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At least 127 records · Page 7
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1973

Transmission of isotropic light across a dielectric surface in two and three dimensions.

Average transmittance of polarized diffuse light across a dielectric surface is calculated in both two and three dimensions. The incident light in both cases is confined to an angular range measured from the surface normal. Limiting values in three dimensions correspond to known results for two cases, (1) normal incidence, and (2) diffuse light incident from a 180 deg cone. The two-dimensional formulation is solvable in terms of elliptic functions and incomplete elliptic integrals of the first, second, and third kinds. Results are displayed graphically for values of transmittances in excess of 0.9 associated with relative indices of refraction in the range m = 1.0 to m = 2.6.

Allen, W. A.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Suspended sediment observations from ERTS-1.

Satellite imagery from four successful ERTS-1 passes over Delaware Bay during different portions of the tidal cycle are interpreted with special emphasis on visibility of suspended sediment and its use as a natural tracer for gross circulation patterns. The MSS red band (band 5) appears to give the best contrast, although the sediment patterns are represented by only a few neighboring shades of grey. Color density slicing improves the differentiation of turbidity levels. However, color additive enhancements are of limited value since most of the information is in a single color band. The ability of ERTS-1 to present a synoptic view of the surface circulation over the entire bay is shown to be a valuable and unique contribution of ERTS-1 to coastal oceanography.

Klemas, V.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Measurement and analysis of force-time outputs of pyrotechnic nuts

The dynamic loadings produced by two standard pyrotechnic nuts were compared with loadings produced by four recently developed low-shock nuts. The nuts were manufactured by separate contractors. Each nut was given a number designation, the number having no special significance. The results show that the use of the Hopkinson bar to measure force-time outputs of the nuts at stud and housing sides aided greatly in understanding the events occurring in the nuts. Acceleration data appear to be dependable, for the most part, but of more limited value. The low-shock designs show considerable improvement over the standard designs above 4,000 Hz when the results are plotted in shock spectrum form. They involve some penalties with regard to weight and cost.

Neubert, V. H.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Extension of leading-edge-suction analogy to wings with separated flow around the side edges at subsonic speeds

A method for determining the lift, drag, and pitching moment for wings which have separated flow at the leading and side edges with subsequently reattached flow downstream and inboard is presented. Limiting values of the contribution to lift of the side-edge reattached flow are determined for rectangular wings. The general behavior of this contribution is computed for rectangular, cropped-delta, cropped-diamond, and cropped-arrow wings. Comparisons of the results of the method and experiment indicate reasonably good correlation of the lift, drag, and pitching moment for a wide planform range. The agreement of the method with experiment was as good as, or better than, that obtained by other methods. The procedure is computerized and is available from COSMIC as NASA Langley computer program A0313.

Lamar, J. E.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Satellite studies of turbidity and circulation patterns in Delaware Bay

Satellite imagery from four successful ERTS-1 passes over Delaware Bay during different portions of the tidal cycle are interpreted with special emphasis on visibility of suspended sediment and its use as a natural tracer for gross circulation patters. The MSS red band (band 5) appears to give the best contrast, although the sediment patterns are represented by only a few neighboring shades of grey. Color density slicing improves the differentiation of turbidity levels. However, color additive enhancements are of limited value since most of the information is in a single color band. The ability of ERTS-1 to present a synoptic view of the surface circulation over the entire bay is shown to be a valuable and unique contribution of ERTS-1 to coastal oceanography.

Klemas, V.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Continous animal exposure to a mixture of dichloromethane and 1,1,1-trichloroethane

An investigation of the effects of combined exposure of animals to dichloromethane and 1,1,1-trichloroethane was conducted using atmospheric concentrations of each solvent which had individually produced minimal measureable effects on livers. Previously established spacecraft threshold limit values for the individual solvent compounds were studied to determine validity when both were present in an astronaut's breathing environment under continuous exposure conditions. Results show that the combined effect of 90-day continuous exposure of animals to 100 ppm dichloromethane and 1000 ppm 1,1, 1-trichloroethane is no greater than the effect of each alone. While the exposed livers of mice appeared to contain slightly more fat, the degree of increased liver weight and the liver-to-body ratios are slightly lower than those measured for each solvent alone.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1974

Evaluation of atomic constants for optical radiation, volume 2

Various atomic constant for 23 elements from helium to mercury were computed and are presented in tables. The data given for each element start with the element name, its atomic number, its ionic state, and the designation and series limit for each parent configuration. This is followed by information on the energy level, parent configuration, and designation for each term available to the program. The matrix elements subtables are ordered by the sequence numbers, which represent the initial and final levels of the transitions. Each subtable gives the following: configuration of the core or parent, designation and energy level for the reference state, effective principal quantum number, energy of the series limit, value of the matrix element for the reference state interacting with itself, and sum of all of the dipole matrix elements listed in the subtable. Dipole and quadrupole interaction data are also given.

Kylstra, C. D.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Computation of rms spot radii by ray tracing

In a ray trace calculation of the rms radius of the spot formed in the image plane of an optical system by a point source object, a decision must be made as to how many rays will be traced to obtain the result. As the number of rays is increased, the rms spot radius is generally found to decrease, apparently approaching a definite lower limit as the number of rays becomes very large. This paper examines the question of how many rays must be traced and what their geometrical distribution within the aperture should be to approach the limiting value of the rms spot radius for an infinite number of rays within an accuracy of approximately 1%.

Foreman, J. W., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Economy of flight at supersonic speeds

Prandtl's theory is used to determine the airflow over bodies and wings adapted to supersonic flight. By making use of these results, and by incorporating in them an allowance for the probable skin friction, some estimates of expected lift-drag ratios are made for various flight speeds with the best configuration. At each speed a slender body and wings having the best angle of sweepback are considered. For the range of supersonic speeds shown an airplane of normal density and loading would be required to operate at an altitude of the order of 60,000 feet. The limiting value of 1-1/2 times the speed of sound corresponds to a flight speed of 1000 miles per hour. At this speed about 1.5 miles per gallon of fuel are expected. It is interesting to note that this value corresponds to a value of more than 15 miles per gallon when the weight is reduced to correspond to that of an ordinary automobile.

Jones, R. T.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Computation of steady axisymmetric flow using a one-dimensional time-dependent method

An iterative numerical method for computing steady, three dimensional, viscous, compressible flow fields, about aerodynamic bodies was studied. In order to develop the iterative method economically, the primary emphasis was directed towards supersonic, axisymmetric flow. However, the technique readily extends to three spatial dimensions. The viscous flow field about a cone-cylinder-flare body was calculated and compared to existing experimental data. Numerical predictions of the cone boundary layer and the flow field shock wave structure agreed with corresponding measurements. A separation was calculated at the cylinder-flare junction in six iterations; however, the size of the vortex did not correspond to the measured size. It was estimated that fifty iterations would be required to properly define the vortex. It was concluded that the iteration technique is of limited value for plane two dimensional and axisymmetrix flows, but of great value for three-dimensional flows.

Walitt, L.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Rate of the reaction of atomic hydrogen with propyne over an extended pressure and temperature range

The technique of flash photolysis coupled with time resolved detection of H via resonance fluorescence has been used to obtain rate constants for the reaction of atomic hydrogen with propyne at temperatures from 215 to 460 K and at pressures in the range 5-600 torr. The rate constants are strongly pressure dependent and the high pressure limiting values give rise to the Arrhenius expression K = approximately 6 x 10 to the minus 11th exp(-2450T) cu cm per molecule per sec. The results are discussed and compared with those of previous studies

Whytock, D. A.↗
NASA NTRS1976

A comparison of GaAs and Si hybrid solar power systems

An analytical comparison of energy output from various silicon and gallium arsenide hybrid solar power systems, producing electric power and also thermal power for heating or cooling, is made. System performance indices in terms of capital cost, peak power, total power output, and electric power were evaluated. Limiting values for annual energy production from GaAs and Si solar concentrator systems were estimated to be 2 cents and 6.8 cents per kWh for GaAs concentrator systems and between 2.5 cents and 11 cents per kWh for Si concentrator systems.

Heinbockel, J. H.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Application of remote sensing technology to land evaluation, planning utilization of land resources, and assessment of westland habitat in eastern South Dakota, parts 1 and 2

The author has identified the following significant results. LANDSAT fulfilled the requirements for general soils and land use information. RB-57 imagery was required to provide the information and detail needed for mapping soils for land evaluation. Soils maps for land evaluation were provided on clear mylar at the scale of the county highway map to aid users in locating mapping units. Resulting mapped data were computer processed to provided a series of interpretive maps (land value, limitations to development, etc.) and area summaries for the users.

Myers, V. I.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Interpretation of Pennsylvania agricultural land use from ERTS-1 data

The author has identified the following significant results. To study the complex agricultural patterns in Pennsylvania, a portion of an ERTS scene was selected for detailed analysis. Various photographic products were made and were found to be only of limited value. This necessitated the digital processing of the ERTS data. Using an unsupervised classification procedure, it was possible to delineate the following categories: (1) forest land with a northern aspect, (2) forest land with a southern aspect, (3) valley trees, (4) wheat, (5) corn, (6) alfalfa, grass, pasture, (7) disturbed land, (8) builtup land, (9) strip mines, and (10) water. These land use categories were delineated at a scale of approximately 1:20,000 on the line printer output. Land use delineations were also made using the General Electric IMAGE 100 interactive analysis system.

Mcmurtry, G. J.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Application of LANDSAT-2 data to the implementation and enforcement of the Pennsylvania Surface Mining Conservation and Reclamation Act

The author has identified the following significant results. Evaluation of LANDSAT imagery indicates severe limitations in its utility for surface mine land studies. Image stripping resulting from unequal detector response on satellite degrades the image quality to the extent that images of scales larger than 1:125,000 are of limited value for manual interpretation. Computer processing of LANDSAT data to improve image quality is essential; the removal of scanline stripping and enhancement of mine land reflectance data combined with color composite printing permits useful photographic enlargements to approximately 1:60,000.

Russell, O. R.↗
NASA NTRS1977

A comparison of GaAs and Si hybrid solar power systems

Five different hybrid solar power systems using silicon solar cells to produce thermal and electric power are modeled and compared with a hybrid system using a GaAs cell. Among the indices determined are capital cost per unit electric power plus mechanical power, annual cost per unit electric energy, and annual cost per unit electric plus mechanical work. Current costs are taken to be $35,000/sq m for GaAs cells with an efficiency of 15% and $1000/sq m for Si cells with an efficiency of 10%. It is shown that hybrid systems can be competitive with existing methods of practical energy conversion. Limiting values for annual costs of Si and GaAs cells are calculated to be 10.3 cents/kWh and 6.8 cents/kWh, respectively. Results for both systems indicate that for a given flow rate there is an optimal operating condition for minimum cost photovoltaic output. For Si cell costs of $50/sq m optimal performance can be achieved at concentrations of about 10; for GaAs cells costing 1000/sq m, optimal performance can be obtained at concentrations of around 100. High concentration hybrid systems offer a distinct cost advantage over flat systems.

Heinbockel, J. H.↗
NASA NTRS1977

The application of LANDSAT-1 imagery for monitoring strip mines in the new river watershed in northeast Tennessee, part 2

The author has identified the following significant results. LANDSAT imagery and supplementary aircraft photography of the New River drainage basin were subjected to a multilevel analysis using conventional photointerpretation methods, densitometric techniques, multispectral analysis, and statistical tests to determine the accuracy of LANDSAT-1 imagery for measuring strip mines of common size. The LANDSAT areas were compared with low altitude measurements. The average accuracy over all the mined land sample areas mapped from LANDSAT-1 was 90%. The discrimination of strip mine subcategories is somewhat limited on LANDSAT imagery. A mine site, whether active or inactive, can be inferred by lack of vegetation, by shape, or image texture. Mine ponds are difficult or impossible to detect because of their small size and turbidity. Unless bordered and contrasted with vegetation, haulage roads are impossible to delineate. Preparation plants and refuge areas are not detectable. Density slicing of LANDSAT band 7 proved most useful in the detection of reclamation progress within the mined areas. For most state requirements for year-round monitoring of surface mined land, LANDSAT is of limited value. However, for periodic updating of regional surface maps, LANDSAT may provide sufficient accuracies for some users.

Shahrokhi, F.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Conceptual design for spacelab pool boiling experiment

A pool boiling heat transfer experiment to be incorporated with a larger two-phase flow experiment on Spacelab was designed to confirm (or alter) the results of earth-normal gravity experiments which indicate that the hydrodynamic peak and minimum pool boiling heat fluxes vanish at very low gravity. Twelve small sealed test cells containing water, methanol or Freon 113 and cylindrical heaters of various sizes are to be built. Each cell will be subjected to one or more 45 sec tests in which the surface heat flux on the heaters is increased linearly until the surface temperature reaches a limiting value of 500 C. The entire boiling process will be photographed in slow-motion. Boiling curves will be constructed from thermocouple and electric input data, for comparison with the motion picture records. The conduct of the experiment will require no more than a few hours of operator time.

Lienhard, J. H.↗