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At least 127 records · Page 7
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2012

Microstructure Formations in the Two-Phase Region of the Binary Peritectic Organic System TRIS-NPG

In order to prepare for an onboard experiment on the International Space Station (ISS), systematic directional solidification experiments with transparent hypoperitectic alloys were carried out at different solidification rates around the critical velocity for morphological stability of both solid phases. The investigations were done in the peritectic region of the binary transparent organic TRIS-NPG system where the formation of layered structures is expected to occur. The transparent appearance of the liquid and solid phase enables real time observations of the dynamic of pattern formation during solidification. The investigations show that frequently occurring nucleation events govern the peritectic solidification morphology which occurs at the limit of morphological stability. As a consequence, banded structures lead to coupled growth even if the lateral growth is much faster compared to the growth in pulling direction.

Mogeritsch, Johann↗
NASA NTRS2001

Formation of Y(x)Nd(1-x) Ba2Cu3O(7-delta) (0 = or < x < or = 0.7) Superconductors from an Undercooled Melt Via Aero-Acoustic Levitation

Melt processing of RE123 superconductors has gained importance in recent years. While the first high temperature superconductors (HTSCs) were made using traditional ceramic press and sinter technology, recent fabrication efforts have employed alternate processing techniques including laser ablation and ion beam assisted deposition for thin film fabrication of tapes and wires and melt growth for bulk materials. To optimize these techniques and identify other potential processing strategies, phase relation studies on HTSCs have been conducted on a wide variety of superconducting compounds using numerous processing strategies. This data has enhanced the understanding of these complex systems and allowed more accurate modeling of phase interactions. All of this research has proved useful in identifying processing capabilities for HTSCs but has failed to achieve a breakthrough for wide spread application of these materials. This study examines the role of full to partial substitution of Nd in the Y123 structure under rapid solidification conditions. Aero-acoustic levitation (AAL) was used to levitate and undercool RE123 in pure oxygen binary alloys with RE = Nd an Y along a range of compositions corresponding to Y(x)Nd(1-x) Ba2Cu3O(7-delta) (0 = or < x < or = 0.7) which were melted by a CO2 laser. Higher Y content spheres could not be melted in the AAL and were excluded from this report. Solidification structures were examined using scanning electron microscopy, electron dispersive spectroscopy, and powder x-ray diffraction to characterize microstructures and identify phases.

Gustafson, D. E.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Channel formation in Pb-Sn, Pb-Sb, and Pb-Sn-Sb alloy ingots and comparison with the system NH4Cl-H2O

The formation of segregation channels during the unidirectional solidification of base chilled ingots has been studied as a function of composition in binary Pb-Sn and Pb-Sb and ternary Pb-Sn-Sb alloys. The patterns of channel distribution were characterized in the binary and ternary systems and are described as functions of temperature gradients, growth rates, dendrite spacings, and interdendritic permeabilities. Channels appear to nucleate at random across a dendritic front and subsequently to interact as they propagate, decreasing in density across the front. Assuming that the interdendritic spacing is the characteristic distance for a liquid perturbation, yields critical effective Rayleigh numbers which lie within a factor of x 40 for both metallic and aqueous systems. This correlation is close, considering the sensitivity to any assumed dimension and the range of material properties involved, and is taken to support a model for channel nucleation occurring close to the dendritic growth front.

Hellawell, A.↗
DOE OSTI2026

Solidification cracking of refractory alloys: a computational and machine learning study to investigate composition-dependence for improved weldability and additive manufacturability

Large-batch numerical, CALculation of PHAse Diagrams (CALPHAD)-based solidification cracking calculations are performed and then analyzed with machine learning methods to generate models that relate chemistry of refractory alloys to cracking susceptibility. Kou’s solidification cracking index is used to study the refractory alloys including O, N, C binary mixtures with Mo, Ta, Nb, and W, the molybdenum-based TZM, Niobium-based C103, and Tantalum-based T111 and Ta-10 W, as well as hypothetical refractory ternary alloys. Findings strongly validate Kou’s Crack Susceptibility Index (CSI) against Varestraint test data for Nb- and Ta-based alloys, establishing CSI thresholds where refractory alloys with CSI < 15,000 K are likely weldable, CSI > 15,000 K are prone to cracking, and CSI > 25,000 K are likely unweldable (or unprintable). Furthermore, interstitial elements C, N, and O significantly increase crack susceptibility, with some existing material specifications coinciding with peak cracking susceptibility concentrations. Finally, machine learning-derived elemental potency factors enable rapid prediction of CSI from alloy chemistry for C103, TZM, Ta-10 W, and T-111 alloys. These results provide practical guidance for feedstock selection, powder reuse limits, and alloy specification amendments for welding and additive manufacturing applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1982

Containerless processing of Nb-Ge alloys in a long drop tube

The thirty-two meter drop tube at the Marshall Space Flight Center was used to study the effect of zero gravity containerless processing on the structure and properties of materials. The concept involves the suppression of heterogeneous nucleation of solid in liquid and, therefore, solidification accompanied by large degrees of undercooling. Under these conditions metastable phases can be formed or, at the very least, unique nonequilibrium microstructures (containing equilibrium phases) with unique properties can be produced. The drop tube solidification was applied to niobium base alloys with emphasis on the Nb-Ge binary system in an effort to produce metastable phases with high superconducting transition temperatures in bulk specimens. In the past, only lower Ge alloys (Nb-13 a/o, Nb-18 a/o, and Nb-22 a/o) could be undercooled. Higher Ge alloys (e.g., Nb-25 a/o Ge and Nb-27 a/o Ge) can now be undercooled on a routine basis.

Bayuzick, R. J.↗
NASA NTRS1981

A quantitative study of factors influencing lamellar eutectic morphology during solidification

The factors that influence the shape of the solid-liquid interface of a lamellar binary eutectic alloy are evaluated. Alloys of carbon tetrabromide and hexachloroethane which serve as a transparent analogue of lamellar metallic eutectics are used. The observed interface shapes are analyzed by computer-aided methods. The solid-liquid interfacial free energies of each of the individual phases comprising the eutectic system are measured as a function of composition using a 'grain boundary groove' technique. The solid-liquid interfacial free energy of the two phases are evaluated directly from the eutectic interface. The phase diagram for the system, the heat of fusion as a function of composition, and the density as a function of composition are measured. The shape of the eutectic interface is controlled mainly by the solid-liquid and solid-solid interfacial free energy relationships at the interface and by the temperature gradient present, rather than by interlamellar diffusion in the liquid at the interface, over the range of growth rates studied.

Kaukler, W. F. S.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Convection and morphological stability during directional solidification

For growth of a vicinal face at constant velocity, the effect of anisotropic interface kinetics on morphological stability is calculated for a binary alloy. The dependence of the interface kinetic coefficient on crystallographic orientation is based on the motion and density of steps. Anisotropic kinetics give rise to traveling waves along the crystal-melt interface, and can lead to a significant enhancement of morphological stability. The stability enhancement increases as the orientation approaches a singular orientation and as the solidification velocity increases. Shear flows interact with the traveling waves and, depending on the direction of the flow, may either stabilize or destabilize the interface. Specific calculations are carried out for germanium-silicon alloys.

Coriell, Sam R.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Directionally solidified pseudo-binary eutectics of Ni-Cr-(Hf, Zr)

A pseudo-binary eutectic, in which the intermetallic Ni7Hf2 reinforces the Ni-Cr solid solution phase, was previously predicted in the Ni-Cr-Hf system by a computer analysis. The experimental determination of pseudo binary eutectic compositions and the directional solidification of the Ni-Cr-Hf, Zr, and Ni-Cr-Zr eutectic alloys are discussed. To determine unknown eutectics, chemical analyses were made of material bled from near eutectic ingots during incipient melting. Nominal compositions in weight percent of Ni-18.6Cr-24.0HF, Ni19.6Cr-12.8Zr-2.8Hf, and Ni-19.2Cr-14.8Zr formed aligned pseudo-binary eutectic structures. The melting points were about 1270 C. The reinforcing intermetallic phases were identified as noncubic (Ni,Cr)7Hf2 and (Ni,Cr)7(Hf,Zr)2, and face centered cubic (Ni,Cr)5Zr. The volume fraction of the reinforcing phases were about 0.5.

Kim, Y. G.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Rapid solidification of high-conductivity copper alloys

The main objective was to develop improved copper alloys of high strength and high thermal and electric conductivity. Chill block melt spinning was used to produce binary alloys of Cu-Cr and Cu-Zr, and ternary alloys of Cu-Cr-Ag. By quenching from the liquid state, up to 5 atomic percent of Cr and Zr were retained in metastable extended solid solution during the rapid solidification process. Eutectic solidification was avoided and the full strengthening benefits of the large volume fraction of precipitates were realized by subsequent aging treatment. The very low solid solubility of Cr and Zr in Cu result in a high conductivity Cu matrix strengthened by second phase precipitates. Tensile properties on as-cast and aged ribbons were measured at room and elevated temperatures. Precipitate coarsening of Cr in Cu was studied by changes in electrical resistance during aging. X-ray diffraction was used to measure the lattice parameter and the degree of supersaturation of the matrix. The microstructures were characterized by optical and electron microscopy.

Bloom, Theodore Atlas↗
NASA NTRS1975

Directionally solidified pseudo-binary eutectics of Ni-Cr-/Hf,Zr/

This report is concerned with the experimental determination of pseudo binary eutectic compositions and the directional solidification of the Ni-Cr-Hf,Zr, and Ni-Cr-Zr eutectic alloys. To determine unknown eutectics, chemical analyses were made of material bled from near eutectic ingots during incipient melting. Nominal compositions in weight per cent of Ni-18.6Cr-24.0Hf, Ni-19.6Cr-12.8Zr-2.8Hf, and Ni-19.2Cr-14.8Zr formed aligned pseudo-binary eutectic structures. The melting points were about 1270 C. The reinforcing intermetallic phases were identified as noncubic (Ni,Cr)7Hf2 and (Ni,Cr)7(Hf,Zr)2, and face centered cubic (Ni,Cr)5Zr. The volume fraction of the reinforcing phases were about 0.5.

Kim, Y. G.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Bulk undercooling

Bulk undercooling methods and procedures will first be reviewed. Measurement of various parameters which are necessary to understand the solidification mechanism during and after recalescence will be discussed. During recalescence of levitated, glass-encased large droplets (5 to 8 mm diam) high speed temperature sensing devices coupled with a rapid response oscilloscope are now being used at MIT to measure local thermal behavior in hypoeutectic and eutectic binary Ni-Sn alloys. Dendrite tip velocities were measured by various investigators using thermal sensors or high speed cinematography. The confirmation of the validity of solidification models of bulk-undercooled melts is made difficult by the fineness of the final microstructure, the ultra-rapid evolution of the solidifying system which makes measurements very awkward, and the continuous modification of the microstructure which formed during recalescence because of precipitation, remelting and rapid coarsening.

Kattamis, T. Z.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Magnetization of small iron-nickel spheres

Magnetic properties of small iron-nickel alloy spheres, having compositions which cover the entire Fe-Ni binary, are presented. The spheres were formed during solidification in free fall following the melting of electropolished wires of appropriate composition. The spheres with Ni not greater than 25% acquired a martensitic thermal remanence while those with Ni not less than 30% acquired a thermoremanent magnetization. A magnetic remanence-composition diagram and a coercive force-composition diagram are constructed. Magnetic hysteresis loops and derived parameters demonstrate the difference between metal-bearing and oxide-bearing natural samples. The magnetic remanence varies as the sphere size in conjunction with the microstructure. These results help to explain why coercive force is generally low, remanent coercive force is generally high, and their ratio (R/C) is always large in fine metal dispersions, such as lunar samples and chondrite meteorites.

Wasilewski, P.↗
NASA NTRS2002

Effect of Residual Accelerations on the Crystal Growth of II-VI Semiconductors in Low Earth Orbit

The paper compares and summarizes the effects of residual acceleration during crystal growth on the compositional variation of two II-VI solid solution binary alloys (Hg(0.8)Cd(0.2)Te and Hg(0.84)Zn(0.16)Te). The crystals were grown by directional solidification on the second United States Microgravity Payload (USMP-2) and the first United States Microgravity Laboratory (USML-1) missions, respectively. For both alloys, changes in the direction and magnitude of the quasisteady acceleration vector (approximately 0.4- 1 mu g) caused large changes in the radial compositional distribution that demonstrates the importance of residual accelerations, even in the submicrogravity range, for large density gradients in the melt and slow solidification rates. The observed compositional variations will be correlated to changes in the radial flow velocities ahead of the solidification interface.

Gillies, D. C.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Microstructural development during directional solidification of peritectic alloys

Despite the widespread commercial use of peritectic alloys (e.g., steels, brass, bronze, intermetallic compounds, Co based superalloys and A3B type superconductors), the characterization of the microstructural development during directional solidification of peritectics has historically lagged behind similar efforts directed towards other types of binary invariant reactions such as eutectic or monotectic. A wide variety of possible microstructures has been shown to form in peritectics depending upon the imposed temperature gradient, G, the solidification velocity, V, as well as the presence or absence of convection in the melt. This has important technological implications since many commercially important alloys exhibit peritectics and processing methods such as casting and welding often involve widely changing conditions. It has been the aim of this project to examine, in a systematic fashion, both experimentally and theoretically, the influence of gravitationally driven convection on segregation and microstructural development during solidification in peritectic systems under terrestrial conditions. The scientific results of the project will be used to establish ground based data in support of a meaningful microgravity flight experiment.

Lograsso, Thomas A.↗
NASA NTRS1984

The B2 aluminides as alternative materials

The potential of the B2 aluminides as structural material alternatives for the strategic element containing superalloys currently used in gas turbine engines is being explored with emphasis on the equiatomic Fe and Ni aluminides. Although Co is a strategic material, the equiatomic Co aluminide is also being studied to gain a more complete understanding of these fourth period intermetallics. Research focuses on initial processing techniques such as ingot melting, power metallurgy, and rapid solidification with and without additional thermomechanical processing; high temperature deformation - primarily compressive creep; compositional effects within the binary B2 aluminides; third-element alloying addition effects on high temperature strength and oxidation resistance, and near room temperature ductility as influenced by processing, alloying, and grain size. Various programs now underway are reviewed and some highlights of research results are presented.

Stephens, J. R.↗
NASA NTRS1985

The B2 aluminides as alternative materials

The potential of the B2 aluminides as structural material alternatives for the strategic element containing superalloys currently used in gas turbine engines is being explored with emphasis on the equiatomic Fe and Ni aluminides. Although Co is a strategic material, the equiatomic Co aluminide is also being studied to gain a more complete understanding of these fourth period intermetallics. Research focuses on initial processing techniques such as ingot melting, power metallurgy, and rapid solidification with and without additional thermomechanical processing; high temperature deformation primarily compressive creep; compositional effects within the binary B2 aluminides; third-element alloying addition effects on high temperature strength and oxidation resistance, and near room temperature ductility as influenced by processing, alloying, and grain size. Various programs now underway are reviewed and some highlights of research results are presented.

Stephens, J. R.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Microstructure and creep properties of cast near-eutectic Al–Ce–Ni alloys

This study investigates the as-cast and aged microstructures, thermal stability, ambient temperature strengthening, and creep resistance of three ternary Al–Ce–Ni alloys (wt%): near-eutectic Al–10Ce–5Ni (with both eutectic and hypoeutectic regions), hypoeutectic Al-7.5Ce-3.75Ni (with numerous primary Al dendrites), and hypereutectic Al-12.5Ce-6.25Ni (with coarse, blocky primary Al3Ni and Al11Ce3 precipitates and some primary Al dendrites). Depending on the alloy composition and local solidification conditions, the following eutectic morphologies are found: (i) coarse Al–Ce eutectic colonies where Al 11 Ce 3 is in the form of “Chinese script”, (ii) intermingled regions of binary Al–Ce and Al–Ni eutectic colonies, with finer Al 3 Ni and Al 11 Ce 3 fibers, (iii) large ternary eutectic colonies, where the binary Al 3 Ni and Al 11 Ce 3 phases are alternating or intertwining within the individual, fine fibers (diameters of ~60–170 nm, depending on solidification rates), and (iv) ternary eutectic zones (between primary Al dendrites), where fine Al 3 Ni and Al 11 Ce 3 build up a 3D-interconnected network. The high volume fraction of intermetallic phases and extremely fine eutectic spacing/fiber diameter both contribute to high ambient strengthening (higher as-cast microhardness than binary Al–Ce or Al–Ni), and also provide enhanced creep resistance at 300 and 350 °C. Additionally, the alloys are coarsening-resistant up to 425 °C for extended periods, with a gradual decrease in microhardness. The alloys aged at 400 °C to 1050 h show fiber fragmentation and coarsening of the resulting particles, with the faster-diffusing Ni driving more rapid coarsening of the Al 3 Ni particles which engulf finer, more stable Al 11 Ce 3 particles. Severe overaging (performed at 590 °C for 24 h) leads to Al 3 Ni and Al 11 Ce 3 spheroids which remain submicron-sized in eutectic colonies, but micron-sized at colony boundary and at Al dendrite-eutectic interface. Creep resistance at 300 °C of overaged Al–10Ce–5Ni remains substantial, consistent with load-transfer based composite strengthening being an important strengthening mechanism in these alloys, making them excellent candidates for replacement of heavier steel or titanium parts operating under stress up to 300 °C.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗