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At least 127 records · Page 7

Modulating Electronic Structure of Atomically Dispersed Nickel Sites through Boron and Nitrogen Dual Coordination Boosts Oxygen Reduction

Abstract Atomically dispersed 3D transitional metal active sites with nitrogen coordination anchored on carbon support have emerged as a kind of promising electrocatalyst toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in the field of fuel cells and metal–air cells. However, it is still a challenge to accurately modulate the coordination structure of single‐atom metal sites, especially first‐shell coordination, as well as identify the relationship between the geometric/electronic structure and ORR performance. Herein, a carbon‐supported single‐atom nickel catalyst is fabricated with boron and nitrogen dual coordination (denoted as Ni‐B/N‐C). The hard X‐ray absorption spectrum result reveals that atomically dispersed Ni active sites are coordinated with one B atom and three N atoms in the first shell (denoted as Ni‐B 1 N 3 ). The Ni‐B/N‐C catalyst exhibits a half‐wave potential ( E 1/2 ) of 0.87 V versus RHE, along with a distinguished long‐term durability in alkaline media, which is superior to commercial Pt/C. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the Ni‐B 1 N 3 active sites are more favorable for the adsorption of ORR intermediates relative to Ni‐N 4 , leading to the reduction of thermodynamic barrier and the acceleration of reaction kinetics, which accounts for the increased intrinsic activity.

Chemistry↗

Stretchable and Self‐Healable Semiconductive Composites Based on Hydrogen Bonding Cross‐linked Elastomeric Matrix

Abstract Semiconductors with both high stretchability and self‐healing capability are highly desirable for various wearable devices. Much progress has been achieved in designing highly stretchable semiconductive polymers or composites. The demonstration of self‐healable semiconductive composite is still rare. Here, an extremely soft, highly stretchable, and self‐healable hydrogen bonding cross‐linked elastomer, amide functionalized‐polyisobutylene (PIB‐amide) is developed, to enable a self‐healable semiconductive composite through compounding with a high‐performance conjugated diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP‐T) polymer. The composite, consisting of 20% DPP‐T and 80% PIB‐amide, shows record high crack‐onset strain (COS ≈1500%), extremely low elastic modulus (E≈1.6 MPa), and unique ability to spontaneously self‐heal atroom temperature within 5 min. Unlike previous works, these unique composite materials also show strain‐independent charge mobility. An in‐depth morphological study based on multi‐model techniques indicate that all composites show blending ratio‐ and stretching‐independent fibril‐like aggregation due to the strong hydrogen bond in elastomer to enable the unique stable charge mobility. This study provides a new direction to develop highly healable and electronically stable semiconductive composite and will enable new applications of stretchable electronics.

Chemistry↗

Strain Anisotropy Driven Spontaneous Formation of Nanoscrolls from 2D Janus Layers

2D Janus transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted attention due to their emergent properties arising from broken mirror symmetry and self‐driven polarization fields. While it has been proposed that their vdW superlattices hold the key to achieving superior properties in piezoelectricity and photovoltaic, available synthesis has ultimately limited their realization. Here, in this study, the first packed vdW nanoscrolls made from Janus TMDs through a simple one‐drop solution technique are reported. The results, including ab initio simulations, show that the Bohr radius difference between the top sulfur and the bottom selenium atoms within Janus ${M^S_{Se}}$ (M = Mo, W) results in a permanent compressive surface strain that acts as a nanoscroll formation catalyst after small liquid interaction. Unlike classical 2D layers, the surface strain in Janus TMDs can be engineered from compressive to tensile by placing larger Bohr radius atoms on top (${M_S^{Se}}$) to yield inverted C scrolls. Detailed microscopy studies offer the first insights into their morphology and readily formed Moiré lattices. In contrast, spectroscopy and FETs studies establish their excitonic and device properties and highlight significant differences compared to 2D flat Janus TMDs. These results introduce the first polar Janus TMD nanoscrolls and introduce inherent strain‐driven scrolling dynamics as a catalyst to create superlattices.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

A Guideline to Mitigate Interfacial Degradation Processes in Solid‐State Batteries Caused by Cross Diffusion

Abstract Diffusion of transition metals across the cathode–electrolyte interface is identified as a key challenge for the practical realization of solid‐state batteries. This is related to the formation of highly resistive interphases impeding the charge transport across the materials. Herein, the hypothesis that formation of interphases is associated with the incorporation of Co into the Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 lattice representing the starting point of a cascade of degradation processes is investigated. It is shown that Co incorporates into the garnet structure preferably four‐fold coordinated as Co 2+ or Co 3+ depending on oxygen fugacity. The solubility limit of Co is determined to be around 0.16 per formula unit, whereby concentrations beyond this limit causes a cubic‐to‐tetragonal phase transition. Moreover, the temperature‐dependent Co diffusion coefficient is determined, for example, D 700 °C = 9.46 × 10 −14 cm 2 s −1 and an activation energy E a = 1.65 eV, suggesting that detrimental cross diffusion will take place at any relevant process condition. Additionally, the optimal protective Al 2 O 3 coating thickness for relevant temperatures is studied, which allows to create a process diagram to mitigate any degradation with a minimum compromise on electrochemical performance. This study provides a tool to optimize processing conditions toward developing high energy density solid‐state batteries.

Chemistry↗

In Situ Observation of Domain Wall Lateral Creeping in a Ferroelectric Capacitor

As a promising candidate for next-generation nonvolatile memory devices, ferroelectric oxide films exhibit many emergent phenomena with functional applications, making understanding polarization switching and domain evolution behaviors of fundamental importance. However, tracking domain wall motion in ferroelectric oxide films with high spatial resolution remains challenging. Here, in this study, an in situ biasing approach for direct atomic-scale observations of domain nucleation and sideways motion is presented. By accurately controlling the applied electric field, the lateral translational speed of the domain wall can decrease to less than 2.2 Å s −1 , which is observable with atomic resolution STEM imaging. In situ observations on a capacitor structured PbZr 0.1 Ti 0.9 O 3 /La 0.7 Sr 0.3 MnO 3 heterojunction demonstrate the unique creeping behavior of a domain wall under a critical electric field, with the atomic structure of the creeping domain wall revealed. Moreover, the evolution of the metastable domain wall forms an elongated morphology, which contains a large proportion of charged segments. Phase-field simulations unveil the competition between gradient, elastic, and electrostatic energies that decide this unique domain wall creeping and morphology variation. This work paves the way toward a complete fundamental understanding of domain wall physics and potential modulations of domain wall properties in real devices.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Solid Solvation Assisted Electrical Doping Conserves High‐Performance in 500 nm Active Layer Organic Solar Cells

Abstract Organic solar cells (OSCs) process fascinating solution‐printing capability to achieve low‐cost and large‐scale manufacture. However, the rapid power conversion efficiency (PCE) decay with active layer thickness enlargement inhibits the implement of OSCs’ potential advantages. To overcome the bottlenecks of PCE decay in thick active layer OSCs, the electrical doping with componential selectivity in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) film is achieved by introducing a solid solvation additive. Benefiting from the higher exciton splitting efficiency together with the longer drift (L dr ) and diffusion (L diff ) lengths, an OSC with 100 nm BHJ film demonstrates a PCE increment from 16.44% to 18.24% with prolonged dark and illuminated storage stabilities. Applying the solid solvation assisted (SSA) doping method in the OSCs with 500 nm active layer, the PCE significantly increases by 31.9%, from the original value of 11.79% to 15.55%. It further improves to 15.84% in a ternary blend thick‐film device, which is the record value to the best of our knowledge. Besides, the SSA doping narrows the PCE gap between the 0.04 and 1 cm 2 devices. All improvements demonstrate the great potential of SSA doping for OSC commercial manufacture, since it optimizes the photovoltaic performance under all practical conditions of long‐term, thick‐film, and large‐area.

Chemistry↗

Fine‐Tuning Alkyl Chains on Quinoxaline Nonfullerene Acceptors Enables High‐Efficiency Ternary Organic Solar Cells with Optimizing Molecular Stacking and Reducing Energy Loss

Abstract Material design of guest acceptor is always a big challenge for improving the efficiency of ternary organic solar cells (OSCs). Here, a pair of isomeric nonfullerene acceptors based on quinoxaline core, Qx–p‐C 7 H 8 O and Qx–m‐C 7 H 8 O, is designed and synthesized. By moving the alkoxy chain attached on side phenyl frommeta‐position topara‐position, both π–π stacking distance and crystallinity are enhanced simultaneously. They obtain the uplifted lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level. Compared to Qx–m‐C 7 H 8 O, Qx–p‐C 7 H 8 O exhibits wider absorption spectrum and higher extinction coefficient. Using D18‐Cl:N3 as host materials, the addition of guest acceptor Qx–p‐C 7 H 8 O significantly improves the power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 17.61% to 18.49% because of higher open‐circuit voltage (0.875 V) and short‐circuit current density (27.85 mA cm −2 ). This can be attributed to the faster exciton dissociation, more balanced carrier mobility, fine fiber morphology, and lower energy loss in the ternary devices. However, Qx–m‐C 7 H 8 O‐based ternary device achieves relatively low PCE of 17.17% because this device shows extremely low electron mobility. The results indicate that molecular stacking, film morphology, etc., can be effectively modulated by fine‐tuning the side chains of guest materials, which may be an effective design rule for further improving the PCE of OSCs.

Chemistry↗

Highly Deformable Rigid Glassy Conjugated Polymeric Thin Films

Wearable devices benefit from the use of stretchable conjugated polymers (CPs). Traditionally, the design of stretchable CPs is based on the assumption that a low elastic modulus (E) is crucial for achieving high stretchability. However, this research, which analyzes the mechanical properties of 65 CP thin films, challenges this notion. It is discovered that softness alone does not determine stretchability; rather, it is the degree of entanglement that is critical. This means that rigid CPs can also exhibit high stretchability, contradicting conventional wisdom. To inverstigate further, the mechanical behavior, electrical properties, and deformation mechanism of two model CPs: a glassy poly(3-butylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3BT) with an E of 2.2 GPa and a viscoelastic poly(3-octylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3OT) with an E of 86 MPa, are studied. Ex situ transmission X-ray scattering and polarized UV–vis spectroscopy revealed that only the initial strain (i.e., <20%) exhibits different chain alignment mechanisms between two polymers, while both rigid and soft P3ATs showed similarly behavior at larger strains. In conclusion, by challenging the conventional design metric of low E for high stretchability and highlighting the importance of entanglement, it is hoped to broaden the range of CPs available for use in wearable devices.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Enhancing Charge Storage of Mo 2 Ti 2 C 3 MXene by Partial Oxidation

Abstract Driving the pseudocapacitive redox intercalation in 2DMXenes with neutral electrolytes is important for safer, more sustainable, and improved electrochemical charge storage. Single transition metal MXenes, such as Ti 3 C 2 , have shown great promise for energy storage, owing to their high conductivity and redox activity. Mixed metallic MXenes, such as out‐of‐plane ordered Mo 2 Ti 2 C 3 , have remained underexplored in energy storage because of the absence of redox activity in most of the electrolytes. Simultaneous structural modifications and instigating intercalation pseudocapacitance in neutral electrolytes could be a viable strategy for enhancing their electrochemical properties. Herein, a facile synthesis of partially oxidized Mo 2 Ti 2 C 3 MXene (PO‐Mo 2 Ti 2 C 3 ) exhibiting improved charge storage capability is demonstrated. Optical, structural, and spectroscopic analyses indicate the formation of oxide nanostructures upon thermal oxidation of Mo 2 Ti 2 C 3 . This leads to an enhanced energy storage capability with remarkably improved cyclability as well as a high Coulombic efficiency in a neutral LiCl electrolyte. This work highlights the importance of structural modifications of MXenes to enhance their charge storage and shows the promise of less explored double transition metal MXenes in energy storage.

Chemistry↗

Smart Droplets Stabilized by Designer Surfactants: From Biomimicry to Active Motion to Materials Healing

The science and technologies of emulsion droplets have been a long‐term focus of extensive research endeavors for their practical utility across a breadth of industries, including pharmaceutical products, oil recovery processes, and the food sciences. However, with advances in materials chemistry and characterization tools, new emerging areas are arising with a focus on “smart droplets”. The versatility of emulsion droplets across is based on their ability to partition and create isolated systems with properties defined by the liquid–liquid interface, while preparative routes allow manipulation of droplet size, stability, and encapsulated contents. As described in this article, significant efforts are being devoted to creating new types of droplets by “activating” this interface through the incorporation of reactive structures that trigger droplet response to applied or environmental stimuli (e.g., pH, temperature, salt, or external fields). Moreover, parallels between droplets and live cells inspire efforts to conceive systems that resemble biological motifs or that can produce cellular behaviors that imitate biology (e.g., swarming, communication, or motion). Here, the authors highlight recent advances in smart droplets, with emphasis on organic, polymer, and/or particle surfactants that give rise to inter‐droplet communication (via aggregation, fusion, division, or mass transfer), droplet vehicles for controlled delivery, autonomous droplet motion, and tunable emulsion inversion. Especially emphasized is the macromolecular design to produce reactive and functional surfactants, which are crucial to responsive droplet behavior and their underlying mechanisms. More generally, the exquisite interplay between materials science and biology inspires the review of this research area that provides unique opportunities for insight and inspiration into the capabilities of new droplet designs.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Mitigating Electronic Conduction in Ceria‐Based Electrolytes via External Structure Design

Doped ceria electrolytes are the state of the art low‐temperature solid oxide electrolytes because of their high ionic conductivity and good material compatibility. However, cerium tends to reduce once exposed to reducing environments, leading to an increase in electronic conduction and a decrease in efficiency. Here, the leakage current is mitigated in ceria‐based electrolytes by controlling the defect chemistry through an engineered cathode side microstructure. This functional layer effectively addresses the problematic electronic conduction issue in ceria‐based electrolytes without adding significant ohmic resistance and increases the ionic transference number to over 0.93 in a thin 20 µm ceria‐based electrolyte at 500 °C, compared to a of 0.8 for an unmodified one. Based on this design, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are further demonstrated with the remarkable peak power density of 550 mW at 500 °C and excellent stability for over 2000 h. This approach enables a potential breakthrough in the development of ceria‐based low‐temperature solid oxide electrolytes.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Stimuli‐Responsive Emission from Hybrid Metal Halides

Abstract Stimuli‐responsive photoluminescent (PL) materials have attracted considerable attention in recent years owing to their potential applications in anti‐counterfeiting, information encryption, and sensing. Further investigations of the transformation mechanism and potential applications of stimulus‐responsive PL materials are considerably important. In the current study, an organic–inorganic metal halide, C 9 H 15 N 3 SbCl 5 ([C 9 H 13 N 3 ] 2+ is a 1‐(2‐pyridyl) piperazine cation) is obtained, which exhibits a 0D structure withP‐1 space group. At room temperature, when excited by UV light, the C 9 H 15 N 3 SbCl 5 single crystals exhibit unimodal blue light emission at 405 nm, and grinding or hydrostatic pressure induces double‐peak emissions at 405 and 650 nm. Interestingly, double‐emission samples can be restored to single‐emission samples by short annealing or storage in air for 2 weeks, and this process is reversible. Luminescence response to mechanical stimuli can also be achieved in the presence of hydrochloric acid and water. Spectral analysis and the analysis of the microstructural changes revealed that the structural modifications of the inorganic group play a pivotal role in the response to the stimulus. Finally, a composite film device based on C 9 H 15 N 3 SbCl 5 is prepared to demonstrate the potential of these smart materials in anti‐counterfeiting and sensing applications.

Chemistry↗

Enhanced Optical Contrast and Switching in Near‐Infrared Electrochromic Devices by Optimizing Conjugated Polymer Oligo(Ethylene Glycol) Sidechain Content and Gel Electrolyte Composition

Abstract A detailed investigation addressing the effects of functionalizing conjugated polymers with oligo(ethylene glycol) (EG n ) sidechains on the performance and polymer‐electrolyte compatibility of electrochromic devices (ECDs) is reported. The electrochemistry for a series of donor‐acceptor copolymers having near‐infrared (NIR)‐optical absorption, where the donor fragment is 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) or an EG n functionalized bithiophene (g2T) and the acceptor fragment is diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) functionalized with branched alkyl or EG n sidechains, is extensively probed. ECDs are next fabricated and it is found that EG n sidechain incorporation must be finely balanced to promote polymer‐electrolyte compatibility and provide efficient ion exchange. Proper electrolyte‐cation pairing and polymer structural tuning affords a 2x increase in optical contrast (from 12% to 24%) and >60x reduction in switching time (from 20 to 0.3 s). Atomic force microscopy (AFM)/grazing incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS) characterization of the polymer film morphology/microstructure reveals that an over‐abundance of EG n sidechains generates large polymer crystallites, which can suppress ion exchange. Lastly, time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) indicates sidechain/electrolyte identity does not influence the electrolyte penetration depth into the films, and EG n sidechain inclusion increases electrolyte cation uptake. The material structural design insight and guidelines regarding the polymer‐electrolyte ion insertion/expulsion dynamics reported here should be of significant utility for developing next‐generation mixed ionic‐electronic conducting materials.

Chemistry↗

Long‐Life Lithium‐Metal Batteries with an Ultra‐High‐Nickel Cathode and Electrolytes with Bi‐Anion Activity

Abstract Anion chemistry in electrolytes can greatly dictate the nature and quality of passivation layers on both cathode and anode surfaces. This will be more significant when it comes to highly reactive Li‐metal anode and aggressive high‐nickel cathodes. Herein, a competitive bi‐anion activity is found in electrolytes with the co‐existence of two anions, which leads to a controlled Li‐salt decomposition kinetics and entirely favorable interphasial chemistry on both Li‐metal anode and ultrahigh‐nickel cathode. The proposed bi‐anion localized high‐concentration electrolytes are demonstrated to exhibit superior electrochemical compatibility toward Li metal and long‐term cycling stabilities under both 4.4 and 4.6 V in Li‐metal batteries with ultrahigh‐nickel cathode. This study sheds fresh light on dendrite‐free Li‐metal anodes and provides guidance to achieve high‐energy‐density batteries.

Chemistry↗

Tailoring Crystallization Dynamics of CsPbI 3 for Scalable Production of Efficient Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells

All-inorganic perovskite cesium lead triiodide (CsPbI 3 ) with inorganic nature, low-temperature synthesis, and a suitable bandgap is desirable for high-performance photovoltaics. However, the scalable production of CsPbI 3 photovoltaics is still challenging due to a large nucleation energy barrier and slow phase transition during unassisted natural crystallization. Here, the crystallization dynamics of CsPbI 3 thin films is tailored via lead acetate (PbAc 2 ) substitution in the perovskite precursor ink, allowing the scalable fabrication of efficient all-inorganic perovskite solar cells and minimodules. Introducing PbAc 2 enlarges CsPbI 3 colloid size in the precursor and reduces the nucleation energy barrier. Additionally, reactions between acetate and dimethylammonium in the wet film accelerate the removal of dimethylammonium additives and generate solvent vapors for self-regulate internal solvent annealing, resulting in densely packed, uniform, and pinhole-free CsPbI 3 perovskite films over large areas. This strategy demonstrates inverted CsPbI 3 solar cells with 20.17% efficiency and good operational stability (retaining 95.5% of initial efficiency after continuous operation for 1800 h) and 15.1%-efficient CsPbI 3 minimodules with an active area of 26.8 cm 2 .

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Mechanical, Morphological, and Charge Transport Properties of NDI Polymers with Variable Built‐in Π‐Conjugation Lengths Probed by Simulation and Experiment

Abstract Mechanically deformable polymeric semiconductors are a key material for fabricating flexible organic thin‐film transistors (FOTFTs)—the building block of electronic circuits and wearable electronic devices. However, for many π‐conjugated polymers achieving mechanical deformability and efficient charge transport remains challenging. Here the effects of polymer backbone bending stiffness and film microstructure on mechanical flexibility and charge transport are investigated via experimental and computational methods for a series of electron‐transporting naphthalene diimide (NDI) polymers having differing extents of π‐conjugation. The results show that replacing increasing amounts of the π‐conjugated comonomer dithienylvinylene (TVT) with the π‐nonconjugated comonomer dithienylethane (TET) in the backbone of the fully π‐conjugated polymeric semiconductor, PNDI‐TVT 100 (yielding polymeric series PNDI‐TVT x , 100 ≥x≥ 0), lowers backbone rigidity, degree of texturing, and π–π stacking interactions between NDI moieties. Importantly, this comonomer substitution increases the mechanical robustness of PNDI‐TVT x while retaining efficient charge transport. Thus, reducing the TVT content of PNDI‐TVT x suppresses film crack formation and dramatically stabilizes the field‐effect electron mobility upon bending (e.g., 2 mm over 2000 bending cycles). This work provides a route to tune π–π stacking in π‐conjugated polymers while simultaneously promoting mechanical flexibility and retaining good carrier mobility in FOTFTs.

Chemistry↗

Formation and Shape Changing of Conductive Helical Ribbons via Deposition of Highly Stressed Films on Mechanically Responsive Substrates

Abstract This work demonstrates that the electrodeposition of highly stressed films on compliant ribbons is a robust process to obtain helical structures with excellent mechanical stability and potentially high thermal and electrical conductance. Electrodeposition on end‐tethered ribbons alters their axial and bending stiffness while imparting mechanical stress to drive the formation of a helix with a microscale diameter and pitch in a controlled and scalable manner. The process generates helices with diameters and pitches between 80 and 200 µm and lengths as large as several millimeters. The approach is amenable to parallel processing a large number of 3D structures on any substrate, including large‐area semiconductor wafers. This phenomenon is explained in terms of the change of stress gradients as material is added. Applications of the fabricated helices include antennas, metamaterials, and slow‐wave structures in frequency ranges not previously attainable.

Chemistry↗

3D Visualization of Proteins within Metal–Organic Frameworks via Ferritin‐Enabled Electron Microscopy

Abstract Electron tomography holds great promise as a tool for investigating the 3D morphologies and internal structures of metal‐organic framework‐based protein biocomposites (protein@MOFs). Understanding the 3D spatial arrangement of proteins within protein@MOFs is paramount for developing synthetic methods to control their spatial localization and distribution patterns within the biocomposite crystals. In this study, the naturally occurring iron oxide mineral core of the protein horse spleen ferritin (Fn) is leveraged as a contrast agent to directly observe individual proteins once encapsulated into MOFs by electron microscopy techniques. This methodology couples scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and electron tomography to garner detailed 2D and 3D structural interpretations of where proteins spatially lie in Fn@MOF crystals, addressing the significant gaps in understanding how synthetic conditions relate to overall protein spatial localization and aggregation. These findings collectively reveal that adjusting the ligand‐to‐metal ratios, protein concentration, and the use of denaturing agents alters how proteins are arranged, localized, and aggregated within MOF crystals.

Chemistry↗