Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “KERR EFFECT”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 127 records · Page 7
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2018

Backscatter particle image velocimetry via optical time-of-flight sectioning

Conventional particle image velocimetry (PIV) configurations require a minimum of two optical access ports, inherently restricting the technique to a limited class of flows. Here, the development and application of a novel method of backscattered time-gated PIV requiring a single-optical-access port is described along with preliminary results. The light backscattered from a seeded flow is imaged over a narrow optical depth selected by an optical Kerr effect (OKE) time gate. The picosecond duration of the OKE time gate essentially replicates the width of the laser sheet of conventional PIV by limiting detected photons to a narrow time-of-flight within the flow. Thus, scattering noise from outside the measurement volume is eliminated. In conclusion, this PIV via the optical time-of-flight sectioning technique can be useful in systems with limited optical access and in flows near walls or other scattering surfaces.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Magnetic properties of square Py nanowires: Irradiation dose and geometry dependence

Arrays of ferromagnetic patterned nanostructures with single particle lateral dimensions between 160 nm and 400 nm were created by electron-beam lithography. The fourfold particles with rectangular-shaped walls around a square open area were produced from permalloy. Their magnetic properties were measured using the longitudinal magneto-optical Kerr effect. The article reports about the angle-dependent coercive fields and the influence of the e-beam radiation dose on sample shapes. It is shown that a broad range of radiation dose intensities enables reliable creation of nanostructures with parameters relevant for the desired magnetization reversal scenario. The experimental results are finally compared with micromagnetic simulations to explain the findings.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Spin dynamics induced by ultrafast heating with ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic interfacial exchange in perpendicularly magnetized hard/soft bilayers

The laser-induced spin dynamics of FeCo in perpendicularly magnetized L1{sub 0}-MnGa/FeCo bilayers with ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interfacial exchange coupling (IEC) are examined using the time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect. We found a precessional phase reversal of the FeCo layer as the IEC changes from ferromagnetic to antiferromagnetic. Moreover, a precession-suspension window was observed when the magnetic field was applied in a certain direction for the bilayer with ferromagnetic IEC. Our observations reveal that the spin dynamics modulation is strongly dependent on the IEC type within the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert depiction. The IEC dependence of the precessional phase and amplitude suggests the interesting method for magnetization dynamics modulation.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2014

Pump-probe measurements of the thermal conductivity tensor for materials lacking in-plane symmetry

We previously demonstrated an extension of time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) which utilizes offset pump and probe laser locations to measure in-plane thermal transport properties of multilayers. However, the technique was limited to systems of transversely isotropic materials studied using axisymmetric laser intensities. Here, we extend the mathematics so that data reduction can be performed on non-transversely isotropic systems. An analytic solution of the diffusion equation for an N-layer system is given, where each layer has a homogenous but otherwise arbitrary thermal conductivity tensor and the illuminating spots have arbitrary intensity profiles. As a demonstration, we use both TDTR and time-resolved magneto-optic Kerr effect measurements to obtain thermal conductivity tensor elements of <110> α-SiO{sub 2}. We show that the out-of-phase beam offset sweep has full-width half-maxima that contains nearly independent sensitivity to the in-plane thermal conductivity corresponding to the scanning direction. Also, we demonstrate a Nb-V alloy as a low thermal conductivity TDTR transducer layer that helps improve the accuracy of in-plane measurements.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2014

The thickness-dependent dynamic magnetic property of Co{sub 2}FeAl films grown by molecular beam epitaxy

Co{sub 2}FeAl films with different thickness were prepared at different temperature by molecular beam epitaxy. Their dynamic magnetic property was studied by the time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements. It is observed that the intrinsic damping factor of Co{sub 2}FeAl for [100] orientation is not related to the film's thickness and magnetic anisotropy as well as temperature at high-field regime, but increases with structural disorder of Co{sub 2}FeAl. The dominant contribution from the inhomogeneous magnetic anisotropy is revealed to be responsible for the observed extremely nonlinear and drastic field-dependent damping factors at low-field regime.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2017

All-optical XNOR gate based on 2D photonic-crystal ring resonators

A novel all-optical XNOR gate is proposed, which combines the nonlinear Kerr effect with photonic-crystal ring resonators (PCRRs). The total size of the proposed optical XNOR gate based on photonic crystals with a square lattice of silicon rods is equal to 35 × 21 μm. The proposed structure has a bandgap in the range from 0.32 to 0.44. To confirm the operation and feasibility of the overall system use is made of analytical and numerical simulation using the dimensional finite difference time domain (FDTD) and plane wave expansion (PWE) methods. (paper)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2019

Switching Time Probing in Electric Field–Assisted Magnetization of PbZrTiO{sub 3}/Cobalt Structure

Electric field–assisted full magnetization switching in a multiferroic heterostructure composed of a PbZrTiO{sub 3} (PZT) substrate and 100 nm cobalt (Co) layer was investigated. For this, by measuring magnetic in plane anisotropy of the sample, using magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE), it was shown that the sample has a uniaxial anisotropy. In addition, the coercive field of the Co layer can be tuned by applying an electric field to the PZT which can be used in electric field–assisted magnetization reversal in the Co layer. Direct measurement reveals that electric field–assisted magnetization switching in layers take place in about 100 μs that is in compatibility with domain wall motion. Our measurement is a promising technique for probing of switching time in electric field–assisted magnetization switching elements.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2018

A model for metastable magnetism in the hidden-order phase of URu{sub 2}Si{sub 2}

We propose an explanation for the experiment by Schemm et al. (2015) where the polar Kerr effect (PKE), indicating time-reversal symmetry (TRS) breaking, was observed in the hidden-order (HO) phase of URu{sub 2}Si{sub 2}. The PKE signal on warmup was seen only if a training magnetic field was present on cool-down. Using a Ginzburg–Landau model for a complex order parameter, we show that the system can have a metastable ferromagnetic state producing the PKE, even if the HO ground state respects TRS. We predict that a strong reversed magnetic field should reset the PKE to zero.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2016

Magnetic vortex in epitaxially-grown Co{sub 2}(Fe,Mn)Si alloy

We report magnetic vortex formation in epitaxially grown Co{sub 2}Fe{sub 0.4}Mn{sub 0.6}Si (CFMS) Heusler alloy discs that was confirmed using photoemission electron microscopy and the magneto-optical Kerr effect. The phase diagram of magnetic domain structures as functions of the disc thickness (t) and diameter (D) indicates that the magnetic vortex is stable in wide ranges of t and D even for the epitaxial CFMS. The annihilation field of vortex core depended not only on the disc aspect ratio but also on t. Numerical simulation suggests that this t dependence results from extrinsic pinning of a vortex core due to the epitaxial growth.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2018

Unexpected Intermediate State Photoinduced in the Metal-Insulator Transition of Submicrometer Phase-Separated Manganites

At ultrafast timescales, the initial and final states of a first-order metal-insulator transition often coexist forming clusters of the two phases. In this work, we report an unexpected third long-lived intermediate state emerging at the photoinduced first-order metal-insulator transition of La 0.325 Pr 0.3 Ca 0.375 MnO 3 , known to display submicrometer length-scale phase separation. Using magnetic force microscopy and time-dependent magneto-optical Kerr effect, we determined that the third state is a nanoscale mixture of the competing ferromagnetic metallic and charge-ordered insulating phases, with its own physical properties. This discovery bridges the two different families of colossal magnetoresistant manganites known experimentally and shows for the first time that the associated states predicted by theory can coexist in a single sample.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

A scanning, all-fiber Sagnac interferometer for high resolution magneto-optic measurements at 820 nm

The Sagnac Interferometer has historically been used for detecting non-reciprocal phenomena, such as rotation. We demonstrate an apparatus in which this technique is employed for high resolution measurements of the Magneto-Optical Polar Kerr effect—a direct indicator of magnetism. Previous designs have incorporated free-space components which are bulky and difficult to align. We improve upon this technique by using all fiber-optic coupled components and demonstrate operation at a new wavelength, 820 nm, with which we can achieve better than 1 μrad resolution. Mounting the system on a piezo-electric scanner allows us to acquire diffraction limited images with 1.5 μm spatial resolution. We also provide extensive discussion on the details and of the Sagnac Interferometer's construction.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2015

Temperature-induced sign change of the magnetic interlayer coupling in Ni/Ni{sub 25}Mn{sub 75}/Ni trilayers on Cu{sub 3}Au(001)

We investigated the magnetic interlayer coupling between two ferromagnetic (FM) Ni layers through an antiferromagnetic (AFM) Ni{sub 25}Mn{sub 75} layer and the influence of this coupling on the exchange bias phenomenon. The interlayer coupling energy of an epitaxial trilayer of 14 atomic monolayers (ML) Ni/45 ML Ni{sub 25}Mn{sub 75}/16 ML Ni on Cu{sub 3}Au(001) was extracted from minor-loop magnetization measurements using in-situ magneto-optical Kerr effect. The interlayer coupling changes from ferromagnetic to antiferromagnetic when the temperature is increased above 300 K. This sign change is interpreted as the result of the competition between an antiparallel Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY)-type interlayer coupling, which dominates at high temperature, and a stronger direct exchange coupling across the AFM layer, which is present only below the Néel temperature of the AFM layer.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Magnetometry of single ferromagnetic nanoparticles using magneto-optical indicator films with spatial amplification

We present a magneto-optical technique to spatially amplify and image fringe fields from single ferromagnetic nanorods. The fringe fields nucleate magnetic domains in a low-coercivity, perpendicularly magnetized indicator film, which are expanded by an applied out-of-plane field from the nanoscale to the microscale for measurement with polar Kerr microscopy. The nucleation location and therefore magnetic orientation of the sample nanorod are detected as spatially dependent field biases in locally measured hysteresis loops of the indicator film. We first discuss our method to fabricate the high-sensitivity indicator film with low energy argon ion irradiation. We then present a map of the amplified signal produced from a single nanorod as measured by the indicator film and compare it with a simultaneously obtained, unamplified fringe field map. The comparison demonstrates the advantage of the amplification mechanism and the capability of the technique to be performed with single-spot magneto-optical Kerr effect magnetometers. Our signal-to-noise ratio determines a minimum measureable particle diameter of tens of nanometers for typical transition metals. We finally use our method to obtain hysteresis loops from multiple nanorods in parallel. Our technique is unperturbed by applied in-plane fields for magnetic manipulation of nanoparticles, is robust against many common noise sources, and is applicable in a variety of test environments. We conclude with a discussion of the future optimization and application of our indicator film technique.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Laser induced spin precession in highly anisotropic granular L1{sub 0} FePt

The dynamic magnetic properties of a highly anisotropic, granular L1{sub 0} FePt thin film in magnetic fields up to 7 T are investigated using time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements. We find that ultrashort laser pulses induce coherent spin precession in the granular FePt sample. Frequencies of spin precession up to over 400 GHz are observed, which are strongly field and temperature dependent. The high frequencies can be ascribed to the high value of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant K{sub u} leading to large anisotropy fields H{sub a} of up to 10.7 T at 170 K. A Gilbert damping parameter of α ∼ 0.1 was derived from the lifetimes of the oscillations.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Magnetic surface domain imaging of uncapped epitaxial FeRh(001) thin films across the temperature-induced metamagnetic transition

The surface magnetic domain structure of uncapped epitaxial FeRh/MgO(001) thin films was imaged by in-situ scanning electron microscopy with polarization analysis (SEMPA) at various temperatures between 122 and 450 K. This temperature range covers the temperature-driven antiferromagnetic-to-ferromagnetic phase transition in the body of the films that was observed in-situ by means of the more depth-sensitive magneto-optical Kerr effect. The SEMPA images confirm that the interfacial ferromagnetism coexisting with the antiferromagnetic phase inside the film is an intrinsic property of the FeRh(001) surface. Furthermore, the SEMPA data display a reduction of the in-plane magnetization occuring well above the phase transition temperature which, thus, is not related to the volume expansion at the phase transition. This observation is interpreted as a spin reorientation of the surface magnetization for which we propose a possible mechanism based on temperature-dependent tetragonal distortion due to different thermal expansion coefficients of MgO and FeRh.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

NiO/Fe(001): Magnetic anisotropy, exchange bias, and interface structure

The magnetic and structural properties of NiO/Fe epitaxial bilayers grown on MgO(001) were studied using magnetooptic Kerr effect (MOKE) and conversion electron Moessbauer spectroscopy (CEMS). The bilayers were prepared under ultra high vacuum conditions using molecular beam epitaxy with oblique deposition. Two systems were compared: one showing the exchange bias (100ML-NiO/24ML-Fe), ML stands for a monolayer, and another where the exchange bias was not observed (50ML-NiO/50ML-Fe). For both, the magnetic anisotropy was found to be complex, yet dominated by the growth-induced uniaxial anisotropy. The training effect was observed for the 100ML-NiO/24ML-Fe system and quantitatively described using the spin glass model. The composition and magnetic state of the interfacial Fe layers were studied using {sup 57}Fe-CEMS. An iron oxide phase (Fe{sup 3+}{sub 4}Fe{sup 2+}{sub 1}O{sub 7}), as thick as 31 A, was identified at the NiO/Fe interface in the as-deposited samples. The ferrimagnetic nature of the interfacial iron oxide film explains the complex magnetic anisotropy observed in the samples.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Local control of magnetic damping in ferromagnetic/non-magnetic bilayers by interfacial intermixing induced by focused ion-beam irradiation

The influence of interfacial intermixing on the picosecond magnetization dynamics of ferromagnetic/non-magnetic thin-film bilayers was studied. Low-dose focused-ion-beam irradiation was used to induce intermixing across the interface between a 10 nm Ni{sub 81}Fe{sub 19} layer and a 2–3 nm capping layer of either Au or Cr. Time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect was used to study magnetization dynamics as a function of ion-beam dose. With an Au cap, the damping of the un-irradiated bilayer was comparable with native Ni{sub 81}Fe{sub 19} and increased with increasing ion dose. In contrast, for Ni{sub 81}Fe{sub 19}/Cr the damping was higher than that for native Ni{sub 81}Fe{sub 19}, but the damping decreased with increasing dose.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2013

Magnetic and Gilbert damping properties of L{sub 21}-Co{sub 2}FeAl film grown by molecular beam epitaxy

Co{sub 2}FeAl film with L{sub 21} structure was prepared. Its magnetic and Gilbert damping properties were studied by ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) and time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect (TR-MOKE), respectively. It is observed that the apparent damping parameter decreases drastically with increasing magnetic field at low field regime and eventually becomes a constant value of 0.004 at high field regime by TR-MOKE measurements. A Gilbert damping parameter of 0.008 in the hard axis by FMR measurement has also been obtained, which is comparable with that extracted from TR-MOKE measurements at low external field, indicating the extrinsic damping processes involved in the low field regime.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗