performance of ReBCO tape increases its critical current by reducing internal stress, especially in the superconducting layer. A finite element study examined how copper layer properties affect stress in ReBCO conductor on a round core (CORC) cables. The cable was modeled as a doubly supported beam under uniform compressive stresses."cable was modeled as a doubly supported beam under uniform load to simulate bending. A staged modeling approach from a single tape to a six-layer stack enabled validation and efficient parameter studies. Increasing the yield strength and Young s modulus of the copper layers reduced peak stress in the ReBCO layer. These results support development of improved tape stacks for high-field accelerator magnets

Mueller, Scott [Northern Illinois U.]↗

Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing to Identify Locations of Resistive Transitions in REBCO Conductors and Magnets

High-temperature superconductors such as REBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-x (REBCO, RE = rare earth) can generate strong magnetic fields that are promising for applications in particle accelerators and compact fusion reactors. Traditionally, voltage taps are installed in superconducting magnets to measure the voltage signals due to resistive transitions. The voltage-tap-based diagnostics is important for the development of magnet technology as it can help pinpoint the locations in the magnet windings that limit the magnet performance. The architecture of the multi-tape REBCO cable such as CORC wires, however, makes it difficult to apply the voltage-tap-based diagnostics to identify the locations of resistive transitions. Distributed fiber optic sensing (DFOS) has the potential to address this issue. In this paper, we report the measurements of thermal strain along a CORC wire based on optical frequency domain reflectometry with a maximum spatial resolution of 0.65 mm and a temporal resolution of 10 Hz. The optical fiber is co-wound with the CORC wire that is epoxy impregnated. During the test, current was increased until a resistive transition occurred in the conductor. The spectrum shift of the reflected light along the fiber was recorded. The results suggested that with proper thermal isolation from the cryogen, DFOS can be used to identify the locations of resistive transitions in CORC wires and magnets. In conclusion, the results will allow a better understanding of the causes of resistive transitions in REBCO conductors and magnets, which will help improve the REBCO magnet technology.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

FTS maintenance and calibration at DSS 42/43

An FTS maintenance and calibration task was conducted at DSS 42/43 during August 1978. The objectives of this effort were (1) the routine maintenance and calibration of hydrogen masers, (2) installation and calibration of cesium standards, (3) installation of test equipment for frequency measurement, (4) CRG testing, (5) cabling inspection and repair, (6) check thermal and magnetic environment of H-maser/cesium room, and (7) calibration of frequency and timing subsystem.

Dachel, P. R.↗

The 13th Aerospace Mechanisms Symposium

Technological areas covered include propulsion, motion compensation, instrument pointing and adjustment, centrifuge testing, bearing design, vehicle braking, and cargo handling. Devices for satellite, missile, and hypersonic-wind-tunnel applications; space shuttle mechanical and thermal protection systems; and techniques for building large space structures are described. In addition, a fluid drop injector device for a Spacelab experiment, a helical grip for cable cars, and applications of rare earth permanent magnets are discussed.

Bond, A. C.↗

Spectral transmissometer and radiometer - Design and initial results

A new solid-state spectral transmissometer and radiometer is described. The radiometer measures upwelling radiance, downwelling irradiance, and beam transmittance from 390 to 750 nm with channel widths of 2.35 nm. The spectrometer consists of a 256 element CCD linear array collecting light dispersed by a reflection grating in a modified Littrow configuration. The spectrometer is time and space-shared among the three signal types. The instrument has been deployed as a free-drifting buoy and in the profiling mode, with data stored internally on a magnetic bubble memory or sent up a conducting cable as desired. Power can be supplied either by a detachable external battery pack or through conducting cable. The instrument has been deployed in the oligotrophic North Pacific Central Gyre and in the eutrophic Straits of Juan de Fuca, and preliminary results for each region are discussed.

Carder, Kendall L.↗

Design and Fabrication of the Mu2e Cryogenic Distribution System

The muon-to-electron conversion (Mu2e) experiment at Fermilab will be used to search for the charged lepton flavor-violating conversion of muons to electrons in the field of an atomic nucleus. The Mu2e experiment is currently in the design and construction stage and is expected to begin operations in 2022. The Mu2e experiment uses four large superconducting solenoid magnets including a Production Solenoid (PS), an Upstream and Downstream Transport Solenoid (TSu and TSd) and a Detector Solenoid (DS). This paper will focus on the cryogenic distribution system for these four solenoid magnets. Liquid helium will be supplied from two re-purposed Tevatron satellite refrigerators. A large cryogenic distribution box (DB) is located in the Mu2e building to distribute the required cryogens to each of the four solenoid magnets. Each solenoid magnet will have a dedicated transfer line and cryogenic feed box (FB). The solenoid magnets each require two liquid helium circuits and two liquid nitrogen circuits. The most unique feature about this cryogenic system is that the assemblies for the start of the superconducting portion of the power leads are mounted in feed boxes that are in the range of 23 m to 31 m away from the solenoid magnets. The cryogenic feed boxes are located remotely to provide protection from radiation damage and high magnetic fields. The power leads are NbTi superconducting cable stabilized with high conductivity aluminum. The 6061-T6 aluminum grade was selected for the transfer line piping so that the piping would thermally contract at the same rate as the power lead. A major concern for this transfer line is that a small helium leak could create an electric discharge arc due to the Paschen effect. This paper includes a description of the design features and testing done to ensure that the power leads are protected from the Paschen effect while still being adequately cooled to liquid helium temperatures.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Non-Intrusive Cable Tester

A cable tester is described for low frequency testing of a cable for faults. The tester allows for testing a cable beyond a point where a signal conditioner is installed, minimizing the number of connections which have to be disconnected. A magnetic pickup coil is described for detecting a test signal injected into the cable. A narrow bandpass filter is described for increasing detection of the test signal. The bandpass filter reduces noise so that a high gain amplifier provided for detecting a test signal is not completely saturate by noise. To further increase the accuracy of the cable tester, processing gain is achieved by comparing the signal from the amplifier with at least one reference signal emulating the low frequency input signal injected into the cable. Different processing techniques are described evaluating a detected signal.

Medelius, Pedro J.↗

Test samples and infrastructure for accelerator magnet developments

LHC still does not operate at full energy due to training features in magnets. Higher field practical superconductors (Nb 3 Sn) show much worse training behavior than NbTi. Most magnet performance issues relate to quenching, and it is this phenomenon and its dependencies that need to be understood for us to succeed addressing them in magnets. For pragmatic and scientific reasons underlying mechanisms are hard to investigate in real magnets. Available data suggest that emulating local conditions at quench location may be enough to arrive at a good understanding of what drives observed behavior. "Local" conditions imply emulation by small samples of cables/"stacks" powered within a facility with controllable conditions, including external magnetic and force fields. This paper argues about the necessity of this approach, while reminding current understanding and directions of quench studies, and pointing out inadequacy of available techniques. Improved facilities and change of perspective are required for consistent and affordable development.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

A magnetostatic-coupling based remote query sensor for environmental monitoring

A new type of in situ, remotely monitored magnetism-based sensor is presented that is comprised of an array of magnetically soft, magnetostatically-coupled ferromagnetic thin-film elements or particles combined with a chemically responsive material that swells or shrinks in response to the analyte of interest. As the chemically responsive material changes size the distance between the ferromagnetic elements changes, altering the inter-element magnetostatic coupling. This in turn changes the coercive force of the sensor, the amplitude of the voltage spikes detected in nearby pick-up coils upon magnetization reversal and the number of higher-order harmonics generated by the flux reversal. Since the sensor is monitored through changes in magnetic flux, no physical connections such as wires or cables are needed to obtain sensor information, nor is line of sight alignment required as with laser telemetry; the sensors can be detected from within sealed, opaque or thin metallic enclosures.

NASA Discipline Life Sciences Technologies↗

Study of CORC Conductors With Respect to Individual Tape Properties

CEA has been studying the advantages of a conductor based on an assembly of CORC cables in the high field zone of a hybrid Central Solenoid (CS) magnet for EU-DEMO. To this end, the detailed study of geometrical and electrical parameters of a CORC structure are studied in order to evaluate the cable’s electrical performance as well as to determine a number of important parameters (crossing points, contact surface etc…) as function of the cable structure. The paper first presents these geometrical and performance analyses. It will then try to introduce smeared models in order to reduce the cable’s performance to 1D tape scaling law using effective parameters. That reduction is of importance for use in thermohydraulic models. Finally, the paper will present the case study of a particular CORC conductor that is being procured and is foreseen to be tested in SULTAN in 2025. The paper also will try to give some predictive estimate of the cable performance and identify some of the unknowns related to current redistribution and joint resistance.

CORC↗

On the mechanical behavior of a Nb 3 Sn superconducting coil during a quench: Two-dimensional finite element analysis of a quench heater protected magnet

New high-field accelerator magnets based on $Nb_3Sn$ superconductors are pushing the boundaries of magnet design and quench protection towards new limits. While their large stored energies and current densities result in a very challenging scenario for magnet protection, their great electromagnetic forces create also new requirements in terms of magnet design and stress management techniques. Furthermore, the strain sensitivity of $Nb_3Sn$ cables turns the electro-mechanical limits of the conductor into a parameter of the highest importance, where conductor degradation becomes a critical aspect in magnet operation. The coupling of all the above-mentioned considerations during quench is a case of special interest that adds further complexity to the design of $Nb_3Sn$ magnets. The objective of this paper is to provide a complete two-dimensional investigation of the coil and magnet structure mechanics during a quench event. Here, the analysis is performed using a combination of finite element codes that provide the necessary input for the mechanical study. The core of the modelling strategy relies on a thermal-electric model, whose results are directly used as loads in the mechanical simulation. In doing so, the stress evolution during and after a quench is obtained. We focus for this time in the analysis of a quench heater protected magnet, where dynamic effects are of less importance in contrast to other protection systems like CLIQ.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Instrumentation for measurement of aircraft noise and sonic boom

A jet aircraft noise and sonic boom measuring device which converts sound pressure into electric current is described. An electric current proportional to the sound pressure level at a condenser microphone is produced and transmitted over a cable, amplified by a zero drive amplifier and recorded on magnetic tape. The converter is comprised of a local oscillator, a dual-gate field-effect transistor (FET) mixer and a voltage regulator/impedance translator. A carrier voltage that is applied to one of the gates of the FET mixer is generated by the local oscillator. The microphone signal is mixed with the carrier to produce an electrical current at the frequency of vibration of the microphone diaphragm by the FET mixer. The voltage of the local oscillator and mixer stages is regulated, the carrier at the output is eliminated, and a low output impedance at the cable terminals is provided by the voltage regulator/impedance translator.

Zuckerwar, A. J.↗

Competing conduction mechanisms in high performance carbon nanotube fibers

The performance of carbon nanotube (CNT) cables, a contender for copper-wire replacement, is tied to its metallic and semi-conducting-like conductivity responses with temperature; the origin of the semi-conducting-like response however is an underappreciated incongruity in literature. With controlled aspect-ratio and doping-degree, over 61 unique cryogenic experiments including anisotropy and Hall measurements, CNT cable performance is explored at extreme temperatures (65 mK) and magnetic-fields (60 T). A semi-conducting-like conductivity response with temperature becomes temperature-independent approaching absolute-zero, uniquely demonstrating for the first time the necessity of heterogeneous fluctuation induced tunneling; complete de-doping leads to localized hopping, contrasting graphite's pure metallic-like response. High-field magneto-resistance (including novel +22 % longitudinal magneto-resistance near room-temperature) is analyzed with hopping and classical two-band models, both yielding a similar parameter useful for conductor development. Varying field-orientation angle uncovers significant two- and four-fold symmetries that are shown to be from Aharonov-Bohm-like corrections to the curvature-induced bandgap, a first for macroscale CNT fibers. Tight-binding calculations using Green's Function formalism model the largest, coherent transport to-date in commensurate CNT bundles in magnetic-field, revealing non-uniform transmission across bundle cross-sections with doping restoring uniformity; independent of doping, transport in bundle-junction-bundle systems are predominantly from CNTs adjacent to the other bundle—demonstrating that smaller bundles are more efficient for electronic transport. The final impact is predicting the ultimate conductivity of heterogeneous CNT cables using temperature and field-dependent transport, surpassing conductivity of traditional metals.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗