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DOE OSTI2026

Inferring performance metrics for laser direct drive experiments on OMEGA

Quantifying performance improvements on the OMEGA laser facility requires robust inference of established no-alpha performance metrics, which requires, at minimum, a model to infer the shocked fuel mass and pressure of the confined fusion plasma. In this work, we describe the methodology used to infer performance metrics on OMEGA and present the current state-of-the art model used to infer these metrics from OMEGA experiments. In particular, since neutron images of cryogenic implosions are not available on OMEGA at present, we present how x-ray sizes are determined on OMEGA using a Gaussian Process regression model and how the neutron production region's size is inferred from them. As a result, we end by benchmarking the model using synthetic data and 1-D LILAC simulations and test its experimental self-consistency across available x-ray diagnostic channels.

Gopalaswamy, V. [Laboratory for Laser Energetics, ↗

DOE OSTI2025

Doppler Backscattering Data Analysis and Integrated Modeling with OMFIT

One Modeling Framework for Integrated Tasks (OMFIT) is a widely used software tool in the magnetic fusion research community. OMFIT provides magnetic fusion energy researchers with a framework for the development of special-purpose physics modules. This paper describes an OMFIT physics module pertaining to the Doppler Backscattering (DBS) fusion plasma diagnostic. DBS measures density fluctuations and flow velocity through plasma scattering of electromagnetic waves. The OMFIT DBS module was developed to analyze experimental DBS data and facilitate modeling of DBS systems installed on multiple tokamak devices. The OMFIT DBS module is designed to support several analysis workflows: detailed analysis of experimental data, experimental planning, and theory-based synthetic diagnostic modeling. The DBS module uses integrated modeling by leveraging other OMFIT physics modules to perform tasks related to DBS, e.g. ray/beam–tracing simulations, edge-localized mode–synchronized data analysis, magnetic equilibrium reconstruction, and fitting kinetic profile data. Furthermore, this paper describes several supported workflows and serves a reference for the OMFIT DBS module.

Doppler backscattering↗

DOE OSTI2025

Stability analysis of Alfvén eigenmodes excited by ion cyclotron resonance heating on EAST

Alfvén wave instabilities driven by energetic particles are common in fusion devices. Understanding their behavior is essential for the good confinement of fusion plasma. For this purpose, a series of experiments are performed on EAST to investigate the excitation of toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes (TAEs). Experimentally, it was found that AEs with frequencies around 80, 134, 157 kHz are excited by ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) hydrogen minority heating scenario. Moreover, the excitation of AEs is independent of the wall-coating materials, but determined with the generation and confinement of the fast ions. Statistical analysis suggests that the TAEs can only be excited when the ICRH power is larger than 2 MW and the H 98 factor is larger than 1.15. In line with the experiments, a set of simulations using TORIC, ASCOT, and NOVA-C is performed. The simulation results show that with the experimental density profile and safety factor, the measured TAE with frequency of 134 kHz is well reproduced by taking into account the plasma toroidal rotation frequency. However, the appearance of the 80 kHz mode cannot be captured in the simulations. The ICRH-generated fast hydrogen ions mainly have banana orbits and that their perpendicular velocity is much larger than that of the parallel ions. The stability analysis with NOVA-C suggests that the radial gradient of the fast H ion distribution is the only driving source of TAEs. For TAEs locate in the center of Alfvén continuum, the D ion Landau damping is the dominant damping term; For most other TAEs which have intersections with the continuum boundary, the continuum damping becomes the dominant damping mechanism.

Alfvén eigenmodes↗

DOE OSTI2024

ASGarD: Adaptive Sparse Grid Discretization

Many areas of science exhibit physical processes that are described by high dimensional partial differential equations (PDEs), e.g., the 4D, 5D and 6D models describing magnetized fusion plasmas, models describing quantum chemistry, or derivatives pricing. Such problems are affected by the so-called “curse of dimensionality” where the number of degrees of freedom (or unknowns) required to be solved for scales as N D where N is the number of grid points in any given dimension D. A simple, albeit naive, 6D example is demonstrated in the left panel of Figure 1. With N = 1000 grid points in each dimension, the memory required just to store the solution vector, not to mention forming the matrix required to advance such a system in time, would exceed an exabyte - and also the available memory on the largest of supercomputers available today. The right panel of Figure 1 demonstrates potential savings for a range of problem dimensionalities and grid resolution. While there are methods to simulate such high-dimensional systems, they are mostly based on Monte-Carlo methods, which rely on a statistical sampling such that the resulting solutions include noise. Since the noise in such methods can only be reduced at a rate proportional to $\sqrt{N_p}$ where N p is the number of Monte-Carlo samples, there is a need for continuum, or grid/mesh-based methods for high-dimensional problems, which both do not suffer from noise and bypass the curse of dimensionality. We present a simulation framework that provides such a method using adaptive sparse grids.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2025

Low-Jitter Clock Receivers for Fast Timing Applications

Precision timing is a key requirement for emerging 4D particle tracking, Positron Emission Tomography (PET), beam and fusion plasma diagnostics, and other systems. Time-to-Digital Converters (TDCs) are commonly used to provide digital estimates of the relative timing between events, but the jitter performance of a TDC can be no better than the performance of the circuits that acquire the pulses and deliver them to the TDC. Several clock receiver and distribution circuits were evaluated, and a differential amplifier with resistive loads driving a pseudo-differential clock distribution network, developed using design guidelines for radiation tolerance and cryogenic compatibility, was fabricated as part of three prototypes: an analog front-end testbed chip for high-precision timing pixel readout, a dedicated TDC evaluation chip, and a Low-Gain Avalanche Detector (LGAD) readout circuit. Based on TDC measurements of the prototypes, we infer that the jitter added by the clock receiver and distribution circuits is less than 2.25 ps-rms. This performance meets the requirements of many future precision timing systems. The clock receiver and on-chip pseudo-differential driver were fabricated in commercial 28-nm CMOS technology and occupy 2288 µm 2 .

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

NASA NTRS1977

High resolution X-ray optics for astronomical and laboratory sources

In recent years X-ray telescopes have been used successfully for high resolution observations of astronomical objects, in particular the solar corona. At the present time X-ray microscopes are being developed for diagnostics of laser and electron beam induced fusion plasmas. This paper describes both types of imaging systems using as examples the AS&E X-ray telescope on Skylab and a 10X microscope being built for Los Alamos Scientific Laboratories. The designs, manufacturing tolerances, fabrication, testing, and performance are discussed. Steps for further development in both imaging areas are identified.

Silk, J. K.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Radiometry using synchrotron radiation

It is possible to use synchrotron radiation from electron synchrotrons and electron storage rings as an absolute source, especially in the VUV and soft X-ray regions where other standards are difficult to find. At the NBS, an electron storage ring (SURF-II) has been used to calibrate spectrometers and photometers utilized in solar and aeronomy research and in fusion plasma diagnostics. The radiation incident on these spectrometers can be calculated to uncertainties of 3%, and a technique to exactly determine the number of electrons orbiting in the ring is currently being developed to reduce this uncertainty. Detector calibrations between 5 and 55 nm are routinely performed at SURF-II and transfer standard detectors with 6-10% uncertainties over the range 5-254 nm are supplied.

Saloman, E. B.↗

NASA NTRS1990

A feasibility study and mission analysis for the Hybrid Plume Plasma Rocket

The Hybrid Plume Plasma Rocket (HPPR) is a high power electric propulsion concept which is being developed at the MIT Plasma Fusion Center. This paper presents a theoretical overview of the concept as well as the results and conclusions of an independent study which has been conducted to identify and categorize those technologies which require significant development before the HPPR can be considered a viable electric propulsion device. It has been determined that the technologies which require the most development are high power radio-frequency and microwave generation for space applications and the associated power processing units, low mass superconducting magnets, a reliable, long duration, multi-megawatt space nuclear power source, and long term storage of liquid hydrogen propellant. In addition to this, a mission analysis of a one-way transfer from low earth orbit (LEO) to Mars indicates that a constant acceleration thrust profile, which can be obtained using the HPPR, results in faster trip times and greater payload capacities than those afforded by more conventional constant thrust profiles.

Sullivan, Daniel J.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Self-similar evolution of the nonlinear magnetic buoyancy instability

A new type of self-similar solution of ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) in the nonlinear stage of the undular model (k parallel to B) of the magnetic buoyancy instability (the ballooning instability in fusion plasma physics or the Parker instability in astrophysics) is found through MHD simulation and theory. The linear theory developed agrees well with the simulation in the early (linear) stage. The nonlinear stages of the instability in the simulation show the self-similar evolution. One of the solutions obtained from the nonlinear analysis has the characteristics of nonlinear instability in Lagrangian coordinates; the fluid velocity and the Alfven speed on each magnetic loop increase exponentially with time, because the loop is evacuated by the field-aligned motion of matter resulting from gravitational acceleration. In the later stage of the nonlinear evolution, the solution property changes from exponential to power-law time dependence. The latter corresponds to a force-free expansion solution. The later saturation of the velocity increment is also discussed.

Shibata, K.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Monolithic millimeter-wave diode array beam controllers: Theory and experiment

In the current work, multi-function beam control arrays have been fabricated and have successfully demonstrated amplitude control of transmitted beams in the W and D bands (75-170 GHz). While these arrays are designed to provide beam control under DC bias operation, new designs for high-speed electronic and optical control are under development. These arrays will fill a need for high-speed watt-level beam switches in pulsed reflectometer systems under development for magnetic fusion plasma diagnostics. A second experimental accomplishment of the current work is the demonstration in the 100-170 GHz (D band) frequency range of a new technique for the measurement of the transmission phase as well as amplitude. Transmission data can serve as a means to extract ('de-embed') the grid parameters; phase information provides more complete data to assist in this process. Additional functions of the array beam controller yet to be tested include electronically controlled steering and focusing of a reflected beam. These have application in the areas of millimeter-wave electronic scanning radar and reflectometry, respectively.

Sjogren, L. B.↗

NASA NTRS2003

Large-Eddy Simulation of Conductive Flows at Low Magnetic Reynolds Number

In this paper we study the LES method with dynamic procedure in the context of conductive flows subject to an applied external magnetic field at low magnetic Reynolds number R(sub m). These kind of flows are encountered in many industrial applications. For example, in the steel industry, applied magnetic fields can be used to damp turbulence in the casting process. In nuclear fusion devices (Tokamaks), liquid-lithium flows are used as coolant blankets and interact with the surrounding magnetic field that drives and confines the fusion plasma. Also, in experimental facilities investigating the dynamo effect, the flow consists of liquid-sodium for which the Prandtl number and, as a consequence, the magnetic Reynolds number is low. Our attention is focused here on the case of homogeneous (initially isotropic) decaying turbulence. The numerical simulations performed mimic the thought experiment described in Moffatt in which an initially homogeneous isotropic conductive flow is suddenly subjected to an applied magnetic field and freely decays without any forcing. Note that this flow was first studied numerically by Schumann. It is well known that in that case, extra damping of turbulence occurs due to the Joule effect and that the flow tends to become progressively independent of the coordinate along the direction of the magnetic field. Our comparison of filtered direct numerical simulation (DNS) predictions and LES predictions show that the dynamic Smagorinsky model enables one to capture successfully the flow with LES, and that it automatically incorporates the effect of the magnetic field on the turbulence. Our paper is organized as follows. In the next section we summarize the LES approach in the case of MHD turbulence at low R(sub m) and recall the definition of the dynamic Smagorinsky model. In Sec. 3 we describe the parameters of the numerical experiments performed and the code used. Section 4 is devoted to the comparison of filtered DNS results and LES results. Conclusions are presented in Sec. 5.

Knaepen, B.↗

NASA NTRS2011

Evaluation of an Electrostatic Dust Removal System with Potential Application in Next-Step Fusion Devices

The ability to manage inventories of carbon, tritium, and high-Z elements in fusion plasmas depends on means for effective dust removal. A dust conveyor, based on a moving electrostatic potential well, was tested with particles of tungsten, carbon, glass and sand. A digital microscope imaged a representative portion of the conveyor, and dust particle size and volume distributions were derived before and after operation. About 10 cu mm volume of carbon and tungsten particles were moved in under 5 seconds. The highest driving amplitude tested of 3 kV was the most effective. The optimal driving frequency was 210 Hz (maximum tested) for tungsten particles, decreasing to below 60 Hz for the larger sand particles. Measurements of particle size and volume distributions after 10 and 100 cycles show the breaking apart of agglomerated carbon, and the change in particle distribution over short timescales 1 s).

Friesen, F. Q. L.↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Low Level Neutron Spectroscopy

Although the most sought-after hot plasma fusion reactions use deuterium-tritium due to its higher fusion cross-section, the deuteron-deuteron fusion reaction is also used and is suspected in Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR). Although LENR reactions are largely aneutronic, the D(d,n)3He reaction produces a 2.45 MeV kinetic energy neutron. In the course of fusion experiments at NASA, ranging from bremsstrahlung photoneutron-initiated fusion to Pd/D co-deposition, we’ve made use of liquid and solid neutron scintillator spectrometers, bubble detectors and Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (CR-39). We have observed the unfolded neutron energy spectrum from primary fusion and boosted fusion or stripped neutrons from photoneutron induced fusion. Despite an average deuteron energy of 64 keV, the peak unfolded neutron flux was only a few neutrons/minute. The major problem was the 10e14vgamma ray/neutrons/second flux ratio.

Neutron spectroscopy↗

NASA NTRS1986

Physics through the 1990s: Plasmas and fluids

The volume contains recommendations for programs in, and government support of, plasma and fluid physics. Four broad areas are covered: the physics of fluids, general plasma physics, fusion, and space and astrophysical plasmas. In the first section, the accomplishments of fluid physics and a detailed review of its sub-fields, such as combustion, non-Newtonian fluids, turbulence, aerodynamics, and geophysical fluid dynamics, are described. The general plasma physics section deals with the wide scope of the theoretical concepts involved in plasma research, and with the machines; intense beam systems, collective and laser-driven accelerators, and the associated diagnostics. The section on the fusion plasma research program examines confinement and heating systems, such as Tokamaks, magnetic mirrors, and inertial-confinement systems, and several others. Finally, theory and experiment in space and astrophysical plasma research is detailed, ranging from the laboratory to the solar system and beyond. A glossary is included.

Source record↗

DOE OSTI2024

Diagnosing up-scattered deuterium–tritium fusion neutrons produced in burning plasmas at the National Ignition Facility (invited)

In the push to higher performance fusion plasmas, two critical quantities to diagnose are α-heat deposition that can improve and impurities mixed into the plasma that can limit performance. In high-density, highly collisional inertial confinement fusion burning plasmas, there is a significant probability that deuterium–tritium (DT) fusion products, 14.1 MeV neutrons and 3.5 MeV α-particles, will collide with and deposit energy onto (“up-scatter”) surrounding deuterium and tritium fuel ions. These up-scattered D and T ions can then undergo fusion while in-flight and produce an up-scattered neutron (15–30 MeV). These reaction-in-flight (RIF) neutrons can then be uniquely identified in the measured neutron energy spectrum. Further, the magnitude, shape, and relative size of this spectral feature can inform models of stopping-power in the DT plasma and hence is directly proportional to α-heat deposition. In addition, the RIF spectrum can be related to mix into the burning fuel, particularly relevant for high-Z shell and other emerging National Ignition Facility platforms. The neutron time-of-flight diagnostic upgrades needed to obtain this small signal, ~10 –5 times the primary DT neutron peak, will be discussed. Results from several gain > 1 implosions will be shown and compared to previous RIF spectra. Finally, comparisons of experimental data to a simplified computational model will be made.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Tokamak Plasmas with Density up to 10 Times the Greenwald Limit

Current-carrying, toroidal laboratory plasmas typically cannot be sustained with an electron density above the empirical Greenwald limit. Presented here are tokamak experiments in the Madison Symmetric Torus with a density up to an unprecedented level about ten times this limit. This is thought to be made possible in part by a thick, stabilizing, conductive wall, and a high-voltage, feedback-controlled power supply driving the plasma current. The radial profile of the toroidal current flattens around twice the limit, without the edge collapse routinely observed in other experiments.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2025

A future of inertial confinement fusion without laser-plasma instabilities

From the beginning of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research, laser-plasma instabilities excited by narrowband lasers have limited the hydrodynamic design space of all laser-based approaches to inertial fusion energy (IFE). With advances in broadband laser technologies, the next generation of ICF drivers will likely have large bandwidth that is engineered to mitigate laser-plasma instabilities, thereby expanding the hydrodynamic design space to include both robust high yields (>200−MJ) with large-energy laser systems (>4 MJ) and high gains (>10) with moderate-energy laser facilities (<2 MJ). State-of-the-art simulations indicate that laser bandwidths of a few percent are required to mitigate instabilities for IFE-relevant conditions. To test these models and demonstrate that high-bandwidth lasers mitigate laser-plasma instabilities, the Fourth-generation Laser for Ultrabroadband eXperiments will be used with the OMEGA Laser System. The goal is to provide the community with the confidence to invest in a multiple-beam high-bandwidth laser facility that will demonstrate the necessary ablation pressures for robust direct-drive ignition without detrimental levels of hot electrons that degrade the implosion performance. It is important to recognize that the highest performing ICF implosions will likely never be completely LPI free because of the significant advantages to maximizing the laser intensity.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

NASA NTRS2004

Magnetic-Nozzle Studies for Fusion Propulsion Applications: Gigawatt Plasma Source Operation and Magnetic Nozzle Analysis

This project has been a multiyear effort to assess the feasibility of a key process inherent to virtually all fusion propulsion concepts: the expansion of a fusion-grade plasma through a diverging magnetic field. Current fusion energy research touches on this process only indirectly through studies of plasma divertors designed to remove the fusion products from a reactor. This project was aimed at directly addressing propulsion system issues, without the expense of constructing a fusion reactor. Instead, the program designed, constructed, and operated a facility suitable for simulating fusion reactor grade edge plasmas, and to examine their expansion in an expanding magnetic nozzle. The approach was to create and accelerate a dense (up to l0(exp 20)/m) plasma, stagnate it in a converging magnetic field to convert kinetic energy to thermal energy, and examine the subsequent expansion of the hot (100's eV) plasma in a subsequent magnetic nozzle. Throughout the project, there has been a parallel effort between theoretical and numerical design and modelling of the experiment and the experiment itself. In particular, the MACH2 code was used to design and predict the performance of the magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) plasma accelerator, and to design and predict the design and expected behavior for the magnetic field coils that could be added later. Progress to date includes the theoretical accelerator design and construction, development of the power and vacuum systems to accommodate the powers and mass flow rates of interest to out research, operation of the accelerator and comparison to theoretical predictions, and computational analysis of future magnetic field coils and the expected performance of an integrated source-nozzle experiment.

Gilland, James H.↗