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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1976

Concorde Noise-Induced Building Vibrations, Montgomery County, Maryland

A series of studies are reported to assess the noise induced building vibrations associated with Concorde operations. The levels of induced vibration and associated indoor/outdoor noise levels resulting from aircraft and nonaircraft events in selected homes, historic and other buildings near Dulles International Airport were recorded. The building response resulting from aircraft operations was found to be directly proportional to the overall sound pressure level and approximately independent of the aircraft type. The noise levels and, consequently, the response levels were observed to be higher for the Concorde operations than for the CTOL operations. Furthermore, the vibration could be closely reproduced by playing aircraft noise through a loudspeaker system located near the vibration measurement location. Nonaircraft events such as door closing were again observed to result in higher response levels than those induced by aircraft.

Mayes, W. H.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Learning-Based Real-Time Event Identification Using Rich Real PMU Data

A large-scale deployment of phasor measurement units (PMUs) that reveal the inherent physical laws of power systems from a data perspective enables an enhanced awareness of power system operation. However, the high-granularity and non-stationary nature of PMU data and imperfect data quality could bring great technical challenges for real-time system event identification. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a two-stage learning-based framework. In the first stage, a Markov transition field (MTF) algorithm is exploited to extract the latent data features by encoding temporal dependency and transition statistics of PMU data in graphs. Then, a spatial pyramid pooling (SPP)-aided convolutional neural network (CNN) is established to efficiently and accurately identify power events. The proposed method fully builds on and is also tested on a large real-world dataset from several tens of PMU sources (and the corresponding event logs), located across the U.S., with a time span of two consecutive years. We report the numerical results validate that our method has high identification accuracy while showing good robustness against poor data quality.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2021

Analysis and Optimization of Seismo-Acoustic Monitoring Networks with Bayesian Optimal Experimental Design

The Bayesian optimal experimental design (OED) problem seeks to identify data, sensor configurations, or experiments which can optimally reduce uncertainty. The goal of OED is to find an experiment that maximizes the expected information gain (EIG) about quantities of interest given prior knowledge about expected data. Therefore, within the context of seismic monitoring, we can use Bayesian OED to configure sensor networks by choosing sensor locations, types, and fidelity in order to improve our ability to identify and locate seismic sources. In this work, we develop the framework necessary to use Bayesian OED to optimize the ability to locate seismic events from arrival time data of detected seismic phases. In order to do utilize Bayesian OED we must develop four elements:1. A likelihood function that describes the uncertainty of detection and travel times; 2. A Bayesian solver that takes a prior and likelihood to identify the posterior; 3. An algorithm to compute EIG; and, 4. An optimizer that finds a sensor network which maximizes EIG. Once we have developed this framework, we can explore many relevant questions to monitoring such as: how and what multiphenomenology data can be used to optimally reduce uncertainty, how to trade off sensor fidelity and earth model uncertainty, and how sensor types, number, and locations influence uncertainty

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Common Cause Failures Dominate and Defeat Redundancy

Common cause failures occur when several malfunctions are produced by a single event or process. They are especially damaging when they eliminate an entire set of redundant systems and disable their intended function. Redundancy is used when the individual system failure probability is unacceptably high. Redundancy can improve the overall system failure probability if the failures are independent, but the reliability gain is limited if there are dependent failures having a common cause. No amount of redundancy can reduce the total failure probability below the common cause failure probability. Common cause failures defeat redundancy. Systems with high reliability requirements often use extensive redundancy. These highly redundant systems rarely fail unless all the redundant components providing a particular function fail. Complete failures of such highly redundant systems are then usually common cause failures. Common cause failures are prevalent in highly redundant, high reliability systems. Common cause failures dominate redundancy. Redundant systems may fail due to specification, design, manufacturing, operations, or maintenance problems that disable all the identical redundant systems. Common cause failures typically account for one tenth of all failures. If the failure probability is relatively low and common cause failures are significant, adding more than two or three redundant identical units usually gives little added reliability improvement. Common cause failures can be reduced by using diverse components with different technologies and manufacturers, by separating and shielding subsystems, and by avoiding shared control, power, or location. External events and shared vulnerabilities may still cause common cause failures.

common cause failures↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Common Cause Failures Dominate and Defeat Redundancy

Common cause failures occur when several malfunctions are produced by a single event or process. They are especially damaging when they eliminate an entire set of redundant systems and disable their intended function. Redundancy is used when the individual system failure probability is unacceptably high. Redundancy can improve the overall system failure probability if the failures are independent, but the reliability gain is limited if there are dependent failures having a common cause. No amount of redundancy can reduce the total failure probability below the common cause failure probability. Common cause failures defeat redundancy. Systems with high reliability requirements often use extensive redundancy. These highly redundant systems rarely fail unless all the redundant components providing a particular function fail. Complete failures of such highly redundant systems are then usually common cause failures. Common cause failures are prevalent in highly redundant, high reliability systems. Common cause failures dominate redundancy. Redundant systems may fail due to specification, design, manufacturing, operations, or maintenance problems that disable all the identical redundant systems. Common cause failures typically account for one tenth of all failures. If the failure probability is relatively low and common cause failures are significant, adding more than two or three redundant identical units usually gives little added reliability improvement. Common cause failures can be reduced by using diverse components with different technologies and manufacturers, by separating and shielding subsystems, and by avoiding shared control, power, or location. External events and shared vulnerabilities may still cause common cause failures.

common cause failures↗
DOE OSTI2021

Spatial and temporal variability of tritium in precipitation within South Africa and it's bearing on hydrological studies

Tritium, the radioactive isotope of hydrogen, has been used to understand groundwater recharge processes for decades. The current variation of tritium in the atmosphere is largely attributed to stratospheric production and fall out rates as well as global circulation phenomena controlling the hydrological cycle. Global controls on the variability in atmospheric tritium activity are poorly suited to explain local variation and tritium activities in precipitation are often assumed to be uniform over both local and regional catchments and watersheds. This assumption can result in both over and under estimation of modern recharge within an aquifer when using tritium as the recharge proxy. In order to minimize the inherent prediction residuals associated with tritium based recharge investigations, the variability of tritium in precipitation was modelled from 127 spatial precipitation samples taken over a two year period, combined with a 76 precipitation sample group-set taken over a one year period in a single location. Precipitation events were traced backward in time, from the point of collection, using HYSPLIT modelling to ascertain the origins of moisture content as well as the altitudes of moisture origin reached along the particle track. Tritium activities, collected over a one year period in Paarl, range from 0.45 to 4.16 TU and have a mean of 1.59 TU. Spatial storm events in the Western Cape in 2017 and 2018 had a range from 0 to 2.2 and 0.37 to 3.27 TU, respectively, with mean activities of 1.18 (n = 34) and 1.25 TU (n = 32). Both storm events had similar tritium variability (σ = 0.5 n = 35 and 0.48 n = 32). Regional precipitation events had the largest range of tritium activities (0.55–12.2 TU). Although not all tritium activities can be explained by interrogating the water mass origin, this study suggests that approximately 90% of events can be completely or partially attributed to the origin of the water mass. The variability of tritium, both spatially and temporally, was higher than expected, confirming that when uniform tritium inputs are used, the groundwater system would provide inaccurate modern recharge estimates. Higher spatial resolution of tritium variation in precipitation for a particular region will improve our ability to relate tritium activities in groundwater to local precipitation.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Three-dimensional core-collapse supernova models with phenomenological treatment of neutrino flavor conversions

Abstract We perform three-dimensional supernova simulations with a phenomenological treatment of neutrino flavor conversions. We show that the explosion energy can increase to as high as $\sim 10^{51}$ erg depending on the critical density for the onset of flavor conversions, due to a significant enhancement of the mean energy of electron antineutrinos. Our results confirm previous studies showing such energetic explosions, but for the first time in three-dimensional configurations. In addition, we predict neutrino and gravitational wave (GW) signals from a nearby supernova explosion aided by flavor conversions. We find that the neutrino event number decreases because of the reduced flux of heavy-lepton neutrinos. In order to detect GWs, next-generation GW telescopes such as Cosmic Explorer and the Einstein Telescope are needed even if the supernova event is located at the Galactic Center. These findings show that the neutrino flavor conversions can significantly change supernova dynamics and highlight the importance of further studies on the quantum kinetic equations to determine the conditions of the conversions and their asymptotic states.

Mori, Kanji↗
DOE OSTI2021

SMC 2021 : Analyzing Resource Utilization and User Behavior on Titan Supercomputer

Resource utilization statistics of submitted jobs on a supercomputer can help us understand how users from various scientific domains use HPC platforms and better design a job scheduler. We explore to generate insight regarding workload distribution and usage pattern domains from job scheduler trace, GPU failure information, and project-specific information collected from Titan supercomputer. Furthermore, we want to know how the scheduler performance varies over time and how the users' scheduling behavior changes following a system failure. These observations have the potential to provide valuable insight, which is helpful to prepare for system failures. These practices will help us develop and apply novel machine learning algorithms in understanding system behavior, requirement, and better scheduling of HPC systems. There are two datasets, RUR and GPU. RUR: This dataset is the job scheduler traces collected from the Titan supercomputerfrom 01/01/2015 to 07/31/2019 (2015.csv - 2019.csv). These were collected usingResource Utilization Report (RUR), a Cray-developed resource-usage data collectionand reporting system. It contains the usage information of its critical resources (CPU,Memory, GPU, and I/O) of each running job on Titan during that period [2]. ProjectAreas: Every job is associated with a project ID. TheProjectAreas.csvdatasetprovides a mapping of the project ID to its domain science. GPU: There have been some hardware-related issues in the GPUs in Titan that caused some GPUs to fail, sometimes irrecoverably during some job runs. This dataset provides information regarding these failures during the execution of the submitted jobs. GPUs on Titan are uniquely identified by a serial number (SN), and they are installed in a location. A GPU can be installed in a location, then removed from that location following a failure, and then re-installed in a different location after fixing the problem. If the failure can't be recovered, the GPU might be removed entirely from Titan. There are two prominent types of failures that resulted in the removal of GPUs from Titan: Double Bit Error (DBE) and Out of the Bus (OTB). The dataset (gc_full.csv) has the following fields: 1. SN : Serial number of a GPU 2. location : The location where it is installed 3. insert : The time when it was inserted into that location 4. remove : The time when it was removed from that location 5. duration : Amount of time the GPU spent in this location 6. out : If the device was taken out entirely w/o a re-installment into a new location. 7. event : If the GPU was taken out entirely, the reason for its removal. To learn more about this dataset, please refer to the git repositoryhttps://github.com/olcf/TitanGPULifeand the related publication [1]. References [1] George Ostrouchov, Don Maxwell, Rizwan A Ashraf, Christian Engelmann, MallikarjunShankar, and James H Rogers. Gpu lifetimes on titan supercomputer: Survival analysisand reliability. InSC20: International Conference for High Performance Computing,Networking, Storage and Analysis, pages 1-14. IEEE, 2020. [2] Feiyi Wang, Sarp Oral, Satyabrata Sen, and Neena Imam. Learning from five-yearresource-utilization data of titan system. In2019 IEEE International Conference onCluster Computing (CLUSTER), pages 1-6. IEEE, 2019.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Refinements to the Graves–Pitarka Kinematic Rupture Generator, Including a Dynamically Consistent Slip-Rate Function, Applied to the 2019 Mw 7.1 Ridgecrest Earthquake

The main objective of this study is to develop physics–based constraints on the spatiotemporal variation of the slip–rate function using a simplified dynamic rupture model. First, we performed dynamic rupture modeling of the 2019 M w 7.1 Ridgecrest, California, earthquake, to analyze the effects of depth–dependent stress and material friction on slip rate. Then, we used our modeling results to guide refinements to the slip–rate function that were implemented in the Graves–Pitarka kinematic rupture generation technique. The dynamic ruptures were computed on a surface–rupturing, planar strike–slip fault that includes a weak (negative to low–stress–drop) zone in the upper 4 km of the crust. Below the weak zone, we placed high–stress–drop patches designed to mirror the large–slip areas seen in various rupture model inversions of the event. The locations of the high–stress–drop patches and the hypocenter were varied in multiple realizations to investigate how changing the dynamic conditions affected the resulting rupture kinematics, in particular, the slip rate. From these simulations, we observed a systematic change in the shape of the slip–rate function from Kostrov type below the weak zone to a predominantly symmetric shape within the weak zone, along with a depth–dependent reduction of peak slip rate. We generalized these shallow rupture features into a depth–dependent parametric variation of the slip–rate function and implemented it in the Graves–Pitarka kinematic rupture model generator. The performance of the updated kinematic approach was then verified in 0–4 Hz simulations of the M w 7.1 Ridgecrest earthquake, which showed that incorporating the depth–dependent variation in the shape of the slip–rate function improves the fit to the observed near–fault ground motions in the 0.5–3 s period range.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Convolutional Neural Networks for Signal Detection

Currently, traditional methods such as short-term average/long-term average (STA/LTA) are used to detect arrivals in three-component seismic waveform data. Accurately establishing the identity and arrival of these waves is helpful in detecting and locating seismic events. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have been shown to significantly improve performance at local distances. This work will expand the use of CNNs to more remote distances and lower magnitudes. Sandia National Labs (SNL) will explore the advantages and limits of a particular approach and investigate requirements for expanding this technique to different types, distances, and magnitudes of events in the future. The team will describe detailed performance results of this method tuned on a curated dataset from Utah with its expert-defined arrival picks.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1972

Correlated satellite measurements of low-energy electron precipitation and ground-based observations of a visible auroral arc.

A comparison of low-energy charged-particle intensities measured with the low-altitude satellite Injun 5 and a ground-based observation of an auroral arc at Fort Churchill on December 21, 1968, during late local evening has established that an intense precipitation band of electron intensities provides the primary energy influx for the auroral light. This precipitation event was located poleward of and adjacent to the trapping boundary for more energetic electron (above 45 keV) intensities. Proton and electron intensities similar to those in the plasma sheet in the magnetotail were observed in a substantially less-intense zone positioned equatorward of and adjacent to the trapping boundary. The intense precipitation band of electron intensities poleward of the trapping boundary is interpreted as the signature of direct acceleration of magnetosheath electrons into the earth's atmosphere.

Ackerson, K. L.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Coronal plasma parameters in a long-duration X-ray event observed by Skylab

Physical conditions in the solar coronal X-ray-emitting plasma are analyzed for an event observed by the S-056 X-ray telescope on Skylab in August 1973. The event was located at the west limb and consisted of a series of high looplike structures that underwent dramatic changes in structure and intensity for more than 50 hours. A total X-ray energy (8 to 20 A) of about 5 by 10 to the 28th power erg is obtained by integrating over the lifetime and is shown to be equivalent to that reported previously for a 'typical' flare. It is found that a first major peak in total X-ray flux and thermal energy density was due to an increase in temperature, a major secondary peak in these parameters corresponded to the time of maximum in density, and conductivity energy losses near maximum intensity were much greater than radiative losses. Models dealing with sources of heating and energy balance are evaluated.

Vorpahl, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Wedge-and-strip anodes for centroid-finding position-sensitive photon and particle detectors

The paper examines geometries employing position-dependent charge partitioning to obtain a two-dimensional position signal from each detected photon or particle. Requiring three or four anode electrodes and signal paths, images have little distortion and resolution is not limited by thermal noise. An analysis of the geometrical image nonlinearity between event centroid location and the charge partition ratios is presented. In addition, fabrication and testing of two wedge-and-strip anode systems are discussed. Images obtained with EUV radiation and microchannel plates verify the predicted performance, with further resolution improvements achieved by adopting low noise signal circuitry. Also discussed are the designs of practical X-ray, EUV, and charged particle image systems.

Martin, C.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Radio and visible-light observations of a coronal arcade transient

Simultaneous visible-light and radio observations of a coronal transient that occurred on April 9, 1980 are discussed. Visible-light observations of the transient and the associated erupting prominence were available from the Coronagraph/Polarimeter carried aboard SMM, the P78-1 coronagraph, and from the Haleakala Observatory. Radio observations of the related type III-II-IV bursts were available from the Clark Lake and Culgoora Observatories. The transient was extremely complex; it is suggested that an entire coronal arcade rather than just a single loop participated in the event. Type III burst sources observed at the beginning of the event were located along a nearby streamer, which was not disrupted, but was displaced by the outmoving loops. The type II burst showed large tangential motion, but, unlike such sources usually do, it had no related herringbone structure. A moving type IV burst source can be associated with the most dense feature of the white-light transient.

Gergely, T. E.↗
NASA NTRS1993

A broad-band microseismometer for planetary operations

There has recently been renewed interest in the development of instrumentation for making measurements on the surface of Mars. This is due to the Mars Environmental Survey (MESUR) Mission, for which approximately 16 small, long-lived (2-10 years), relatively inexpensive surface stations will be deployed in a planet-wide network. This will allow the investigation of processes (such as seismology and meteorology) which require the simultaneous measurement of phenomena at many widely spaced locations on the surface over a considerable length of time. Due to the large number of vehicles involved, the mass, power, and cost of the payload will be severely constrained. A seismometer has been identified as one of the highest priority instruments in the MESUR straw-man payload. The requirements for an effective seismic experiment on Mars place a number of constraints on any viable sensor design. First, a large number of sensors must be deployed in a long-lived global network in order to be able to locate many events reliably, provide good spatial sampling of the interior, and increase the probability of seismic detection in the event of localized seismicity and/or high attenuation. From a practical standpoint, this means that individual surface stations will necessarily be constrained in terms of cost, mass, and power. Landing and thermal control systems will probably be simple, in order to minimize cost, resulting in large impact accelerations and wide daily and seasonal thermal swings. The level of seismic noise will determine the maximum usable sensitivity for seismometer. Unfortunately, the ambient seismic noise level for Mars is not well known. However lunar seismic noise levels are several orders of magnitude below that of the Earth. Sensitivities on the order of 10(exp -11)g over a bandwidth of .04 to 20 Hz are thought to be necessary to fulfill the science objectives for a seimometer placed on the Martian surface. Silicon micromachined sensor technology offers techniques for the fabrication of monolithic, robust, compact, lower power and mass accelerometers. Conventional micro-machined accelerometers have been developed and are commercially available for high frequency and large acceleration measurements. The new seismometer we are developing incorporates certain principles of conventional silicon micromachined accelerometer technology. However, currently available silicon micromachined sensors offer inadequate sensitivity and bandwidth for the Mars seismometer application. Our implementation of an advanced silicon micromachined seismometer is based on principles recently developed at JPL for high-sensitivity position sensor technology.

Banerdt, W. B.↗