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NASA NTRS1973

Cosmic abundance of boron.

All abundances are expressed relative to a million atoms of Si. An average abundance of boron in ordinary chondrites is 6.2. The boron abundance in meteorites is highly variable. It has been found that the abundances in carbonaceous chondrites are very much higher than those in ordinary chondrites. The condensation of boron and beryllium from a cooling, low-pressure gas of solar composition is discussed together with the occurrence of boron in the interstellar medium, questions of element abundances in the sun, problems of boron production by cosmic rays, and boron production from supernovae.

Cameron, A. G. W.↗
NASA NTRS1973

The abundances of the heavy elements.

Abundance regularities for heavy nuclei (A greater than 58) are investigated and formulated as abundance rules. Abundance values of carbonaceous chondrites of type 1 and 2 as well as most probable values for primordial abundances are listed. The abundance rules definitely require minor correctons of the empirical values. A measurement of the (u, gamma) cross-section of Pd-104 would make possible to decide whether type-1 or type-2 carbonaceous chondrites have a more primitive elemental composition.

Suess, H. E.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Abundances of the elements in the solar system

The present status of abundance information for elements in meteorites and in the sun is reviewed, and a new table of abundances of the elements, which should be characteristic of the primitive solar nebula, is compiled and presented. Special attention is called to the elemental abundances in the silicon-to-calcium region, where many of the abundances are rather poorly determined, and where these abundances have an impact on theories of nucleosynthesis of the elements. To each elemental isotope is assigned a mechanism of nucleosynthesis which may have been responsible for production of most of that isotope, and brief comments are made concerning the present status of understanding of the different mechanisms of nucleosynthesis.

Cameron, A. G. W.↗
NASA NTRS1973

The abundance and age distributions of 500 F stars in the solar neighbourhood

The uvby catalog of Perry has been used, in conjunction with theoretical uvby colors and stellar evolutionary tracks, to obtain the metal abundance distribution and age distribution of F and G type dwarf stars within 100 pc of the sun. Eighty-three per cent of stars with spectral type F5-G2 have metal content within a factor of 2.5 of the solar abundance, and only 2% have less than one-quarter the solar abundance. The metal abundance distribution, which contains more metal-rich stars than found in previous investigations of F and G dwarfs, has also been compared with the observed metal abundance distribution of G and K giants and the model galaxy calculations of Truran and Cameron (1971). A comparison of the age distribution with evolutionary calculations implies that the rate of star formation in the galaxy may not have decreased by a large factor in the last 10 billion years.

Clegg, R. E. S.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Relative abundance of proton to helium nuclei in solar cosmic ray events

A statistical study of the relative abundance of proton to alpha particles at equal energy per nucleon has been carried out on the basis of some hundred solar particle events in the energy range 6-20 MeV/nuc. A small qualitative effect of the coronal propagation has been found for events associated with solar flares away from the observer 'preferred connection region' (20-80 deg W from the central meridian). The variation of the relative abundance of the proton to alpha particle at ejection is analyzed using events for which the coronal transport is minimum. It is found that micro events characterized by small proton intensity, little or no scattering in interplanetary medium and little or no trapping in the corona has an abundance of He-4 of 5-30% relative to proton. Those events frequently display a very high He-3 abundance from 30 to 150% relatively to He-4. For larger particle events, the alpha abundance decreases following a relation which is not valid for flare-associated events that accelerate particles to relativistic energies.

Van Hollebeke, M. A. I.↗
NASA NTRS1977

On coronal Fe abundances and temperatures from XUV emission lines

Data obtained by the OSO-7 spectroheliograph on strong XUV lines of five different Fe ions from the outer equatorial corona are presented. Interpretation of the data with a spherically symmetric model atmosphere gives average ion abundances for lines of sight at 0.3 solar radii from the limb. Fe XVI is usually more abundant than Fe XV, XIV, XII and IX, but there are times when Fe XII is more abundant than the other ions. The deviation of measured relative abundances of Fe XII, XIV, and XVI from predictions of ionization equilibrium at one temperature seems to indicate that there are appreciable temperature variations along lines of sight. Element abundances are very uncertain since they appear to depend so heavily on likely but unknown density irregularities along lines of sight.

Nakada, M. P.↗
NASA NTRS1978

The relative abundances of the elements silicon through nickel in the low energy galactic cosmic rays

Measurements of the relative abundances of the elements Si through Ni in galactic cosmic rays in the energy interval 72 to 450 MeV/nucleon are reported based on data collected by a cosmic-ray telescope on the IMP 8 satellite. The measured abundances are compared with propagation calculations using various distributions of path lengths. It is found that the measurements favor an exponential distribution of path lengths truncated at short path lengths. The source abundances of Si, Ca, Fe, and Ni derived by extrapolating the measured abundances back to the source are shown to be comparable to the solar-system abundances. The relevance of the measurements of Sc through Mn to the Mn-54 radioactive decay is examined.

Garcia-Munoz, M.↗
NASA NTRS1979

A secondary tracer approach to the derivation of galactic cosmic-ray source isotopic abundances

A formalism has been developed for deriving cosmic-ray source isotopic abundances from observed local abundances using a purely secondary nuclide as a tracer of spallation production during propagation. Although the formalism is based on the leaky-box model of cosmic-ray propagation, it is shown that source abundances derived by the tracer technique are reasonably independent of detailed propagation models. The tracer formalism also permits a quantitative evaluation of the effects of observational uncertainties on deduced source abundances. It is shown that statistical errors in the observed abundances and uncertainties in the spallation cross sections are at present the dominant sources of uncertainty. The latter error can be reduced with increased detector size or exposure time, while the former can be minimized by measurements of the relative production cross sections. As a specific example, the tracer technique is applied to the isotopes of sulfur and calcium, and the level of uncertainties which must be achieved to distinguish evolutionary differences between solar-system material and cosmic ray-source material are established.

Stone, E. C.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Fine-structure lines and elemental abundances in the Orion Nebula

Infrared observations of the forbidden fine-structure lines of Ne II at 12.81 microns, S IV at 10.51 microns, and Ar III at 8.99 microns in the Orion Nebula are presented. These measurements are combined with optical observations of forbidden Ne III, S II, S III, O II, and O III to derive total elemental abundances of neon, sulfur, and oxygen, Ne/H = 7.91, S/H = 7.34, and O/H = 8.60, which are very similar to solar abundances. While the commonly employed ionization correction formula scheme is found to work satisfactorily for neon, the method overcompensates for the abundance of S(3+) and leads to a higher sulfur abundance than is actually present, though the net discrepancy in the elemental abundance of sulfur in Orion is small.

Lester, D. F.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Total carbon and sulfur abundances in Antarctic meteorites

Total carbon and sulfur abundances have been measured in five Antarctic meteorites. Two C2 carbonaceous chondrites Yamato 74662 and Allan Hills 77306 have sulfur abundances (3.490 plus or minus .040% and 3.863 plus or minus 0.050% respectively) similar to other C2 chondrites but their carbon abundances (1.514 plus or minus 0.050% and 1.324 plus or minus .040% respectively) are lower than previously measured C2 chondrites. The decreased carbon abundances may reflect the effects of weathering in cold environments. Carbon and sulfur abundances for one C4 carbonaceous chondrite, one E4 enstatite chondrite and one ureilite are similar to values reported previously for meteorites of the same petrologic grades.

Gibson, E. K., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Infrared line measurements and the abundance of sulfur in planetary nebulae

Ionic abundances of S(+), S(++), and S(+3) relative to hydrogen are determined for 12 planetary nebulae from observations of the S II forbidden lines at 6716 and 6731 A, the S III forbidden line at 9531 A, the S IV forbidden line at 10.5 microns, and P delta 10049 A. The derived total abundances are insensitive to electron density and electron temperature and are found to vary by no more than 30% in the sample; unlike previous determinations, there is no correlation of the abundance with the degree of ionization. The mean elemental abundance for these objects is S/H = 2.1 plus or minus 0.6 x 10 to the -5th, which is, within the measurement errors, the same as the solar value and the abundance in the present interstellar medium as represented by the H II regions K3-50 and Orion.

Dinerstein, H. L.↗
NASA NTRS1980

The Antarctic environment and its effect upon the total carbon and sulfur abundances in recovered meteorites

Total carbon and sulfur abundances have been measured for 25 meteorites recovered from the Allan Hills area of Antarctica. The majority (greater than 67%) of the meteorites analyzed do not contain enriched carbon abundances resulting from weathering processes. The presence of secondary carbonates in samples which give no apparent evidence of weathering was noted during pyrolysis experiments, despite the 'normal' total carbon abundances. In selected cases, the surfaces of weathered samples may contain up to a factor of two greater carbon content than the interior. Variations in carbon abundances may reflect the degree of weathering and the amount of secondary minerals present. One of the surprises of this study is that the majority of the Antarctic meteorites studied do not exhibit total carbon and sulfur abundances outside the ranges previously observed for falls.

Gibson, E. K., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Solar coronal and photospheric abundances from solar energetic particle measurements

Solar energetic particle (SEP) elemental abundance data from the Cosmic Ray Subsystem (CRS) aboard the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft are used to derive unfractionated coronal and photospheric abundances for elements with 3 = or Z or = 30. The ionic charge-to-mass ratio (Q/M) is the principal organizing parameter for the fractionation of SEPs by acceleration and propagation processes and for flare-to-flare variability, making possible a single-parameter Q/M-dependent correction to the average SEP abundances to obtain unfractionated coronal abundances. A further correction based on first ionization potential allows the determination of unfractionated photospheric abundances.

Breneman, H.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Solar Coronal and photospheric abundances from solar energetic particle measurements

Solar energetic particle (SEP) elemental abundance data from the cosmic ray subsystem (CRS) aboard the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft are used to derive unfractionated coronal and photospheric abundances for elements with 3 Z or = 30. It is found that the ionic charge-to-mass ratio (Q/M) is the principal organizing parameter for the fractionation of SEPs by acceleration and propagation processes and for flare-to-flare variability, making possible a single-parameter Q/M-dependent correction to the average SEP abundances to obtain unfractionated coronal abundances. A further correction based on first ionization potential allows the determination of unfractionated photospheric abundances.

Breneman, H.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Anomalous abundances of solar energetic particles and coronal gas: Coulomb effects and First Ionization Potential (FIP) ordering

The first ionization potential (FIP) ordering of elemental abundances in solar energetic particles and in the corona which can both be explained Coulomb effects is discussed. Solar energetic particles (SEP) and coronal gas have anomalous abundances relative to the photosphere. The anomalies are similar in both cases: which led to the conclusion that SEP acceleration is not selective, but merely preserves the source abundances. It is argued that SEP acceleration can be selective, because identical selectivity operates to determine the coronal abundances. The abundance anomalies are ordered by first ionization potential (FIP).

Mullan, D. J.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Solar coronal and photospheric abundances from solar energetic particle measurements

Solar energetic particle (SEP) elemental abundance data from the cosmic ray subsystem (CRS) aboard the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft are used to derive unfractionated coronal and photospheric abundances for elements with Z = 6-30. It is found that the ionic charge-to-mass ratio (Q/M) is the principal organizing parameter for the fractionation of SEPs by acceleration and propagation processes and for flare-to-flare variability, making possible a single-parameter Q/M-dependent correction to the average SEP abundances to obtain unfractionated coronal abundances. A further correction based on first ionization potential allows the determination of unfractionated photospheric abundances.

Breneman, H. H.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Abundances in cosmic rays

Elemental, isotopic, and antiproton abundances in cosmic ray sources are examined. The elemental abundances for very rare elements with atomic numbers (Z) greater than 30, for individual elements with Z less than 33, and for even-Z elements with Z less than 60 are compared with elemental abundances in the solar system. The effects of nucleosynthesis of the material and the cosmic ray acceleration process on the abundances of elements is discussed. It is observed that the cosmic ray sources differ in composition from the solar system; however, the abundances are generally the same. The observations of the cosmic ray antiprotons are described.

Israel, M. H.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Abundances of the elements - Meteoritic and solar

New abundance tables have been compiled for C1 chondrites and the solar photosphere and corona, based on a critical review of the literature to mid-1988. The meteorite data are generally accurate to + or - 5-10 percent. Significant discrepancies between the sun and meteorites occur only for Fe, Mn, Ge, Pb, and W; other well-determined elements agree to + or - 9 percent on the average. There is no evidence for group fractionations in C1 chondrites of cosmochemically similar elements (refractories, siderophiles, volatiles, etc.), but a selective fractionation of Fe cannot be ruled out. Abundances of odd-A nuclides between A = 65 and 209 show a generally smooth trend, with elemental abundances conforming to the slope defined by isotopic abundances. Significant irregularities occur in the Nd-Sm-Eu region, however, suggesting that the abundance curve is dependably smooth only down to about 20 percent level.

Anders, Edward↗