Use of incomplete historical data to infer the present state of the atmosphere
Incomplete historical data to infer state of atmosphere based on global circulation model, noting tradeoff of temperature for wind and time for space
Charney, J.↗
SEARCH · Engineering Papers
Results for “Inference”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Reduction and analysis of two sets of electron content measurements permitting the inference of electron density in the solar wind Final report
Reduction and analysis of electron content measurements permitting inference of electron density in solar wind
Croft, T. A.↗
Conditions in the early solar system, as inferred from meteorites
Inferring origin of solar system from studying properties of meteorites
Anders, E.↗
Forecasting flare times from inferred magnetic fields
Solar flare forecasting based on statistical correlation to magnetic fields inferred from H alpha filtergrams
Lemmon, J. J.↗
Applications of 'artificial intelligence' for chemical inference. VI - Approach to a general method of interpreting low resolution mass spectra with a computer
Computerized method of interpreting low resolution mass spectra in organic chemical analysis, describing inference maker program applications and results
Buchanan, B. G.↗
Inferences based on unreliable reports
Human inferences based on partially reliable reports, studying likelihood ratio estimates and probabilistic relations in nature
Fryback, D. G.↗
Lunar magnetic field measurements, electrical conductivity calculations and thermal profile inferences
Steady magnetic field measurements of magnitude 30 to 100 gamma on the lunar surface impose problems of interpretation when coupled with the nondetectability of a lunar field at 0.4 lunar radius altitude and the limb induced perturbations of the solar wind at the Explorer orbit. The lunar time-varying magnetic field clearly indicates the presence of eddy currents in the lunar interior and permits calculation of an electrical conductivity profile. The problem is complicated by the day-night asymmetry of the moon's electromagnetic environment, the possible presence of the transverse magnetic mode, and the variable wave directions of the driving function. The electrical conductivity is calculated to be low near the surface, rising to a peak of .006/ohm meter at 250 km, dropping steeply inwards to a value of about .00005/ohm meter, and then rising toward the interior. A transition at 250 km depth from a high conductivity to a low conductivity material is inferred, suggesting an olivine-like core at approximately 800 C, although other models are possible.
Colburn, D. S.↗
Interplanetary magnetic sector polarity inferred from polar geomagnetic field observations
With the use of a prediction technique it is shown that the polarity (toward or away from the sun) of the interplanetary magnetic field can be reliably inferred from observations of the polar geomagnetic field.
Eriss-Christensen, E.↗
The inference of atmospheric ozone using satellite horizon measurements in the 1042 per cm band.
Description of a method for inferring atmospheric ozone information using infrared horizon radiance measurements in the 1042 per cm band. An analysis based on this method proves the feasibility of the horizon experiment for determining ozone information and shows that the ozone partial pressure can be determined in the altitude range from 50 down to 25 km. A comprehensive error study is conducted which considers effects of individual errors as well as the effect of all error sources acting simultaneously. The results show that in the absence of a temperature profile bias error, it should be possible to determine the ozone partial pressure to within an rms value of 15 to 20%. It may be possible to reduce this rms error to 5% by smoothing the solution profile. These results would be seriously degraded by an atmospheric temperature bias error of only 3 K; thus, great care should be taken to minimize this source of error in an experiment. It is probable, in view of recent technological developments, that these errors will be much smaller in future flight experiments and the altitude range will widen to include from about 60 km down to the tropopause region.
Russell, J. M., III↗
Variations in the stratospheric ozone field inferred from Nimbus satellite observations
The ultraviolet earth radiance data from the Backscatter Ultraviolet Experiment on Nimbus 4 have been inverted to infer ozone profiles using a single Rayleigh scattering model. Two methods of solution give essentially the same results. Comparisons of these profiles with simultaneous rocket sounding data shows satisfactory agreement at low and middle latitudes. Vertical cross sections of ozone mixing ratio along the orbital tracks indicate that while the gross characteristics of the ozone field above 10 mb are under photochemical control, the influence of atmospheric motions can be found up to the 4 mb level.
Krueger, A. J.↗
Directions of strong winds on Mars inferred
Asymmetrical crater shadings and diffuse light and dark streaks visible on the photography returned by the 1969 Mars flyby of Mariners 6 and 7 are probably eolian in origin. Wind directions inferred from mapping of these features parallel motions of observed global dust storms or relate to expected patterns of topographic funneling of winds.
Howard, A. D.↗
The inference of atmospheric ozone using satellite nadir measurements in the 1042/cm band
A description and detailed analysis of a technique for inferring atmospheric ozone information from satellite nadir measurements in the 1042 cm band are presented. A method is formulated for computing the emission from the lower boundary under the satellite which circumvents the difficult analytical problems caused by the presence of atmospheric clouds and the watervapor continuum absorption. The inversion equations are expanded in terms of the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of a least-squares-solution matrix, and an analysis is performed to determine the information content of the radiance measurements. Under favorable conditions there are only two pieces of independent information available from the measurements: (1) the total ozone and (2) the altitude of the primary maximum in the ozone profile.
Russell, J. M., III↗
Xenoliths in maars and diatremes with inferences for the moon, Mars, and Venus.
Some field observations of the occurrence of deep-seated rock fragments in three terrestrial volcanic features that may have counterparts on the moon or Mars are reviewed, and results of numerical hydrodynamic calculations of the eruption of these types of volcanoes are presented. In particular, the transport of entrained fragmental debris is investigated for the surface (muzzle) velocity of fragments that it yields as a function of fragment size and various values of surface gravity. The implications of these observations and inferences for possible future space missions are examined.
Mcgetchin, T. R.↗
The inference of temperature from the infrared spectra of planets.
The paper is concerned primarily with the determination of the temperature of planetary atmospheres from ground-based observations of the vibration-rotation spectra of their constituent gases. The paper is divided into two parts. The first is a discussion of the theoretical basis and analytical methods for the interpretation of planetary spectra formed by reflection of solar radiation, in the ideal case of a clear, nonscattering atmosphere; this is followed by a brief description of the effects of scattering in cloudy atmospheres on the formation of spectral lines and on the inferred temperatures. In the second part examples are given of the results which have been obtained for effective temperatures and thermal structures, for both the pure absorbing and the scattering cases, and these are compared with the results of flyby and entry probe measurements.
Farmer, C. B.↗
Variations in the stratospheric ozone field inferred from Nimbus satellite observations.
The ultraviolet earth radiance data from the backscatter ultraviolet experiment on Nimbus 4 have been inverted to infer ozone profiles using a single Rayleigh scattering model. Two methods of solution give essentially the same results. Comparison of these profiles with simultaneous rocket sounding data shows satisfactory agreement at low and middle latitudes. Vertical cross-sections of ozone mixing ratio along the orbital tracks indicate that while the gross characteristics of the ozone field above 10 mb are under photochemical control, the influence of atmospheric motions can be found up to the 4 mb level.
Krueger, A. J.↗
Lunar dayside plasma sheet depletion - Inference from magnetic observations
The existence of a day-side lunar cavity in the plasma sheet, showing some depletion of plasma, has been inferred from cavity-associated magnetic characteristics observed by orbital and surface lunar magnetometers. These characteristics include a day-side enhancement in the mean magnetic field and day-side levels of amplification of eddy current induced magnetic field fluctuations typical of cavity confinement.
Schubert, G.↗
Winter bulge and diurnal variations in hydrogen inferred from AE-C composition measurements
The atomic hydrogen distribution at 250 km during December 1974 solstice was inferred, considering charge exchange equilibrium, from Atmosphere Explorer-C measurements of n(H(+)), n(O(+) and N(O). An empirical model, derived from the observations by least suqare analysis in terms of spherical harmonics, has the following characteristics: (1) n(H) increases by as much as a factor of two between the summer and winter hemispheres, (2) the n(H) diurnal variation is largest at the equator and (3) the diurnal variation is larger in the winter hemisphere than in the summer. Similar analysis of the gas temperature derived from n(N2) measurements reveals that all n(H) and Tg spherical harmonic coefficients are anticorrelated. Both the diurnal and latitudinal (annual) n(H) and Tg amplitudes are in substantial agreement with the zero flux condition, in which exospheric flow dominates the hydrogen distribution. The observed diurnal phase lag of n(H) with respect to Tg is about one hour, agreeing with theory.
Brinton, H. C.↗
Winter bulge and diurnal variations in hydrogen inferred from AE-C composition measurements
In situ mass spectrometric measurements of ion and neutral particle thermospheric compositions have been used to infer the latitudinal and diurnal variations of thermospheric atomic hydrogen for solstice conditions. Local time-dependent and local time-independent components of the observed hydrogen distribution were separated on the basis of a model generated by expanding the log of neutral hydrogen concentration in terms of spherical harmonics. Results are compared with analogous data on N2 concentration; the comparison reveals an anticorrelation between gas temperature and hydrogen concentration. The slope of this anticorrelation line represents the 'zero flux condition' from the exosphere theory of Hodges (1973), thus further bearing out the conclusion that exospheric flow is the dominant process governing the global distribution of hydrogen.
Brinton, H. C.↗