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At least 127 records · Page 7

Measuring the X-ray luminosities of DESI groups from eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey – I. X-ray luminosity–halo mass scaling relation

ABSTRACT We use the eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS) to measure the rest-frame 0.1–2.4 keV band X-ray luminosities of ∼600 000 DESI groups using two different algorithms in the overlap region of the two observations. These groups span a large redshift range of 0.0 ≤ zg ≤ 1.0 and group mass range of $10^{10.76}\, h^{-1}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot } \le M_h \le 10^{15.0}\, h^{-1}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$. (1) Using the blind detection pipeline of eFEDS, we find that 10932 X-ray emission peaks can be cross-matched with our groups, ∼38 per cent of which have a signal-to-noise ratio $\rm {S}/\rm {N} \ge 3$ in X-ray detection. Comparing to the numbers reported in previous studies, this matched sample size is a factor of ∼6 larger. (2) By stacking X-ray maps around groups with similar masses and redshifts, we measure the average X-ray luminosity of groups as a function of halo mass in five redshift bins. We find that in a wide halo mass range, the X-ray luminosity, LX, is roughly linearly proportional to Mh and quite independent to the redshift of the groups. (3) We use a Poisson distribution to model the X-ray luminosities obtained using two different algorithms and obtain the best-fit $L_{\rm X}=10^{28.46\pm 0.03}M_{\rm h}^{1.024\pm 0.002}$ and $L_{\rm X}=10^{26.73 \pm 0.04}M_{\rm h}^{1.140 \pm 0.003}$ scaling relations, respectively. The best-fit slopes are flatter than the results previously obtained but closer to a self-similar prediction.

Astronomy & Astrophysics↗

Pore-Scale Transport Effects in Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction on Gold via Coupled Microkinetic-Transport Modeling

A pore-resolved modeling framework is developed to quantify how pore-scale transport affects the intrinsic microkinetics of CO 2 -to-CO on Au. A DFT-informed microkinetic model is coupled self-consistently to a Generalized-Modified Poisson–Nernst–Planck (GMPNP) transport description in a single, electrolyte-filled cylindrical pore, allowing local concentrations and potential to feed back into site-specific reaction rates. FIB-SEM is used to determine pore sizes within realistic electrode materials. Across pore diameters, d p = 10–6000 nm, the surface-averaged CO 2 reduction rate is systematically reduced relative to the ideal microkinetic baseline where mass transport is not accounted for; the effectiveness factor 𝜂 𝑠,CO 2 , which quantifies this ratio, decreases rapidly at more negative potentials and is about 1% near −1.0 V vs SHE due to reactant depletion. Spatial maps reveal pore-bulk alkalization that emerges at higher cathodic bias, with a small, near-wall pH dip due to electrostatic repulsion of hydroxide at the cathode interface. For a fixed aspect ratio L p /d p , narrower pores exhibit larger 𝜂 𝑠,CO 2 by shortening diffusion paths, whereas variations in the aspect ratio L p /d p play a secondary role. A dimensionless analysis (surface/bulk Damköhler numbers) delineates operating regimes. In conclusion, this work offers a concept for incorporating microkinetic models into homogenized porous-electrode models through effectiveness factors and pore-size distribution.

Au-catalyst↗

Emergence of many-body quantum chaos via spontaneous breaking of unitarity

It is suggested that many-body quantum chaos appears as the spontaneous symmetry breaking of unitarity in interacting quantum many-body systems. It has been shown that many-body level statistics, probed by the spectral form factor (SFF) defined as K(η,t)=$\langle$|Tr exp(-ηH+itH)| 2 $\rangle$, is dominated by a diffuson-type mode in a field theory analysis. The key finding of this Letter is that the “unitary” η = 0 case is different from the η → 0 ± limit, with the latter leading to a finite mass of these modes due to interactions. This mass suppresses a rapid exponential ramp in the SFF, which is responsible for the fast emergence of Poisson statistics in the noninteracting case, and gives rise to a nontrivial random matrix structure of many-body levels. The interaction-induced mass in the SFF shares similarities with the dephasing rate in the theory of weak localization and the Lyapunov exponent of the out-of-time-ordered correlators.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Quantum chaos, integrability, and late times in the Krylov basis

Quantum chaotic systems are conjectured to display a spectrum whose fine-grained features (gaps and correlations) are well described by random matrix theory (RMT). We propose and develop a complementary version of this conjecture: quantum chaotic systems display a Lanczos spectrum whose local means and covariances are well described by RMT. To support this proposal, we first demonstrate its validity in examples of chaotic and integrable systems. We then show that for Haar-random initial states in RMTs the mean and covariance of the Lanczos spectrum suffice to produce the full long-time behavior of general survival probabilities including the spectral form factor, as well as the spread complexity. In addition, for initial states with continuous overlap with energy eigenstates, we analytically find the long-time averages of the probabilities of Krylov basis elements in terms of the mean Lanczos spectrum. This analysis suggests a notion of eigenstate complexity, the statistics of which differentiate integrable systems and classes of quantum chaos. Lastly, we clarify the relation between spread complexity and the universality classes of RMT by exploring various values of the Dyson index and Poisson distributed spectra.

Combinatorics↗

A Latent-Variable Formulation of the Poisson Canonical Polyadic Tensor Model: Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Fisher Information

We establish parameter inference for the Poisson canonical polyadic (PCP) tensor model through a latent-variable formulation. Our approach exploits the observation that any random PCP tensor can be derived by marginalizing an unobservable random tensor of one dimension larger. The loglikelihood of this larger dimensional tensor, referred to as the “complete” loglikelihood, is comprised of multiple rank one PCP loglikelihoods. Using this methodology, we first derive maximum likelihood estimators for the PCP model and demonstrate that several existing algorithms for fitting non-negative matrix and tensor factorizations are Expectation-Maximization algorithms. Next, we derive the observed and expected Fisher information matrices for the PCP model. The Fisher information provides us crucial insights into the well-posedness of the tensor model, such as the role that tensor rank plays in identifiability and indeterminacy. For the special case of rank one PCP models, we demonstrate that these results are greatly simplified.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Weld stresses beyond elastic limit: Materials discontinuity

When welded structures depend on properties beyond the elastic limit to qualify their ultimate safety factor, and weld-parent materials abruptly change at the interface, then stress discontinuity is inevitable. The stress concentration is mildly sensitive to material relative strain hardening and acutely sensitive to applied stress fields. Peak stresses occur on the weld surface, at the interface, and dissipate within a 0.01-inch band. When the stress is intense, the weld will always fracture at the interface. The analysis incorporates a classical mechanics model to more sharply define stress spikes within the bandwidth, and suggests a relative material index and Poisson's ratio related to strain hardening. Implications are discussed which are applicable to industries of high performance structures.

Verderaime, V.↗

Analytical stress intensity solution for the Stable Poisson Loaded specimen

An analytical calibration of the Stable Poisson Loaded (SPL) specimen is presented. The specimen configuration is similar to the ASTM E-561 compact-tension specimen with displacement controlled wedge loading used for R-curve determination. The crack mouth opening displacements (CMODs) are produced by the diametral expansion of an axially compressed cylindrical pin located in the wake of a machined notch. Due to the unusual loading configuration, a three-dimensional finite element analysis was performed with gap elements simulating the contact between the pin and specimen. In this report, stress intensity factors, CMODs, and crack displacement profiles, are reported for different crack lengths and different contacting conditions. It was concluded that the computed stress intensity factor decreases sharply with increasing crack length thus making the SPL specimen configuration attractive for fracture testing of brittle, high modulus materials.

Ghosn, Louis J.↗

Numerical calibration of the stable poisson loaded specimen

An analytical calibration of the Stable Poisson Loaded (SPL) specimen is presented. The specimen configuration is similar to the ASTM E-561 compact-tension specimen with displacement controlled wedge loading used for R-Curve determination. The crack mouth opening displacements (CMOD's) are produced by the diametral expansion of an axially compressed cylindrical pin located in the wake of a machined notch. Due to the unusual loading configuration, a three-dimensional finite element analysis was performed with gap elements simulating the contact between the pin and specimen. In this report, stress intensity factors, CMOD's, and crack displacement profiles are reported for different crack lengths and different contacting conditions. It was concluded that the computed stress intensity factor decreases sharply with increasing crack length, thus making the SPL specimen configuration attractive for fracture testing of brittle, high modulus materials.

Ghosn, Louis J.↗

An Ensemble Approach to Computationally Efficient Radiological Anomaly Detection and Isotope Identification

Radiological source search is a challenging task involving detection and identification of weak sources in a constantly changing radiological background. As of now, many radiological source detection algorithms have been proposed; however, their computational complexity, and hence reliance on power intensive processing units inhibit low-power applications of radiological source search systems. In this work, we introduce the anomaly filter (AF) algorithm; a computationally light, yet effective time-series source detection algorithm based on exponential weighted moving average (EWMA) and Poisson deviance statistics. Then, we demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can be used in ensemble with other more computationally intensive source detection and identification algorithms to achieve both increased detection performance and reduced power consumption. The proposed AF algorithm and the ensemble algorithms were thoroughly benchmarked against several existing source detection and identification algorithms. The results show that the AF algorithm outperforms existing conventional source detection algorithms, and the ensemble approach improves the overall performance of existing source detection and isotope identification algorithms. Furthermore, the AF algorithm and the Non-negative Matrix Factorization approach based source identification (NMF-ID) algorithm were combined and implemented on a singleboard microcontroller and the power consumption was measured. This ensemble algorithm reduced the power consumption of the NMF-ID algorithm almost by a factor of 100, while improving the detection performance of the overall system.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Associations between cumulative environmental quality and ten selected birth defects in Texas

Abstract Background Causes of most birth defects are largely unknown. Genetics, maternal factors (e.g., age, smoking) and environmental exposures have all been linked to some birth defects, including neural tube, oral cleft, limb reduction, and gastroschisis; however, the contribution of cumulative exposures across several environmental domains in association with these defects is not well understood. Methods The Environmental Quality Index (EQI) and its domains (air, water, land, sociodemographic, built) were used to estimate county‐level cumulative environmental exposures from 2006–2010 and matched to birth defects identified from Texas Birth Defects Registry and live birth records from births in years 2007–2010 ( N = 1,610,709). Poisson regression models estimated prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between 10 birth defects and the EQI. Results We observed some positive associations between worst environmental quality and neural tube, anencephaly, spina bifida, oral cleft, cleft palate, cleft lip with and without cleft palate, and gastroschisis [PR range: 1.12–1.55], but near null associations with limb reduction defects. Among domain specific results, we observed the strongest positive associations with the sociodemographic domain across birth defects but varied positive associations among the air and water domains, and negative or null associations with the land and built domains. Overall, few exposure‐response patterns were evident. Conclusions Our results highlight the complexities of cumulative, simultaneous environmental exposures in the prevalence rates of 10 selected birth defects. We were able to explore the impact of overall and domain specific environmental quality on birth defects and identify potential domain specific drivers of these associations.

Krajewski, Alison K.↗

A systematic search for long-term variability in a large sample of X-ray sources

A method which uses the correct measurement error distribution (Poisson) and which naturally takes into account detections as well as upper limits has been developed to search for flux variability in X-ray sources. The method is applied to 256 sources observed at least twice with the Einstein Observatory Imaging Proportional Counter. These sources have, in the very large majority of cases, an X-ray flux in the range 1 x 10 to the -13th to 6 x 10 to the -12th erg/sq cm/s (0.2-3.5 keV). Thirty-one sources show flux variations with amplitude ranging from about 20 percent to a factor of 6. Flux variations of small amplitude seem to be fairly common, but can be detected only in bright sources or in sources observed with very long exposures. Variations of a factor of 2 or more are seen in about 15 percent of the sources for which variations of such an amplitude are detectable.

Maccacaro, Tommaso↗

Unified wavefront singularity characterization of three-dimensional elastodynamic time-domain half-space Green's function under impulsive boundary and internal loads

Founded on a novel analytical formulation that led to a rigorous yet compact path-integral representation of the time-domain elastodynamic half-space Green's function, a unified analysis of the possible occurrence of different singular wavefront behaviour in the response under arbitrary impulsive internal or surface point loads at arbitrary source-receiver locations is presented. With the decomposition of the general solution into distinct initiating and reflected wave group integrals that share a common factored format and simple contour definitions, the mathematical framework is shown to allow a straightforward identification of the specific conditions and the particular wave groups that are responsible for the singular wavefront phenomena without resorting to advanced analytic function theories or asymptotic methods. Analytic characterizations of the nature, strength and direction of all intrinsic singular wavefront behaviours of the three-dimensional Green's function in three canonical cases of source-receiver configurations are given in a dual integral-closed form format to facilitate their theoretical understanding as well as computational applications. Graphical illustrations of their variation with the source-receiver configuration and the medium's Poisson's ratio together with relevant comparison and clarifications of some classical treatments are included.

Green’s functions↗

Strategies for on-chip digital data compression for X-ray pixel detectors

Here, the continued desire for X-ray pixel detectors with higher frame rates will stress the ability of application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) designers to provide sufficient off-chip bandwidth to reach continuous frame rates in the 1 MHz regime. To move from the current 10 kHz to the 1 MHz frame rate regime, ASIC designers will continue to pack as many power-hungry high-speed transceivers at the periphery of the ASIC as possible. In this paper, however, we present new strategies to make the most efficient use of the off-chip bandwidth by utilizing data compression schemes for X-ray photon-counting and charge-integrating pixel detectors. In particular, we describe a novel in-pixel compression scheme that converts from analog to digital converter units to encoded photon counts near the photon Poisson noise level and achieves a compression ratio of >1.5x independent of the dataset. In addition, we describe a simple yet efficient zero-suppression compression scheme called "zeromask" (ZM) located at the ASIC's edge before streaming data off the ASIC chip. ZM achieves average compression ratios of >4x, >7x, and >8x for high-energy X-ray diffraction, ptychography, and X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy datasets, respectively. We present the conceptual designs, register-transfer level block diagrams, and the physical ASIC implementation of these compression schemes in 65 nm CMOS. When combined, these two digital compression schemes could increase the effective off-chip bandwidth by a factor of 6-12x.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Territory and Population Attributes Affect Florida Scrub-Jay Fecundity in Fire Adapted Ecosystems

Fecundity, the number of young produced by a breeding pair during a breeding season, is a primary component in evolutionary and ecological theory and applications. Fecundity can be influenced by many environmental factors and requires long-term study due to the range of variation in ecosystem dynamics. Fecundity data often include a large proportion of zeros when many pairs fail to produce any young during a breeding season due to nest failure or when all young die independently after fledging. We conducted color banding and monthly censuses of Florida scrub-jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) across 31 years, 15 populations, and 761 territories along central Florida’s Atlantic coast. We quantified how fecundity (juveniles/pair-year) was influenced by habitat quality, presence/absence of nonbreeders, population density, breeder experience, and rainfall, with a zero-inflated Bayesian hierarchical model including both a Bernoulli (e.g., brood success) and a Poisson (counts of young) submodel, and random effects for year, population, and territory. The results identified the importance of increasing “strong” quality habitat, which was a mid-successional state related to fire frequency and extent, because strong territories, and the proportion of strong territories in the overall population, influenced fecundity of breeding pairs. Populations subject to supplementary feeding also had greater fecundity. Territory size, population density, breeder experience, and rainfall surprisingly had no or small effects. Different mechanisms appeared to cause annual variation in fecundity, as estimates of random effects were not correlated between the success and count submodels. The increased fecundity for pairs with nonbreeders, compared to pairs without, identified empirical research needed to understand how the proportion of low-quality habitats influences population recovery and sustainability, because dispersal into low-quality habitats can drain nonbreeders from strong territories and decrease overall fecundity. We also describe how long term study resulted in reversals in our understanding because of complications involving habitat quality, sociobiology, and population density.

Long-term studies↗

Sparse Approximate Multifrontal Factorization with Butterfly Compression for High-Frequency Wave Equations

In this work, we present a fast and approximate multifrontal solver for large-scale sparse linear systems arising from finite-difference, finite-volume or finite-element discretization of high-frequency wave equations. The proposed solver leverages the butterfly algorithm and its hierarchical matrix extension for compressing and factorizing large frontal matrices via graph-distance guided entry evaluation or randomized matrix-vector multiplication-based schemes. Complexity analysis and numerical experiments demonstrate $\mathcal{O}(N\log^2 N)$ computation and $\mathcal{O}(N)$ memory complexity when applied to an $N\times N$ sparse system arising from 3D high-frequency Helmholtz and Maxwell problems.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Statistical Aspects of North Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclones During the Weather Satellite Era, 1960-2013

This Technical Publication (TP) is part 2 of a two-part study of the North Atlantic basin tropical cyclones that occurred during the weather satellite era, 1960-2013. In particular, this TP examines the inferred statistical relationships between 25 tropical cyclone parameters and 9 specific climate-related factors, including the (1) Oceanic Niño Index (ONI), (2) Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), (3) Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) index, (4) Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) index, (5) North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index of the Climate Prediction Center (CPC), (6) NAO index of the Climate Research Unit (CRU), (7) Armagh surface air temperature (ASAT), (8) Global Land-Ocean Temperature Index (GLOTI), and (9) Mauna Loa carbon dioxide (CO2) (MLCO2) index. Part 1 of this two-part study examined the statistical aspects of the 25 tropical cyclone parameters (e.g., frequencies, peak wind speed (PWS), accumulated cyclone energy (ACE), etc.) and provided the results of statistical testing (i.e., runs-testing, the t-statistic for independent samples, and Poisson distributions). Also, the study gave predictions for the frequencies of the number of tropical cyclones (NTC), number of hurricanes (NH), number of major hurricanes (NMH), and number of United States land-falling hurricanes (NUSLFH) expected for the 2014 season, based on the statistics of the overall interval 1960-2013, the subinterval 1995-2013, and whether the year 2014 would be either an El Niño year (ENY) or a non-El Niño year (NENY).

Wilson, Robert M.↗

Hip Abductor Strength Asymmetry: Relationship to Upper Extremity Injury in Professional Baseball Players

Background: Hip strength is an important factor for control of the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex. Deficits in hip strength may affect throwing performance and contribute to upper extremity injuries. Hypothesis: Deficits in hip abduction isometric strength would be greater in those who sustained an upper extremity injury and hip strength would predict injury incidence. Study Design: Prospective cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: Minor League baseball players (n = 188, age = 21.5 ± 2.2 years; n = 98 pitchers; n = 90 position players) volunteered. Hip abduction isometric strength was assessed bilaterally with a handheld dynamometer in side-lying position, expressed as torque using leg length (N·m). Hip abduction strength asymmetry was represented by [(trail leg/lead leg) × 100]. Overuse or nontraumatic throwing arm injuries were prospectively tracked. Poisson regression models were used to estimate relative risk ratios associated with hip asymmetry; confounders, including history of prior overuse injury in the past year, were included. Results: Hip abduction asymmetry ranged from 0.05% to 57.5%. During the first 2 months of the season, 18 players (n = 12 pitchers) sustained an upper extremity injury. In pitchers, for every 5% increase in hip abduction asymmetry, there was a 1.24 increased risk of sustaining a shoulder or elbow injury. No relationship between hip abduction strength and injury was observed for position players. Conclusion: Hip abduction asymmetry in pitchers was related to subsequent upper extremity injuries. The observed risk ratio indicates that hip abduction asymmetry may contribute a significant but small increased risk of injury. Clinical Relevance: Hip abduction muscle deficits may affect pitching mechanics and increase arm stress. Addressing hip asymmetry deficits that exceed 5% may be beneficial in reducing upper extremity injury rates in pitchers.

Sport Sciences↗

Probabilistic Assessment of Cancer Risk for Astronauts on Lunar Missions

During future lunar missions, exposure to solar particle events (SPEs) is a major safety concern for crew members during extra-vehicular activities (EVAs) on the lunar surface or Earth-to-moon transit. NASA s new lunar program anticipates that up to 15% of crew time may be on EVA, with minimal radiation shielding. For the operational challenge to respond to events of unknown size and duration, a probabilistic risk assessment approach is essential for mission planning and design. Using the historical database of proton measurements during the past 5 solar cycles, a typical hazard function for SPE occurrence was defined using a non-homogeneous Poisson model as a function of time within a non-specific future solar cycle of 4000 days duration. Distributions ranging from the 5th to 95th percentile of particle fluences for a specified mission period were simulated. Organ doses corresponding to particle fluences at the median and at the 95th percentile for a specified mission period were assessed using NASA s baryon transport model, BRYNTRN. The cancer fatality risk for astronauts as functions of age, gender, and solar cycle activity were then analyzed. The probability of exceeding the NASA 30- day limit of blood forming organ (BFO) dose inside a typical spacecraft was calculated. Future work will involve using this probabilistic risk assessment approach to SPE forecasting, combined with a probabilistic approach to the radiobiological factors that contribute to the uncertainties in projecting cancer risks.

Kim, Myung-Hee Y.↗