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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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124 records · Page 7
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

A Multimodal Approach to Materials Design for Next Generation Energy Storage Systems

While batteries of various chemistries have been responsible for powering everything from small electronics to cars to medical devices, the need for energy storage continues to increase. This increase is in both volume and in scale, as energy storage systems are increasingly being evaluated for inclusion into both larger and broader applications. An important factor to consider with batteries is the end application, as each chemistry and battery system has specific benefits as well as limitations. This necessitates development of a wide range of battery chemistries as well as substantive improvements to these chemistries and their integration on the material, electrode, and systems level. Herein, this work will present on a multi-scale level, different energy storage studies can that are geared to address the demands and needs of varying applications. To highlight the diversity and uniqueness of the required breadth of approaches, several systems are presented in combination with different characterization techniques and analysis relevant to the system. Highlights include proof of concept and development of a self - forming, rechargeable solid state battery, materials development for Lithium Sulfur (Li-S) batteries, electrochemical and characterization techniques to elucidate materials properties, and utilizing theoretical calculations to compliment experimental observations.

Abraham, Alyson↗
DOE OSTI2022

Early Failure of Lithium–Sulfur Batteries at Practical Conditions: Crosstalk between Sulfur Cathode and Lithium Anode

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are one of the most promising next-generation energy storage technologies due to their high theoretical energy and low cost. However, Li–S cells with practically high energy still suffer from a very limited cycle life with reasons which remain unclear. Here, through cell study under practical conditions, it is proved that an internal short circuit (ISC) is a root cause of early cell failure and is ascribed to the crosstalk between the S cathode and Li anode. The cathode topography affects S reactions through influencing the local resistance and electrolyte distribution, particularly under lean electrolyte conditions. The inhomogeneous reactions of S cathodes are easily mirrored by the Li anodes, resulting in exaggerated localized Li plating/stripping, Li filament formation, and eventually cell ISC. Manipulating cathode topography is proven effective to extend the cell cycle life under practical conditions. The findings of this work shed new light on the electrode design for extending cycle life of high-energy Li–S cells, which are also applicable for other rechargeable Li or metal batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

High Sulfur Loading and Capacity Retention in Bilayer Garnet Sulfurized‐Polyacrylonitrile/Lithium‐Metal Batteries with Gel Polymer Electrolytes

The cubic‐garnet (Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 , LLZO) lithium–sulfur battery shows great promise in the pursuit of achieving high energy densities. The sulfur used in the cathodes is abundant, inexpensive, and possesses high specific capacity. In addition, LLZO displays excellent chemical stability with Li metal; however, the instabilities in the sulfur cathode/LLZO interface can lead to performance degradation that limits the development of these batteries. Therefore, it is critical to resolve these interfacial challenges to achieve stable cycling. Here, an innovative gel polymer buffer layer to stabilize the sulfur cathode/LLZO interface is created. Employing a thin bilayer LLZO (dense/porous) architecture as a solid electrolyte and significantly high sulfur loading of 5.2 mg cm −2 , stable cycling is achieved with a high initial discharge capacity of 1542 mAh g −1 (discharge current density of 0.87 mA cm −2 ) and an average discharge capacity of 1218 mAh g −1 (discharge current density of 1.74 mA cm −2 ) with 80% capacity retention over 265 cycles, at room temperature (22 °C) and without applied pressure. Achieving such stability with high sulfur loading is a major step in the development of potentially commercial garnet lithium–sulfur batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Catalytic materials for lithium-sulfur batteries: mechanisms, design strategies and future perspective

Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) are attractive candidates for post-lithium-ion battery technologies because of their ultrahigh theoretical energy density and low cost of active cathode materials. However, the commercialization of LSBs remains extremely challenging primarily due to poor cycling performance and safety concerns, which are inherently caused by low conductivity of S 8 and Li 2 S, severe polysulfide shuttling, and high polarization by solid Li 2 S 2 /Li 2 S deposition. Catalytic materials could facilitate the large-scale practical application of LSBs by overcoming all these challenges. In this review, we investigate the sulfur species evolution in LSBs and explore the roles of catalytic materials in charge/discharge processes, highlighting the catalysis of solid S 8 to liquid polysulfides and solid Li 2 S 2 to Li 2 S. Furthermore, we offer systematic strategies from atomic to macro levels, including defect engineering, morphology engineering and catalyst compositing, to enhance catalysis efficiency in terms of sulfur supercooling, fast charge transfer, thiosulfate generation, disulfide bond cleavage, tuneable Li 2 S growth and Li 2 S decomposition enhancement. Finally, the design and availability of the proposed catalytic materials will further advance LSB technology from coin cells and pouch cells to the subsequent commercialization scale.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Suppressing the Shuttle Effects with FeCo/SPAN Cathodes and High-Concentration Electrolytes for High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

The shuttle effects and the sluggish redox kinetics are two of the main challenges in lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries, which significantly reduce the capacity of the batteries and restrict their commercialization. Herein, FeCo/sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) is synthesized as a cathode material via the electrospinning technique and a further heat treatment. Synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy confirmed the existence of Fe–S/Fe and Co–S bonds in FeCo/SPAN, which benefit the adsorptive and catalytic activities toward lithium polysulfides (LiPSs). Here, we further investigated the effect of electrolyte concentration in inhibiting the shuttle of LiPSs in Li–S batteries. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) reveals that more contact ion pairs are formed and fewer free solvent molecules exist with the increase of the electrolyte concentration, which can inhibit the dissolution and shuttle of LiPSs. Finally, the batteries assembled with high-concentration electrolytes (3 M LiTFSI in DOL/DME) exhibit a higher specific capacity retention compared to those assembled with low-concentration electrolytes. This work enriches the route to prepare Li–S batteries with the rational design of cathode materials and electrolytes.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Catalytic Electrolyte Additive for High-Loading and Lean Electrolyte Li–S Batteries

The cycle life of high-energy Li–S cells is largely constrained by the quick electrolyte depletion. LiNO 3 has been a well-established additive known for protecting the Li metal anode and stabilizing the battery from polysulfide “shuttling”. However, it can be depleted prematurely and can pose safety risks when exposed to carbon, sulfur, or Li metal under harsh conditions. Here, in this study, LiPO 2 F 2 was explored as a safe and durable alternative additive in ether-based electrolytes. LiPO 2 F 2 demonstrates superior performance in Li/S batteries, especially under high sulfur loading (∼4 mg/cm 2 ) and lean electrolyte conditions (E/S = 4), achieving a long-term cycling stability of 40%, compared to 14.7% with LiNO 3 . This additive facilitates the disproportionation of polysulfides, reducing their dissolution and mitigating the shuttle effect. Additionally, LiPO 2 F 2 promotes the formation of a stable solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) composed of inorganic anion-derived species, improving the battery’s overall stability and functionality. These findings blaze a trail in the design of safer and more durable electrolytes for Li–S batteries.

Li-S batteries↗
DOE OSTI2025

3D printing of architected sulfur cathodes with dual-site atomic catalysts for accelerated polysulfide kinetics and Li-ion transport in high areal-loading lithium–sulfur batteries

The practical deployment of lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) is hindered by fundamental limitations in conventional slurry-cast cathodes, including poor sulfur utilization, sluggish ion transport, and low areal capacity, particularly in thick electrodes required for high energy density. To address these challenges, we present direct ink writing (DIW) as an additive manufacturing strategy to fabricate advanced current-collector-free, 3D-printed sulfur cathodes (3DP S@CoNi-DSACs/NC) with hierarchically porous architectures that enhance lithium-ion diffusion, promote electrolyte penetration, and reduce interfacial resistance. The synergistic effects of Co/Ni dual-atom sites accelerate redox kinetics and mitigate polysulfide shuttling. As a result, the optimized 3DP cathode with a sulfur loading of 5.4 mg cm −2 demonstrated excellent rate capability, delivering a high reversible capacity of 1041.4 mAh g −1 at 1C with 85.5% capacity retention after 1000 cycles, significantly outperforming its cast counterpart. Remarkably, even at a higher sulfur loading of 8.1 mg cm −2 , the 3DP cathode maintains outstanding performance, achieving a discharge capacity of 1538.4 mAh g −1 and an areal capacity of 12.5 mAh cm −2 at 0.1C. This study not only demonstrates the functional integration of catalytically active materials into 3D printable sulfur cathode architectures but also offers a scalable and transformative platform for building high-performance LSBs beyond conventional electrode manufacturing methods.

3D electrode↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Li2S by Materials Project

Li2S is Cotunnite structured and crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pnma space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Li1+ sites. In the first Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to four equivalent S2- atoms to form a mixture of corner and edge-sharing LiS4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Li–S bond distances ranging from 2.41–2.45 Å. In the second Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five equivalent S2- atoms. There are a spread of Li–S bond distances ranging from 2.49–2.87 Å. S2- is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine Li1+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Li2S by Materials Project

Li2S is Fluorite structured and crystallizes in the cubic Fm-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Li1+ is bonded to four equivalent S2- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing LiS4 tetrahedra. All Li–S bond lengths are 2.48 Å. S2- is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight equivalent Li1+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on LiS by Materials Project

LiS is Halite, Rock Salt structured and crystallizes in the cubic Fm-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Li1+ is bonded to six equivalent S1- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing LiS6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. All Li–S bond lengths are 2.51 Å. S1- is bonded to six equivalent Li1+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing SLi6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Li2S by Materials Project

Li2S crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pna2_1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Li1+ sites. In the first Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Li1+ and four equivalent S2- atoms. The Li–Li bond length is 2.25 Å. There are a spread of Li–S bond distances ranging from 2.43–2.56 Å. In the second Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Li1+ and four equivalent S2- atoms. There are a spread of Li–S bond distances ranging from 2.43–2.57 Å. S2- is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight Li1+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on LiS4 by Materials Project

LiS4 is alpha Po-like structured and crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of one LiS4 cluster. there are two inequivalent Li1+ sites. In the first Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two S+0.25- atoms. There are one shorter (2.33 Å) and one longer (2.34 Å) Li–S bond lengths. In the second Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to six S+0.25- atoms. There are a spread of Li–S bond distances ranging from 2.41–3.19 Å. There are eight inequivalent S+0.25- sites. In the first S+0.25- site, S+0.25- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Li1+ and one S+0.25- atom. The S–S bond length is 2.07 Å. In the second S+0.25- site, S+0.25- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Li1+ and one S+0.25- atom. In the third S+0.25- site, S+0.25- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one S+0.25- atom. The S–S bond length is 2.09 Å. In the fourth S+0.25- site, S+0.25- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Li1+ and two S+0.25- atoms. The S–S bond length is 2.09 Å. In the fifth S+0.25- site, S+0.25- is bonded in a water-like geometry to two S+0.25- atoms. The S–S bond length is 2.08 Å. In the sixth S+0.25- site, S+0.25- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Li1+ and two S+0.25- atoms. The S–S bond length is 2.05 Å. In the seventh S+0.25- site, S+0.25- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Li1+ and two S+0.25- atoms. The S–S bond length is 2.08 Å. In the eighth S+0.25- site, S+0.25- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Li1+ and one S+0.25- atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on LiS by Materials Project

LiS crystallizes in the tetragonal I-4m2 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Li1+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent S1- atoms. All Li–S bond lengths are 2.40 Å. S1- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Li1+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on LiS by Materials Project

LiS crystallizes in the tetragonal I-42m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Li1+ sites. In the first Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to four equivalent S1- atoms to form distorted corner-sharing LiS4 tetrahedra. There are two shorter (2.42 Å) and two longer (2.72 Å) Li–S bond lengths. In the second Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to four equivalent S1- atoms to form distorted corner-sharing LiS4 trigonal pyramids. All Li–S bond lengths are 2.47 Å. S1- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Li1+ and one S1- atom. The S–S bond length is 2.13 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗