Results for “LaY” — Page 7

NASA NTRS2021

Chapter 1: Self-organization only possible far from equilibrium--machines making machines

At the suggestion of NASA’s Physical Science Research Program in the Space Life and Physical Science Research and Application Division, Paul Chaikin, Noel Clark, and Sidney Nagel organized a focus session and workshop for the 2020 American Physical Society (APS) March meeting under the auspices of the Division of Soft Matter. Three overarching themes emerged from the workshop and are presented with additional details: • Machines made out of machines • Scalable self-sustaining ecosystems • Active materials and metamaterials This report lays out only some of the potential directions for soft matter dynamics over the next two decades. It also lays out the role that gravity plays in the organization of the basic building blocks of matter. Not only will research on soft matter have tremendous application towards understanding its behavior in our terrestrial environment, but also potentially in other NASA programs such as planetary science, exploration, robotics, etc. Attached is a White Paper for the Decadal Survey that consists of an extended Title along with the previous Introduction and Chapter 2.1 from NASA/CP-20205010493.

soft matter↗

NASA NTRS2021

Chapter 2: Instrumentation--from neuromorphic computing to large-scale self-assembly

At the suggestion of NASA’s Physical Science Research Program in the Space Life and Physical Science Research and Application Division, Paul Chaikin, Noel Clark, and Sidney Nagel organized a focus session and workshop for the 2020 American Physical Society (APS) March meeting under the auspices of the Division of Soft Matter. Three overarching themes emerged from the workshop and are presented with additional details: • Machines made out of machines • Scalable self-sustaining ecosystems • Active materials and metamaterials This report lays out only some of the potential directions for soft matter dynamics over the next two decades. It also lays out the role that gravity plays in the organization of the basic building blocks of matter. Not only will research on soft matter have tremendous application towards understanding its behavior in our terrestrial environment, but also potentially in other NASA programs such as planetary science, exploration, robotics, etc. Attached is a White Paper for the Decadal Survey that consists of an extended Title along with the previous Introduction and Chapter 2.2 from NASA/CP-20205010493.

Soft Matter↗

NASA NTRS2021

Chapter 3: Suspensions, foams, emulsions, colloids, and granular materials--self-healing, tuning gravity, and life support for exploration

At the suggestion of NASA’s Physical Science Research Program in the Space Life and Physical Science Research and Application Division, Paul Chaikin, Noel Clark, and Sidney Nagel organized a focus session and workshop for the 2020 American Physical Society (APS) March meeting under the auspices of the Division of Soft Matter. Three overarching themes emerged from the workshop and are presented with additional details: • Machines made out of machines • Scalable self-sustaining ecosystems • Active materials and metamaterials This report lays out only some of the potential directions for soft matter dynamics over the next two decades. It also lays out the role that gravity plays in the organization of the basic building blocks of matter. Not only will research on soft matter have tremendous application towards understanding its behavior in our terrestrial environment, but also potentially in other NASA programs such as planetary science, exploration, robotics, etc. Attached is a White Paper for the Decadal Survey that consists of an extended Title along with the previous Introduction and Chapter 2.3 from NASA/CP-20205010493.

Soft matter↗

NASA NTRS2021

Chapter 4: Packings, simulation, and big data--artificial intelligence emulation of soft matter

At the suggestion of NASA’s Physical Science Research Program in the Space Life and Physical Science Research and Application Division, Paul Chaikin, Noel Clark, and Sidney Nagel organized a focus session and workshop for the 2020 American Physical Society (APS) March meeting under the auspices of the Division of Soft Matter. Three overarching themes emerged from the workshop and are presented with additional details: • Machines made out of machines • Scalable self-sustaining ecosystems • Active materials and metamaterials This report lays out only some of the potential directions for soft matter dynamics over the next two decades. It also lays out the role that gravity plays in the organization of the basic building blocks of matter. Not only will research on soft matter have tremendous application towards understanding its behavior in our terrestrial environment, but also potentially in other NASA programs such as planetary science, exploration, robotics, etc. Attached is a White Paper for the Decadal Survey that consists of an extended Title along with the previous Introduction and Chapter 2.4 from NASA/CP-20205010493.

Soft matter↗

NASA NTRS2021

Chapter 5: Mechanical metamaterials and topological soft matter: allostery and auxetics--distributed energetics and mutation upon deployment

At the suggestion of NASA’s Physical Science Research Program in the Space Life and Physical Science Research and Application Division, Paul Chaikin, Noel Clark, and Sidney Nagel organized a focus session and workshop for the 2020 American Physical Society (APS) March meeting under the auspices of the Division of Soft Matter. Three overarching themes emerged from the workshop and are presented with additional details: • Machines made out of machines • Scalable self-sustaining ecosystems • Active materials and metamaterials This report lays out only some of the potential directions for soft matter dynamics over the next two decades. It also lays out the role that gravity plays in the organization of the basic building blocks of matter. Not only will research on soft matter have tremendous application towards understanding its behavior in our terrestrial environment, but also potentially in other NASA programs such as planetary science, exploration, robotics, etc. Attached is a White Paper for the Decadal Survey that consists of an extended Title along with the previous Introduction and Chapter 2.5 from NASA/CP-20205010493.

Soft matter↗

NASA NTRS2021

Chapter 6: Soft matter, bioscience, and biotechnology--evolution and the marginal stability of life

At the suggestion of NASA’s Physical Science Research Program in the Space Life and Physical Science Research and Application Division, Paul Chaikin, Noel Clark, and Sidney Nagel organized a focus session and workshop for the 2020 American Physical Society (APS) March meeting under the auspices of the Division of Soft Matter. Three overarching themes emerged from the workshop and are presented with additional details: • Machines made out of machines • Scalable self-sustaining ecosystems • Active materials and metamaterials This report lays out only some of the potential directions for soft matter dynamics over the next two decades. It also lays out the role that gravity plays in the organization of the basic building blocks of matter. Not only will research on soft matter have tremendous application towards understanding its behavior in our terrestrial environment, but also potentially in other NASA programs such as planetary science, exploration, robotics, etc. Attached is a White Paper for the Decadal Survey that consists of an extended Title along with the previous Introduction and Chapter 2.6 from NASA/CP-20205010493.

Soft matter↗

NASA NTRS2021

Chapter 7: Active patterning and structure formation—self-limiting assembly, actuation, and integration

At the suggestion of NASA’s Physical Science Research Program in the Space Life and Physical Science Research and Application Division, Paul Chaikin, Noel Clark, and Sidney Nagel organized a focus session and workshop for the 2020 American Physical Society (APS) March meeting under the auspices of the Division of Soft Matter. Three overarching themes emerged from the workshop and are presented with additional details: • Machines made out of machines • Scalable self-sustaining ecosystems • Active materials and metamaterials This report lays out only some of the potential directions for soft matter dynamics over the next two decades. It also lays out the role that gravity plays in the organization of the basic building blocks of matter. Not only will research on soft matter have tremendous application towards understanding its behavior in our terrestrial environment, but also potentially in other NASA programs such as planetary science, exploration, robotics, etc. Attached is a White Paper for the Decadal Survey that consists of an extended Title along with the previous Introduction and Chapter 2.7 from NASA/CP-20205010493.

Soft matter↗

NASA NTRS2021

Chapter 8: Fluids: liquid crystals—self-assembly of the superlarge and superweak active clothing

At the suggestion of NASA’s Physical Science Research Program in the Space Life and Physical Science Research and Application Division, Paul Chaikin, Noel Clark, and Sidney Nagel organized a focus session and workshop for the 2020 American Physical Society (APS) March meeting under the auspices of the Division of Soft Matter. Three overarching themes emerged from the workshop and are presented with additional details: • Machines made out of machines • Scalable self-sustaining ecosystems • Active materials and metamaterials This report lays out only some of the potential directions for soft matter dynamics over the next two decades. It also lays out the role that gravity plays in the organization of the basic building blocks of matter. Not only will research on soft matter have tremendous application towards understanding its behavior in our terrestrial environment, but also potentially in other NASA programs such as planetary science, exploration, robotics, etc. The attached is a White Paper for the Decadal Survey that consists of an extended Title along with the previous Introduction and Chapter 2.8 from NASA/CP-20205010493.

Soft matter↗

NASA NTRS2023

Effect of Loading Rate on the Open Hole Compression Strength of Quasi-Isotropic Carbon/Epoxy Laminates

This study was undertaken to examine how well the 0.05 inch/min loading rate typically used to develop allowables for open hole compression strength of carbon/epoxy laminates represents structures that may experience a much lower loading rate (such as civil engineering structures) or a much higher loading rate (such as a rocket interstage at liftoff). The Composite Materials Handbook-17 (CMH-17) suggests developing strength allowables at the coupon level (lowest level of the “building block” approach) and using a rigorous statistical analysis to arrive at a strength allowable upon which the structure is to be further designed at higher levels of the building block pyramid. But do these coupon level tests truly represent meaningful stresses at which the composite in the final structure can withstand considering the effects of loading rate? Open hole compression (OHC) strength was chosen for this study since most structures are designed to some damage tolerance criteria and OHC strength testing is rather simple to perform. A quasi-isotropic lay-up was chosen since this is a very common lay-up sequence. The results show that for structures that experience a very small loading rate (0.0005 in/min) the allowables developed at the standard 0.05 in/min loading rate are higher than what the composite can withstand at this lower loading rate. Conversely, at a high loading rate of 10 in/min the strength values found at the standard test rate of 0.05 in/min are slightly lower and not “in family” using the statistics suggested in CMH-17. These results question if standardized test rates are reliable, at least to the fidelity of being “in family” per CMH-17. Some creep rupture tests were also performed to demonstrate that OHC strength values could be lower than the slowest test speed used in this study (0.0005 in/min).

open hole compression strength↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Earth Independent Operations Development for NASA’s Mars Campaign Office

NASA’s Moon to Mars Objectives lay out a strategic vision for the future of human spaceflight that culminates in crewed missions to the surface of Mars. The Mars Campaign Office (MCO) of the Moon to Mars Program is responsible for developing the technologies and capabilities necessary to support Mars missions. One such set of technologies supports a need for increased independence from Earth driven primarily by a communications delay between Earth and Mars that can reach twenty minutes or more. This paper lays out the initial strategy and approach for the MCO Earth-Independent Operations (EIO) portfolio and identifies areas targeted for investment between now and Mars missions tentatively planned for the early 2040s.

Ian D Maddox↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Efficient Mirrorlet Array Based Integral Field Spectrometer for HWO

Habitable World Observatory (HWO) is a NASA strategic mission recommended by 2020 astronomical decadal survey. Integral spectrometers play an important role to verify if the observed exoplanet is habitable. The traditional lenslet array based Integral Field Spectrometer (IFS) has the advantage of simplicity and compactness. However, it does not use detector pixels efficiently in order to prevent wavelength crosstalk among adjacent spectra. The efficient lenslet/mirrorlet IFS combines the advantages from both lenslet based and imager slicer based IFSes—keeping lenslet IFS’s simplicity and compactness, concurrently adding slicer IFS’s detector efficiency. This paper discusses the principle of efficient lenslet/mirrorlet IFS, design philosophy, and efficient spectral trace layout ideals. It uses HWO NIR IFS requirement as an example to provide an efficiency mirrorlet IFS optical design. The high detector efficiency not only reduces Needed detector pixel numbers, but also reduce the high communication rate demanding for much a large multiple instrument mission. The basic idea of the efficient lenslet/mirrorlet array IFS is to design a lenslet/mirrorlet array in such a way that the images from multiple mirrorlets are grouped and aligned as a spectrum from a single slit. Therefore, the number of detector rows used to prevent wavelength crosstalk is no longer needed. This paper is also going to address how to lay the traces on the detector and what is the difference from the traditional lenslet IFS. Our goal is to show that such an IFS is capable to lay all spectral traces onto a 2k x 2k detector array using HWO NIR requirement that has a higher spectral resolving power R = 70 and a large Field of View (FOV) of 96 λ/D.

Exoplanet↗

DOE OSTI2021

Methods to improve burst uniformity and efficiency in exploding foil initiators

Exploding foil initiator apparatus, system, and method that improve the current density in the bridge region by modifying the shape and dimensions of the bridge and related components. The exploding foil initiator reduces burn-back by making areas of the bridge thicker except directly under the flyer. The exploding foil initiator boards are built so the flyer is not connected to the rest of the top cover-lay. This avoids losing energy due to the flyer having to tear away from the solid cover-lay.

Rhodes, Mark↗

DOE OSTI2022

REBCO -- a silver bullet for our next high-field magnet and collider budget?

High-field superconducting magnets with a dipole field of 16 T and above enable future energy-frontier circular particle colliders. Although we believe these magnets can be built, none exists today. They can also be a showstopper for future high-energy machines due to a prohibitively high price tag based on the current conductor and magnet fabrication cost. The high-temperature superconducting REBCO coated conductor can address both the technical and cost issues, a silver bullet to lay both monsters to rest. The challenges and unknowns, however, can be too arduous to make the silver bullet. We lay out a potential road forward and suggest key action items. As a contribution from the accelerator community, we attempt to clarify for our theorist and experimenter colleagues a few aspects about the future high-field superconducting magnets. We hope to stimulate an effective plan for the 2023 P5 process that can lead to a cost-effective high-field magnet technology for future colliders and the exciting physics they can steward.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Risk-Informed Approach for Regulatory Approval of Microreactor Transport

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is addressing the challenges associated with safe transport of microreactors including the development and evaluation of regulatory options. PNNL developed a risk-informed regulatory framework for the licensing of the transportation of microreactors in which irradiated nuclear fuel is part microreactor transportation package. The framework lays out a viable regulatory pathway, including decision points for regulatory options and the supporting technical evaluations for those options in phases from near to long term. A microreactor and its contents will likely not be able to meet all the federal regulatory requirements as a Type B or fissile material transportation package under 10 CFR Part 71 (“Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Material”). However, the regulatory framework developed by PNNL lays out a viable risk-informed licensing options that are safe and feasible. Risk assessment such as probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) can be used to show comparable safety to that provided by a Type B or fissile material package for surface transport. The framework includes guidance on applicable regulations and discusses historical precedence in using risk information for transportation licensing. The framework includes guidance for performing a microreactor transportation PRA, use and development of risk evaluation criteria, and factors such of defense-in-depth and safety margin concepts. Key advantages of using the approach are (1) increasing the likelihood of successfully obtaining regulatory transportation package approval, (2) informing the design on the relative risk significance of microreactor containment and shielding, and (3) informing the need for transportation compensatory measures. This paper focuses on two primary elements of the framework which are development of a transportation PRA for microreactor packages and development of the risk acceptance guidelines to assess the results of the PRA for regulatory decision-making.

microreactor, micro nuclear power plant, MNPP, ris↗

DOE OSTI2023

Crystal structures of OrfX1, OrfX2 and the OrfX1–OrfX3 complex from the orfX gene cluster of botulinum neurotoxin E1

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are among the most lethal toxins known to humans, comprising seven established serotypes termed BoNT/A–G encoded in two types of gene clusters (ha and orfX) in BoNT-producing clostridia. The ha cluster encodes four non-toxic neurotoxin-associated proteins (NAPs) that assemble with BoNTs to protect and enhance their oral toxicity. However, the structure and function of the orfX-type NAPs remain largely unknown. Here, we report the crystal structures for OrfX1, OrfX2, and an OrfX1–OrfX3 complex, which are encoded in the orfX cluster of a BoNT/E1-producing Clostridium botulinum strain associated with human foodborne botulism. These structures lay the foundation for future studies on the potential roles of OrfX proteins in oral intoxication and pathogenesis of BoNTs.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2024

Tailoring the Electronic Structures and Spectral Properties of ZnO with Irradiation Defects Generated Under Intense Electronic Excitation: A Combined Experimental and DFT Approach

Here, the relationship between the composition of the internal defect states, spectral properties, and correlated electronic structures of wurtzite zinc oxide (ZnO) crystals under 645 MeV Xe 35+ irradiation is systematically investigated, employing experimental characterizations combined with first-principle calculations. Based on the ion irradiation-induced thermal expansion and relaxation processes, the high concentration of vacancy/interstitial defects produced from the transient disordered phase in molten track states trigger photoelectric changes, as follows: i) the generation of internal defect states effectively reduces the intrinsic bandgap (3.25 eV → 2.66 eV); ii) a large number of defective active sites inhibits the recombination between electron–hole pairs, causing dark conductance and photoconductance to increase with increasing damage levels until optimal fluence is achieved. Based on the density functional theory (DFT) with the GGA + U (GGA = generalized gradient approximation) method, the defective models associated with the different electronic structures, density of states, formation energy, and the nature of the chemical bonding are established. The narrowing of the bandgap observed experimentally and the enhancement of carrier concentration originating from the internal electron defect states are qualitatively verified, therefore laying the foundation for designing future nanoscale photoelectronic devices and microelectronics applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2025

Mechanical Resonant Sensing of Spin Texture Dynamics in a 2D Antiferromagnet

Abstract The coupling between the spin degrees of freedom and macroscopic mechanical motions, including striction, shearing, and rotation, has attracted wide interest with applications in actuation, transduction, and information processing. Experiments so far have established the mechanical responses to the long‐range ordered or isolated single spin states. However, it remains elusive whether mechanical motions can couple to a different type of magnetic structure, the non‐collinear spin textures, which exhibit nanoscale spatial variations of spin (domain walls, skyrmions,etc.) and are promising candidates to realize high‐speed computing devices. Here, collective spin texture dynamics is detected with nanoelectromechanical resonators fabricated from 2D antiferromagnetic (AFM) MnPS 3 with 10 −9 strain sensitivity. By examining radio frequency mechanical oscillations under magnetic fields, new magnetic transitions are identified with sharp dips in resonant frequency. They are attributed to collective AFM domain wall motions as supported by the analytical modeling of magnetostriction and large‐scale spin‐dynamics simulations. Additionally, an abnormally large modulation in the mechanical nonlinearity at the transition field infers a fluid‐like response due to ultrafast domain motion. The work establishes a strong coupling between spin texture and mechanical dynamics, laying the foundation for electromechanical manipulation of spin texture and developing quantum hybrid devices.

Chemistry↗

DOE OSTI2025

Nanometer Resolution Structure‐Emission Correlation of Individual Quantum Emitters via Enhanced Cathodoluminescence in Twisted Hexagonal Boron Nitride

Understanding the atomic structure of quantum emitters, often originating from point defects or impuritie, is essential for designing and optimizing materials for quantum technologies such as quantum computing, communication, and sensing. Despite the availability of atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy and nanoscale cathodoluminescence microscopy, experimentally determining the atomic structure of individual emitters is challenging due to the conflicting needs for thick samples to generate strong cathodoluminescence signals and thin samples for structural analysis. To overcome this challenge, significantly enhanced cathodoluminescence at twisted interfaces is leveraged to achieve sub-nanometer localization precision for the first time in mapping individual quantum emitters in carbon-implanted hexagonal boron nitride. This unprecedent spatial sensitivity, together with correlative electron energy loss spectroscopy quantitative scanning transmission electron microscopy imaging, and first principles density functional theory calculations, enables the identification of the atomic structure of the 440 nm blue emitter in hexagonal boron nitride as a substituted vertical carbon dimer. Building on the atomic structure insights, nanoscale spatially precise creation of blue emitters is demonstrated by electron beam irradiation of carbon-coated hexagonal boron nitride. This advancement in correlating atomic structures with optical properties lays the foundation for a deeper understanding and precise engineering of quantum emitters, significantly advancing the development of cutting-edge quantum information technologies.

2D material↗