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Emergence of reconfigurable wires and spinners via dynamic self-assembly
Dissipative colloidal materials use energy to generate and maintain structural complexity. The energy injection rate, and properties of the environment are important control parameters that influence the outcome of dynamic self-assembly. Here we demonstrate that dispersions of magnetic microparticles confined at the air-liquid interface, and energized by a uniaxial in-plane alternating magnetic field, self-assemble into a variety of structures that range from pulsating clusters and single-particle-thick wires to dynamic arrays of spinners (self-assembled short chains) rotating in either direction. The spinners emerge via spontaneous breaking of the uniaxial symmetry of the energizing magnetic field. Demonstration of the formation and disaggregation of particle assemblies suggests strategies to form new meso-scale structures with the potential to perform functions such as mixing and sensing.
Structural and Morphological Characteristics of Rare Earth Element-based MAX Phase and MXene
There has been a tremendous effort for the synthesis of crystalline MAX phases—a family of transition metal carbides and nitrides with a chemical formula of Mn+1AXn, where M is an early transition metal, A belongs to groups XIII – XVI in the periodic table, X is either C or N, and n can be in between 1 and 3. Furthermore, these materials have shown thermal and electrical conductance and have low density and high stiffness which open broad aspects of practical applications. Recently double transition metal MAX phases (M’ 2/3 M’’ 1/3 ) 2 AX - out-of-plane ordered, labeled as o-MAX and in-plane ordered, labeled as i-MAX, were reported. However, there are few reports on the synthesis and characterization of i-MAX and the corresponding MXenes. In this work, we synthesized Molybdenum-based rare earth containing i-MAX phase using arc melt technique. We then removed “A” element of i-MAX phase by acid treatment and sonication which resulted in two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides called MXenes. These MXenes offer high conductivity, hydrophilicity, magnetism, good dispersion ability in solvents, mechanical stability, and structural diversity with at least 100 stoichiometric MXene compositions and are recognized as multifunctional materials.
CaMn 2 Sb 2 : Spin waves on a frustrated antiferromagnetic honeycomb lattice
We present inelastic neutron scattering measurements of the antiferromagnetic insulator CaMn 2 Sb 2 :, which consists of corrugated honeycomb layers of Mn. The dispersion of magnetic excitations has been measured along the H and L directions in reciprocal space, with a maximum excitation energy of ≈ 24 meV. These excitations are well described by spin waves in a Heisenberg model, including first and second neighbor exchange interactions, J 1 and J 2 , in the Mn plane and also an exchange interaction between planes. The determined ratio J 2 /J 1 ≈ 1/6 suggests that CaMn 2 Sb 2 : is the first example of a compound that lies very close to the mean field tricritical point, known for the classical Heisenberg model on the honeycomb lattice, where the N´eel phase and two different spiral phases coexist. The magnitude of the determined exchange interactions reveal a mean field ordering temperature ≈ 4 times larger than the reported N´eel temperature T N = 85 K, suggesting significant frustration arising from proximity to the tricritical point.
Thermal profile shaping and loss impacts of strain annealing on magnetic ribbon cores
We report the use of the advanced manufacturing technique of strain annealing for nanocomposite magnetic ribbons enables control of relative permeabilities and spatially dependent permeability profiles. Tuned permeability profiles enable enhanced control of the magnetic flux throughout magnetic cores, including the concentration or dispersion of the magnetic flux over specific regions. Due to the correlation between local core losses and temperature rises with the local magnetic flux, these profiles can be tuned at the component level for improved losses and reduced steady-state temperatures. We present analytical models for a number of assumed permeability profiles. This work shows significant reductions in the peak temperature rise with overall core losses impacted to a lesser extent. Controlled strain annealing profiles can also adjust the location of hotspots within a component for optimal cooling schemes. Finally, as a result, magnetic designs can have improved performance for a range of potential operating conditions.
Electromagnetic and electrostatic Bernstein modes in a warm, collisionless Maxwell plasma
Wave dispersion across magnetic field in cold and warm collisioness Maxwellian plasma, discussing electromagnetic and electrostatic Bernstein modes
The calcium K-line network in coronal holes
Microphotometry of calcium K-line photographs in the regions of polar coronal holes shows that the chromospheric network exterior to a hole has a slightly broader intensity distribution than that inside the hole itself, a fact which can be attributed to a greater number of bright network elements outside the hole. These bright elements presumably represent the enhanced network resulting from the dispersal of magnetic flux from old active regions, a hypothesis which is consistent with current ideas of coronal-hole formation.
Synthesizing intermetallic thermoelectric materials using metal flux growth method
With zero energy poverty by 2050 goals, exploring innovative energy technologies is essential. Thermoelectric materials (TEMs) have the potential to harness waste heat and convert it to electricity (e.g., for spacecraft power, sensors, and cryogenic cooling). Two limitations of thermoelectric compounds are their low efficiency and limited pool of materials. Optimizing the efficiency of TEMs is challenging due to the interdependent relationship between electrical and thermal conductivity. A deeper understanding of electronic properties and lattice thermal conductivity is necessary to “understand, predict and ultimately control” the thermoelectric properties of TEMs. Understanding the influence of light-atom-doping and intrinsic defects on the electronic properties of the f-element containing TEMs are important questions that need to be answered to design and synthesize TEMs with optimal parameters. The purpose of this work is to understand how doping f-element based TEMs with light elements, such as carbon and boron, would impact the crystal structure, bond lengths, band gaps, and thermoelectric characteristics. High-quality f¬-element containing intermetallic single crystals are grown in metal flux media. In molten metal flux growth method, one or more low-melting metals such as aluminum, gallium, tin, and bismuth are used in excess as the reaction medium. As these are solution-state reactions, we can use lower temperatures than solid-state reactions and isolate the kinetic products instead of the thermodynamically stable compound. Then these are characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, magnetization, electrical and thermal conductivities, and thermoelectric power.
North–South Asymmetry in Rieger-type Periodicity during Solar Cycles 19–23
Rieger-type periodicity has been detected in different activity indices over many solar cycles. It was recently shown that the periodicity correlates with solar activity having a shorter period during stronger cycles. Solar activity level is generally asymmetric between northern and southern hemispheres, which could suggest the presence of a similar behavior in the Rieger-type periodicity. We analyze the sunspot area/number and the total magnetic flux data for northern and southern hemispheres during solar cycles 19–23, which had remarkable north–south asymmetry. Using wavelet analysis of sunspot area and number during the north-dominated cycles (19–20), we obtained the periodicity of 160–165 days in the stronger northern hemisphere and 180–190 days in the weaker southern hemisphere. On the other hand, south-dominated cycles (21–23) display the periodicity of 155–160 days in the stronger southern hemisphere and 175–188 days in the weaker northern hemisphere. Therefore, the Rieger-type periodicity has the north–south asymmetry in sunspot area/number data during solar cycles with strong hemispheric asymmetry. We suggest that the periodicity is caused by magnetic Rossby waves in the internal dynamo layer. Using the dispersion relation of magnetic Rossby waves and observed Rieger periodicity, we estimated the magnetic field strength in the layer as 45–49 kG in more active hemispheres (north during cycles 19–20 and south during cycles 21–23) and 33–40 kG in weaker hemispheres. The estimated difference in the hemispheric field strength is around 10 kG, which provides a challenge for dynamo models. Total magnetic flux data during cycles 20–23 reveals no clear north–south asymmetry, which needs to be explained in the future.
Magnetic effects on the diffusion of ferromagnetic colloidal particles dispersed in a current-carrying fluid medium.
Magnetic effects on diffusion of ferromagnetic colloidal particles dispersed in current-carrying fluid medium, noting force effects on relaxation process
Magnetic-field-induced nonparabolicity of exciton dispersion in semiconductors with a nondegenerate valence band
The nonparabolicity of exciton dispersion due to the mixing of the ground and excited states of an exciton in an external magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of its motion is considered. A model describing this effect is proposed and the nonparabolicity for an exciton in a CdTe crystal is calculated. The magnetic-field induced exciton nonparabolicity is compared with the effect caused by the nonparabolicity of the electron energy dispersion in the conduction band.
The mean energy loss by neutrino with magnetic moment in strong magnetic field with consideration of positronium contribution to photon dispersion
The process of radiative decay of the neutrino with a magnetic moment in a strong magnetic field with consideration of positronium influence on photon dispersion has been studied. Positronium contribution to the photon polarization operator induces significant modifications of the photon dispersion law and neutrino radiative decay amplitude. It has been shown that the mean energy loss of a neutrino with magnetic a moment significantly increases, when the positronium contribution to photon dispersion is taken into account.
The dispersion relation and excitation of transverse magnetic mode electromagnetic waves in rippled-wall waveguide with a plasma rod and an annular dielectric
By using the linear field theory, the dispersion relation of electromagnetic waves in a rippled-wall waveguide with a plasma rod and an annular dielectric is obtained. In addition, by injecting a finite thick annular intense relativistic electron beam in this waveguide, the excitation of these waves is investigated. Furthermore, the effects of the radius of the plasma rod, the radius of the dielectric, the corrugation amplitude, and period on the frequency spectrum are investigated. Besides, the time growth rate of excitation of these waves by an annular relativistic electron beam is studied. Finally, to demonstrate the advantages of this rippled-wall waveguide, the dispersion relation and the growth rate of three simplified cases are investigated.
Surface and body waves in magnetic flux tubes
The dispersion relation of surface and body waves in a magnetic flux tube is studied in detail. The properties of the fast and slow bodywaves are described in terms of the filtering characteristics of the flux tube. In addition to the axisymmetric and nonaxisymmetric distinction between the modes, an additional distinction is made between the fundamental mode and the rest of the modes. New results concerning the thin and large flux tube approximation are derived. The behavior of surface and body waves in the solar convection zone, photosphere, and corona is discussed.
Self-field effects on instability of wave modes in a two-stream free-electron laser with an axial magnetic field
Free electron lasers (FEL) play major roles in the Raman Regime, due to the charge and current densities of the beam self-field. The method of perturbation has been applied to study the influence of self-electric and self-magnetic fields. A dispersion relation for two-stream free electron lasers with a helical wiggler and an axial magnetic field has been found. This dispersion relation is solved numerically to investigate the influence of self-fields on the FEL coupling and the two-stream instability. It was found that self-fields can produce very large effects on the FEL coupling, but they have almost negligible effects on two-stream instability.
Finite difference time domain electromagnetic scattering from frequency-dependent lossy materials
Four different FDTD computer codes and companion Radar Cross Section (RCS) conversion codes on magnetic media are submitted. A single three dimensional dispersive FDTD code for both dispersive dielectric and magnetic materials was developed, along with a user's manual. The extension of FDTD to more complicated materials was made. The code is efficient and is capable of modeling interesting radar targets using a modest computer workstation platform. RCS results for two different plate geometries are reported. The FDTD method was also extended to computing far zone time domain results in two dimensions. Also the capability to model nonlinear materials was incorporated into FDTD and validated.
Weakly relativistic quantum kinetic theory for electrostatic wave modes in magnetized plasmas
We have derived the electrostatic dispersion relation in a magnetized plasma using a recently developed quantum kinetic model based on the Dirac equation. The model contains weakly relativistic spin effects such as Thomas precession, the polarization currents associated with the spin and the spin-orbit coupling. It turns out that for strictly electrostatic perturbations the non-relativistic spin effects vanish, and the modification of the classical dispersion relation is solely associated with the relativistic terms. Several new wave modes appear due the electron spin effects, and an example for astrophysical plasmas are given.
Analysis of photonic band gap in dispersive properties of tunable three-dimensional photonic crystals doped by magnetized plasma
In this paper, the magnetooptical effects in dispersive properties for two types of three-dimensional magnetized plasma photonic crystals (MPPCs) containing homogeneous dielectric and magnetized plasma with diamond lattices are theoretically investigated for electromagnetic (EM) wave based on plane wave expansion (PWE) method, as incidence EM wave vector is parallel to the external magnetic field. The equations for two types of MPPCs with diamond lattices (dielectric spheres immersed in magnetized plasma background or vice versa) are theoretically deduced. The influences of dielectric constant, plasma collision frequency, filling factor, the external magnetic field, and plasma frequency on the dispersive properties for both types of structures are studied in detail, respectively, and some corresponding physical explanations are also given. From the numerical results, it has been shown that the photonic band gaps (PBGs) for both types of MPPCs can be manipulated by plasma frequency, filling factor, the external magnetic field, and the relative dielectric constant of dielectric, respectively. Especially, the external magnetic field can enlarge the PBG for type-2 structure (plasma spheres immersed in dielectric background). However, the plasma collision frequency has no effect on the dispersive properties of two types of three-dimensional MPPCs. The locations of flatbands regions for both types of structures cannot be tuned by any parameters except for plasma frequency and the external magnetic field. The analytical results may be informative and of technical use to design the MPPCs devices.