The rate-limiting reaction in photosynthesis
Rate limiting enzymatic electron transfer in biological photosynthesis
Kok, B.↗
SEARCH · Engineering Papers
Results for “Reaction Rates”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Simplified Two-Time Step Method for Calculating Combustion and Emission Rates of Jet-A and Methane Fuel With and Without Water Injection
A simplified kinetic scheme for Jet-A, and methane fuels with water injection was developed to be used in numerical combustion codes, such as the National Combustor Code (NCC) or even simple FORTRAN codes. The two time step method is either an initial time averaged value (step one) or an instantaneous value (step two). The switch is based on the water concentration in moles/cc of 1x10(exp -20). The results presented here results in a correlation that gives the chemical kinetic time as two separate functions. This two time step method is used as opposed to a one step time averaged method previously developed to determine the chemical kinetic time with increased accuracy. The first time averaged step is used at the initial times for smaller water concentrations. This gives the average chemical kinetic time as a function of initial overall fuel air ratio, initial water to fuel mass ratio, temperature, and pressure. The second instantaneous step, to be used with higher water concentrations, gives the chemical kinetic time as a function of instantaneous fuel and water mole concentration, pressure and temperature (T4). The simple correlations would then be compared to the turbulent mixing times to determine the limiting rates of the reaction. The NASA Glenn GLSENS kinetics code calculates the reaction rates and rate constants for each species in a kinetic scheme for finite kinetic rates. These reaction rates are used to calculate the necessary chemical kinetic times. Chemical kinetic time equations for fuel, carbon monoxide and NOx are obtained for Jet-A fuel and methane with and without water injection to water mass loadings of 2/1 water to fuel. A similar correlation was also developed using data from NASA's Chemical Equilibrium Applications (CEA) code to determine the equilibrium concentrations of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide as functions of overall equivalence ratio, water to fuel mass ratio, pressure and temperature (T3). The temperature of the gas entering the turbine (T4) was also correlated as a function of the initial combustor temperature (T3), equivalence ratio, water to fuel mass ratio, and pressure.
Molnar, Melissa↗
Temperature Dependence of the Rate Constants for the Reactions O plus plus O Sub 2 Yields O Sub 2 plus plus O and O plus plus N Sub 2 Yields NO plus plus N
Theoretical description of the reaction rate of an ion-molecule interchange reaction as a function of collision parameters
Stubbe, P.↗
Temperature dependence of the rate constants for the reactions O super plus plus O sub 2 goes to O sub 2 super plus plus O and O super plus plus N sub 2 goes to NO super plus plus N.
Reaction rate constants of ion-molecule interchange reaction as function of temperature, flow velocity, activation energy and constant part of steric factor P
Stubbe, P.↗
Review of rate coefficients of ionic reactions determined from measurements made by the atmosphere explorer satellites
The large data base of aeronomic parameters measured by the Atmosphere Explorer C, D, and E satellites since December 1973 has been used to determine a number of reaction rate coefficients highly relevant to our understanding of thermospheric chemistry. In this paper the results are reviewed for ionic rate coefficients for recombination of NO(+), O2(+), for reactions of O(+) + N2, N2(+) + O, and O(++) + O, and for various reactions involving O(+)(2D) and O(+)(2P) ions with O and N2.
Torr, D. G.↗
Rate constants for chemical reactions in high-temperature nonequilibrium air
In the nonequilibrium atmospheric chemistry regime that will be encountered by the proposed Aeroassisted Orbital Transfer Vehicle in the upper atmosphere, where air density is too low for thermal and chemical equilibrium to be maintained, the detailed high temperature air chemistry plays a critical role in defining radiative and convective heating loads. Although vibrational and electronic temperatures remain low (less than 15,000 K), rotational and translational temperatures may reach 50,000 K. Attention is presently given to the effects of multiple temperatures on the magnitudes of various chemical reaction rate constants, for the cases of both bimolecular exchange reactions and collisional excitation and dissociation reactions.
Jaffe, R. L.↗
Dependence of the rate of electrodic redox reactions on the substrate.
Electrodic redox reaction rates dependence on noble metal substrates work functions in solution containing Cl ion or sulfate ion, noting anion effects
Bockris, J. O'M.↗
Effect of odd hydrogen on ozone depletion by chlorine reactions
The present paper discusses how the shape of the ozone layer changes under the influence of injected ClX for several choices of two key HOx reaction rates. The two HOx reactions are: OH + HO2 yields H2O + O2 and O + HO2 yields OH + O2. Results of calculations are presented which show that the two reaction rates determine the stratospheric concentrations of OH and HO2, and that these concentrations regulate the amount by which the stratospheric ozone column can be reduced due to injections of odd chlorine. It is concluded that the amount of ozone reduction by a given mixing ratio of ClX will remain very uncertain until the significance of several possible feedback effects involving HOx in a chlorine-polluted atmosphere are determined and measurements of the reaction rates and HOx concentrations are made at the relevant temperatures.
Donahue, T. M.↗
Extinction of the Stagnation Point Diffusion Flame: Effect of Conductive Heat Loss into Solid Interior
The planned microgravity experiment Growth and Extinction Limit (GEL) is designed to study the material flammability and extinction of thermally thick solid with an emphasis to quantify the effect of conductive heat loss into the solid interior by measuring the in-depth temperature profile. To obtain a more detailed understanding of the extinction phenomena, a previously developed one-dimensional axisymmetric stagnation-point diffusion flame model is expanded to account for the excessive heat loss into the solid beyond the steady burning state. This is important because for thick solids, this is important because the burning period can have a long and slow solid transient with a quasi-steady gas -phase. A non-dimensional excessive conductive heat loss parameter Ψ is defined in the paper and extensive numerical computations have been performed to determine the extinction boundary and the characteristics of near-limit flames. The classical U-shaped flammability boundary in the oxygen vs. stretch rate plot now becomes a series of U-shaped boundaries as a function of Ψ. For a given oxygen ambient, extinction boundary is a function of Ψ. The boundary consists of a blowoff branch and a radiative quenching branch. This is similar to the steady burning flammability boundary (Ψ =0) in the oxygen vs stretch rate plot. Extensive computed data including flame and pyrolysis temperatures, burning rate, flame standoff distance, and reaction rate are presented along the extinction boundaries. In particular, we note that the non-dimensional gas reaction rate is the ratio of diffusion reaction time to the reaction diffusion time, so it has the classical Damhkoler number character. By examining the maximum non-dimensional reaction rates, we observe that along the extinction boundaries, they are approximate constant across the entire range of stretch rates (from quenching to blow-off). These critical values are of the order unity but may vary in different oxygen ambient. The implication will be discussed in the presentation together with the near-limit flame structures.
Chengyao Li↗
Direct numerical simulation of reacting flows
The objectives of this work are: (1) to extend the technique of direct numerical simulations to turbulent, chemically reacting flows, (2) to test the validity of the method by comparing computational results with laboratory data, and (3) to use the simulations to gain a better understanding of the effects of turbulence on chemical reactions. The effects of both the large scale structure and the smaller scale turbulence on the overall reaction rates are addressed. The relationship between infinite reaction rate and finite reaction rate chemistry is compared with some of the results of calculations with existing theories and laboratory data. The direct numerical simulation method involves the numerical solution of the detailed evolution of the complex turbulent velocity and concentration fields. Using very efficient numerical methods (e.g., pseudospectral methods), the fully nonlinear (possibly low pass filtered) equations of motion are solved and no closure assumptions or turbulence models are used. Statistical data are obtained by performing spatial, temporal, and/or ensemble averages over the computed flow fields.
Riley, J. J.↗
Effects of the Low Earth Orbital environment on spacecraft materials
Recession of organic-polymer-based surfaces due to oxidation by atomic oxygen, the major component of the LEO environment, was studied in Space Shuttle flights 5, 8, and 41-G to measure reaction rates and the effects of various parameters on reaction rates. Surface recession on the flights indicates reaction rates of 3 x10 to the minus 24th power cc atom for unfilled organic polymers. Application of these rates to Space Station-type exposure for main structural items indicates that as much as 0.075 cm of surface recession occurs in 30 yr. Because of the importance of this effect on Space Station systems, additional experiments are planned to obtain better reaction rate measurements ensuring and adequate data base for Space Station design.
Leger, L. J.↗
Flat-plate solar array project. Task 1: Silicon material. Investigation of the hydrochlorination of SiC14
A two inch diameter stainless steel reactor was designed and built to operate at pressures up to 500 psig for the experimental studies on the hydrochlorination of SiCl4 and metallurgical grade (m.g.) silicon metal to SiHCl3. In order to clearly see the effect of pressure, the experiments were carried out at low reactor pressures of 73 psig and 150 psig, respectively. A large pressure effect on the hydrochlorination reaction was observed between the results of the low pressure experiments and the results of the high pressure experiments. In general, higher pressure produces a higher conversion of SiHCl3, but at a lower reaction rate. The effect of temperature on the reaction rate was studied at 73 psig. Higher reaction temperature gave a higher conversion and a higher reaction rate. Samples of the materials used to construct the hydrochlorination reactor were prepared for corrosion tests.
Mui, J. Y. P.↗
A Study of Oxidation of Hydrogen Based on Flashback of Hydrogen-Oxygen-Nitrogen Burner Flames
The flashback of hydrogen-oxygen-nitrogen flames was studied as a function of pressure, burner diameter, equivalence ratio, and oxidant strength. The results were treated on the assumption that the product of the critical boundary velocity gradient for flashback and the initial concentration of that reactant which is not in excess is proportional to a mean reaction rate associated with the flame zone. It was further assumed that this reaction rate can be expressed in terms of initial concentrations and flame temperature. Measurements at constant flame temperature yield orders of reaction with respect to hydrogen and oxygen. These do not vary with flame temperature. Measurements in which pressure is varied for several values of oxidant strength at constant equivalence ratio yield a total order of reaction and a function describing the dependence of the mean reaction rate on flame temperature. The total reaction order is independent of flame temperature and equal to the sum of the orders for hydrogen and oxygen. The dependence of the reaction rate on flame temperature cannot be described by a constant activation energy. The activation energy obtained apparently increases with flame temperature. Flashback results can be described by a single rate constant which is independent of equivalence ratio. Values were estimated for this rate constant as a function of flame temperature.
Fine, Burton D.↗
Commodity-Free Calibration
Commodity-free calibration is a reaction rate calibration technique that does not require the addition of any commodities. This technique is a specific form of the reaction rate technique, where all of the necessary reactants, other than the sample being analyzed, are either inherent in the analyzing system or specifically added or provided to the system for a reason other than calibration. After introduction, the component of interest is exposed to other reactants or flow paths already present in the system. The instrument detector records one of the following to determine the rate of reaction: the increase in the response of the reaction product, a decrease in the signal of the analyte response, or a decrease in the signal from the inherent reactant. With this data, the initial concentration of the analyte is calculated. This type of system can analyze and calibrate simultaneously, reduce the risk of false positives and exposure to toxic vapors, and improve accuracy. Moreover, having an excess of the reactant already present in the system eliminates the need to add commodities, which further reduces cost, logistic problems, and potential contamination. Also, the calculations involved can be simplified by comparison to those of the reaction rate technique. We conducted tests with hypergols as an initial investigation into the feasiblility of the technique.
Source record↗
Chemical evolution of cosmic clouds
Reaction rate characteristics of interstellar matter were studied by the reaction of hydrogen cyanide and molecular hydrogen at about 1000 K at an HCN to H2 ratio of 1 to 100 to simulate the large excess of cosmic hydrogen. It was found that HCN decays with a half life of about 20 hours and that a large surface increases the reaction rate as a function of temperature. Reaction rates may be considerable increased by energetic processes that produce free radicals and ions.
Down, B. D.↗
Analysis of homogeneous turbulent reacting flows
Full turbulence simulations at low Reynolds numbers were made for the single-step, irreversible, bimolecular reaction between non-premixed reactants in isochoric, decaying homogeneous turbulence. Various initial conditions for the scalar field were used in the simulations to control the initial scalar dissipation length scale, and simulations were also made for temperature-dependent reaction rates and for non-stoichiometric and unequal diffusivity conditions. Joint probability density functions (pdf's), conditional pdf's, and various statistical quantities appearing in the moment equations were computed. Preliminary analysis of the results indicates that compressive strain-rate correlates better than other dynamical quantities with local reaction rate, and the locations of peak reaction rates seem to be insensitive to the scalar field initial conditions.
Leonard, A. D.↗
Mixing and non-equilibrium chemical reaction in a compressible mixing layer
The effects of compressibility, chemical reaction exothermicity, and non-equilibrium chemical modeling in a reacting plane mixing layer were investigated by means of two dimensional direct numerical simulations. The chemical reaction was irreversible and second order of the type A + B yields Products + Heat. The general governing fluid equations of a compressible reacting flow field were solved by means of high order finite difference methods. Physical effects were then determined by examining the response of the mixing layer to variation of the relevant non-dimensionalized parameters. The simulations show that increased compressibility generally results in a suppressed mixing, and consequently a reduced chemical reaction conversion rate. Reaction heat release was found to enhance mixing at the initial stages of the layer growth, but had a stabilizing effect at later times. The increased stability manifested itself in the suppression or delay of the formation of large coherent structures within the flow. Calculations were performed for a constant rate chemical kinetics model and an Arrhenius type kinetic prototype. The choice of the model was shown to have an effect on the development of the flow. The Arrhenius model caused a greater temperature increase due to reaction than the constant kinetic model. This had the same effect as increasing the exothermicity of the reaction. Localized flame quenching was also observed when the Zeldovich number was relatively large.
Steinberger, Craig J.↗
Development of the Monolith Froth Reactor for Catalytic Wet Oxidation of CELSS Model Wastes
The aqueous phase oxidation of acetic acid, used as a model compound for the treatment of CELSS (Controlled Ecological Life Support System) waste, was carried out in the monolith froth reactor which utilizes two-phase flow in the monolith channels. The catalytic oxidation of acetic acid was carried out over a Pt/Al2O3 catalyst at temperatures and pressures below the critical point of water. The effect of externally controllable parameters (temperature, liquid flow rate, distributor plate orifice size, pitch, and catalyst distance from the distributor plate) on the rate of acetic acid oxidation was investigated. Results indicate reaction rate increased with increasing temperature and exhibited a maximum with respect to liquid flow rate. The apparent activation energy calculated from reaction rate data was 99.7 kJ/mol. This value is similar to values reported for the oxidation of acetic acid in other systems and is comparable to intrinsic values calculated for oxidation reactions. The kinetic data were modeled using simple power law kinetics. The effect of "froth" feed system characteristics was also investigated. Results indicate that the reaction rate exhibits a maximum with respect to distributor plate orifice size, pitch, and catalyst distance from the distributor plate. Fundamental results obtained were used to extrapolate where the complete removal of acetic acid would be obtained and for the design and operation of a full scale CELSS treatment system.
Fisher, John W.↗