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DOE OSTI2015

Implementation of general background electromagnetic fields on a periodic hypercubic lattice

Nonuniform background electromagnetic fields, once implemented in lattice quantum chromodynamics calculations of hadronic systems, provide a means to constrain a large class of electromagnetic properties of hadrons and nuclei, from their higher electromagnetic moments and charge radii to their electromagnetic form factors. In this work, we show how nonuniform fields can be constructed on a periodic hypercubic lattice under certain conditions and determine the precise form of the background Uð1Þ gauge links that must be imposed on the quantum chromodynamics gauge-field configurations to maintain periodicity. Once supplemented by a set of quantization conditions on the background-field parameters, this construction guarantees that no nonuniformity occurs in the hadronic correlation functions across the boundary of the lattice. Lastly, the special cases of uniform electric and magnetic fields, a nonuniform electric field that varies linearly in one spatial coordinate (relevant to the determination of quadruple moment and charge radii), nonuniform electric and magnetic fields with given temporal and spatial dependences (relevant to the determination of nucleon spin polarizabilities) and plane-wave electromagnetic fields (relevant to the determination of electromagnetic form factors) are discussed explicitly.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2026

Multiphysics and Multiscale Simulation Methods for Electromagnetic Energy Assisted Fossil Fuel to Hydrogen Conversion (Final Scientific/Technical Report)

This report summarizes the technical accomplishments of the four-year research project “Multiphysics and Multiscale Simulation Methods for Electromagnetic Energy Assisted Fossil Fuel to Hydrogen Conversion” (Award No. DE-FE0032092), conducted at Howard University and the University of Houston (subawardee) from September 2021 to August 2025. The project successfully achieved all four major objectives: 1. 3D Structural Characterization – Developed 3D optical imaging and mechanical sectioning methods to characterize catalyst distribution and support morphology in nickel foam substrates. Successfully reconstructed 3D geometries and imported them into COMSOL Multiphysics for electromagnetic simulations. 2. EM Hotspot Simulation – Created all-frequency stable electromagnetic formulations and 3D nodal discontinuous Galerkin (NDG) methods for coupled electromagnetic-thermal-fluid problems in multiscale catalytic media. Demonstrated stable solutions from DC to microwave frequencies. 3. Multiphysics Coupling – Developed multiscale simulation methods coupling FEM electromagnetic solvers with thermal transport equations. Reactive molecular dynamics (ReaxFF MD) simulations were performed to investigate catalytic reaction mechanisms at the atomistic level. Demonstrated electromagnetic-thermal co-simulation capabilities for porous catalyst structures. 4. System Optimization – Designed and optimized EM-assisted catalytic systems using nickel foam and carbon foam structures, demonstrating significant temperature increases due to microwave heating. Observed and characterized plasma generation in carbon fiber catalysts. Investigated multiple reaction chamber geometries for improved microwave energy deposition. The project produced significant scientific contributions including 15+ peer-reviewed publications, trained multiple Ph.D. students and undergraduate researchers, and advanced the understanding of microwave-assisted hydrogen production from fossil fuels.

08 HYDROGEN↗

DOE OSTI2022

Reflection and transmission of electromagnetic pulses at a planar dielectric interface -- theory and quantum lattice simulations

There is considerable interest in the application of quantum information science to advance computations in plasma physics. A particular point of curiosity is whether it is possible to take advantage of quantum computers to speed up numerical simulations relative to conventional computers. Many of the topics in fusion plasma physics are classical in nature. In order to implement them on quantum computers it will require couching a classical problem in the language of quantum mechanics. Electromagnetic waves are routinely used in fusion experiments to heat a plasma or to generate currents in the plasma. The propagation of electromagnetic waves is described by Maxwell equations with an appropriate description of the plasma as a dielectric medium. Before advancing to the tensor dielectric of a magnetized plasma, this paper considers electromagnetic wave propagation in a one-dimensional inhomogeneous scalar dielectric. The classic theory of scattering of plane electromagnetic waves at a planar interface, separating two different dielectric media, leads to Fresnel equations for reflection and transmission coefficients. In contrast to plane waves, this paper is on the reflection and transmission of a spatially confined electromagnetic pulse. Following an analytical formulation for the scattering of a Gaussian pulse, it is deduced that the maximum transmission coefficient for a pulse is $\sqrt{n_2/n_1}$ times that for a plane wave; the incident and transmitted pulses propagating in dielectric media with refractive indices $n_1$ and $n_2$, respectively. The analytical theory is complemented by numerical simulations using a quantum lattice algorithm for Maxwell equations. The algorithm, based on the Riemann-Silberstein-Weber representation of the electromagnetic fields and expressed in term of qubits, is an interleaved sequence of entangling operators at each lattice site and unitary streaming operators which transmit information from one site to an adjacent lattice site. Besides substantiating results from the theory for Gaussian pulses, numerical simulations show their validity for non-Gaussian pulses. Apart from their time-asymptotic forms, the simulations display an interplay between the incident, reflected, and transmitted pulses in the vicinity of the transition region between two dielectric media.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2025

In Situ MOF Pyrolysis Construction of Hierarchical Porous Co‐Nanoparticles/Carbon Cloth Composites for Enhanced Electromagnetic Wave Shielding and Absorption

The development of high-performance electromagnetic protection materials integrating broadband absorption and effective shielding capabilities is hindered by challenges in simultaneously optimizing multiple electromagnetic properties through conventional material designs. This study pioneers a hierarchical porous Co nanoparticle/carbon cloth (Co/CC) composite via controlled annealing of a Co-MOF precursor on carbon cloth. The Co-MOF served a dual role as both magnetic source and pore-forming agent, enabling in situ generation of uniformly dispersed Co nanoparticles and creation of abundant pores/interfaces on the CC fibers during pyrolysis. This unique architecture synergistically enhanced dielectric loss (via interfacial/dipolar polarization) and magnetic loss (via natural resonance, exchange interactions, and eddy currents), significantly improving impedance matching. The hierarchical pores further functioned as integrated “absorption–reflection” units for efficient electromagnetic energy attenuation. Consequently, the Co/CC composite annealed at 800°C (Co/CC-800) achieves minimum reflection loss (−40.69 dB) and 120% effective absorption bandwidth extension (6.16 GHz) as a filler, and exhibits superior electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (46.66 dB) as an integrated component. Significantly, Co/CC-800 demonstrated robust photothermal and electrothermal conversion capabilities, ensuring operational stability in ice-covered and humid harsh environments. This work pioneers a pore-structure-mediated strategy to harmonize dielectric–magnetic synergy, providing a new paradigm for designing advanced multifunctional electromagnetic protection materials.

dielectric‐magnetic synergy↗

DOE OSTI2014

The nonextensive parameter for nonequilibrium electron gas in an electromagnetic field

The nonextensive parameter for nonequilibrium electron gas of the plasma in an electromagnetic field is studied. We exactly obtained an expression of the q-parameter based on Boltzmann kinetic theories for plasmas, where Coulombian interactions and Lorentz forces play dominant roles. We show that the q-parameter different from unity is related by an equation to temperature gradient, electric field strength, magnetic induction as well as overall bulk velocity of the gas. The effect of the magnetic field on the q-parameter depends on the overall bulk velocity. Thus the q-parameter for the electron gas in an electromagnetic field represents the nonequilibrium nature or nonisothermal configurations of the plasma with electromagnetic interactions. - Highlights: • An expression of the q-parameter is obtained for nonequilibrium plasma with electromagnetic interactions. • The q-parameter is related to temperature gradient, electric field strength, magnetic induction as well as overall bulk velocity of the plasma. • The q-parameter represents the nonequilibrium nature of the complex plasma with electromagnetic interactions.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2018

On the Number of Photons in a Classical Electromagnetic Field

Relations determining the number of photons in an electromagnetic field are considered from the point of view of a classical electromagnetic field. A relativistically invariant expression is obtained for the number of emitted photons in terms of charges and currents producing the electromagnetic field. Examples are considered for calculating the numbers of photons in the electromagnetic field for the case of the electric dipole radiation field, as well as the field of a finite and spatially restricted electromagnetic pulse.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2018

Nucleation and Grain Refinement of 7A04 Aluminum Alloy Under a Low-Power Electromagnetic Pulse

The effects of a low-power electromagnetic pulse on the grain size and cooling curve of high-strength aluminum alloy 7A04 were investigated for various pulse duty cycles. This electromagnetic pulse treatment was found to effectively produce fine grains with globular crystals and a uniform microstructure for pulse duty cycles between 20 and 40%. The key factors that affected grain refinement under the electromagnetic pulse included the electromagnetic energy and the conversion frequency between B and E. The nucleation rate increased as the nucleation period was extended. A new kinetic condition of magnetic nucleation was explored by decreasing the critical Gibbs free energy in the electromagnetic pulse, which was more sensitive under low undercooling. In addition, the crystal orientation was controlled in such a solidification environment.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2013

Non-dissipative electromagnetic media with two Lorentz null cones

We study Maxwell's equations on a 4-manifold where the electromagnetic medium is modeled by an antisymmetric (2/2 )-tensor with 21 real coefficients. In this setting the Fresnel surface is a fourth-order polynomial surface that describes the dynamical response of the medium in the geometric optics limit. For example, in an isotropic medium the Fresnel surface is a Lorentz null cone. The contribution of this paper is the pointwise description of all electromagnetic medium tensors {kappa} with real coefficients that satisfy the following three conditions: (i)medium {kappa} is invertible, (ii)medium {kappa} is skewon-free, or non-dissipative, (iii)the Fresnel surface of {kappa} is the union of two distinct Lorentz null cones. We show that there are only three classes of media with these properties and give explicit expressions in local coordinates for each class. - Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer We find two new electromagnetic media classes for which the Fresnel surface decomposes into two light cones. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer In a suitable setting we classify all electromagnetic media where this is the case. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer We find an electromagnetic medium tensor with three different signal speeds in one direction. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The work is related to [5], which classifies all media with one light cone (in a suitable setting).

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2014

Electromagnetic fields and potentials generated by massless charged particles

We provide for the first time the exact solution of Maxwell’s equations for a massless charged particle moving on a generic trajectory at the speed of light. In particular we furnish explicit expressions for the vector potential and the electromagnetic field, which were both previously unknown, finding that they entail different physical features for bounded and unbounded trajectories. With respect to the standard Liénard–Wiechert field the electromagnetic field acquires singular δ-like contributions whose support and dimensionality depend crucially on whether the motion is (a) linear, (b) accelerated unbounded, (c) accelerated bounded. In the first two cases the particle generates a planar shock-wave-like electromagnetic field traveling along a straight line. In the second and third cases the field acquires, in addition, a δ-like contribution supported on a physical singularity-string attached to the particle. For generic accelerated motions a genuine radiation field is also present, represented by a regular principal-part type distribution diverging on the same singularity-string. - Highlights: • First exact solution of Maxwell’s equations for massless charges in arbitrary motion. • Explicit expressions of electromagnetic fields and potentials. • Derivations are rigorous and based on distribution theory. • The form of the field depends heavily on whether the motion is bounded or unbounded. • The electromagnetic field contains unexpected Dirac-delta-function contributions.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2024

Manufactured solutions for an electromagnetic slot model

The accurate modeling of electromagnetic penetration is an important topic in computational electromagnetics. Electromagnetic penetration occurs through intentional or inadvertent openings in an otherwise closed electromagnetic scatterer, which prevent the contents from being fully shielded from external fields. To efficiently model electromagnetic penetration, aperture or slot models can be used with surface integral equations to solve Maxwell's equations. A necessary step towards establishing the credibility of these models is to assess the correctness of the implementation of the underlying numerical methods through code verification. Surface integral equations and slot models yield multiple interacting sources of numerical error and other challenges, which render traditional code-verification approaches ineffective. In this paper, we provide approaches to separately measure the numerical errors arising from these different error sources for the method-of-moments implementation of the electric-field integral equation with a slot model. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of these approaches for a variety of cases.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2011

Relationship between electromagnetic and acoustic emissions during plastic deformation of gamma-irradiated LiF monocrystals

Simultaneous measurements of acoustic emissions (AE) and electromagnetic emissions (EME) during plastic deformation and destruction under uniaxial compression along <001> direction are made on LiF monocrystals after gamma irradiation by {sup 60}Co source. The irradiation doses are 1, 2, and 10 Mrad. The EME measurements in the radio-frequency range are carried out using two types of electromagnetic sensors: (i) a simple electrical stub antenna and (ii) a toroidal inductance coil. Two checking experiments on unirradiated crystals are performed as the starting point to discover the effect of gamma irradiation on acoustic and electromagnetic emissive ability of plastically deformed ionic crystals. Unirradiated LiF monocrystals demonstrate high-intensive EME at easy glide and work hardening stages, as well as at the fracture during destruction of the sample. At radiation doses more than {approx}1 Mrad, in the active loading stage the EME of LiF monocrystals vanishes, except few individual electromagnetic pulses (only at 1 and 2 Mrad doses), which are time correlated with well-defined drop-jumps on the loading diagram and therefore can be associated with macroscopic crack openings. Moderate electromagnetic activity in irradiated crystals occurs only in the final stage of deformation at the complete fracture of the sample. Thus, after gamma irradiation the formation of polarization currents due to dynamic interaction between charged vacancies and moving dislocations is suppressed, and only EME connected with the redistribution of the free charge on the crack branches is observed. Acoustic emission diagrams of low-irradiated LiF are typical for the work hardening stage in crystals containing a great amount of strong point stoppers. At larger irradiation doses the AE diagram displays quite different behavior at low- and high-loading regions with a sharp boundary between them. The low-loading region shows poor AE activity, which changes sharply into high-active burst-like emission with an increase in loading. The boundary between two regions shifts to higher loadings with radiation dose. The higher is the radiation dose the lower is the relative intensity of AE in the high-stressed region. The physical mechanisms of EME and AE in gamma-irradiated ionic crystals are discussed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2015

A resonant electromagnetic vibration energy harvester for intelligent wireless sensor systems

Vibration energy harvesting is now receiving more interest as a means for powering intelligent wireless sensor systems. In this paper, a resonant electromagnetic vibration energy harvester (VEH) employing double cantilever to convert low-frequency vibration energy into electrical energy is presented. The VEH is made up of two cantilever beams, a coil, and magnetic circuits. The electric output performances of the proposed electromagnetic VEH have been investigated. With the enhancement of turns number N, the optimum peak power of electromagnetic VEH increases sharply and the resonance frequency deceases gradually. When the vibration acceleration is 0.5 g, we obtain the optimum output voltage and power of 9.04 V and 50.8 mW at frequency of 14.9 Hz, respectively. In a word, the prototype device was successfully developed and the experimental results exhibit a great enhancement in the output power and bandwidth compared with other traditional electromagnetic VEHs. Remarkably, the proposed resonant electromagnetic VEH have great potential for applying in intelligent wireless sensor systems.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2017

Electromagnetic radiation accompanying gravitational waves from black hole binaries

The transition of powerful gravitational waves, created by the coalescence of massive black hole binaries, into electromagnetic radiation in external magnetic fields is considered. In contrast to the previous calculations of the similar effect we study the realistic case of the gravitational radiation frequency below the plasma frequency of the surrounding medium. The gravitational waves propagating in the plasma constantly create electromagnetic radiation dragging it with them, despite the low frequency. The plasma heating by the unattenuated electromagnetic wave may be significant in hot rarefied plasma with strong magnetic field and can lead to a noticeable burst of electromagnetic radiation with higher frequency. The graviton-to-photon conversion effect in plasma is discussed in the context of possible electromagnetic counterparts of GW150914 and GW170104.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Gauge-symmetrization method for energy-momentum tensors in high-order electromagnetic field theories

For electromagnetic field theories, canonical energy-momentum conservation laws can be derived from the underpinning spacetime translation symmetry according to the Noether procedure. However, the canonical energy-momentum tensors (EMTs) are neither symmetric nor gauge-symmetric (gauge invariant). The Belinfante-Rosenfeld (BR) method is a well-known procedure to symmetrize the EMTs, which also renders them gauge symmetric for first-order field theories. High-order electromagnetic field theories appear in the study of gyrokinetic systems for magnetized plasmas and the Podolsky system for the radiation reaction of classical charged particles. For these high-order field theories, gauge-symmetric EMTs are not necessarily symmetric and vice versa. In the present study, we develop a new gauge-symmetrization method for EMTs in high-order electromagnetic field theories. The Noether procedure is carried out using the Faraday tensor $F_{μν}$, instead of the 4-potential $A_{μ}$, to derive a canonical EMT $T^{μν}_{N}$. We show that the gauge-dependent part of $T^{μν}_{N}$ can be removed using the displacement-potential tensor $F^{σμν}$ ≡ $D^{σμ}A^{ν}/4π$, where $D^{σμ}$ is the antisymmetric electric displacement tensor. This method gauge-symmetrizes the EMT without necessarily making it symmetric, which is adequate for applications not involving general relativity. For first-order electromagnetic field theories, such as the standard Maxwell system, $F^{σμν}$ reduces to the familiar BR superpotential $S^{σμν}$, and the method developed can be used as a simpler procedure to calculate $S^{σμν}$ without employing the angular momentum tensor in 4D spacetime. When the electromagnetic system is coupled to classical charged particles, the gauge-symmetrization method for EMTs is shown to be effective as well.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2011

Impact of the strong electromagnetic field on the QCD effective potential for homogeneous Abelian gluon field configurations

The one-loop quark contribution to the QCD effective potential for the homogeneous Abelian gluon field in the presence of an external strong electromagnetic field is evaluated. The structure of extrema of the potential as a function of the angles between chromoelectric, chromomagnetic, and electromagnetic fields is analyzed. In this setup, the electromagnetic field is considered as an external one while the gluon field represents domain structured nonperturbative gluon configurations related to the QCD vacuum in the confinement phase. Two particularly interesting gluon configurations, (anti-)self-dual and crossed orthogonal chromomagnetic and chromoelectric fields, are discussed specifically. Within this simplified framework it is shown that the strong electromagnetic fields can play a catalyzing role for a deconfinement transition. At the qualitative level, the present consideration can be seen as a highly simplified study of an impact of the electromagnetic fields generated in relativistic heavy ion collisions on the strongly interacting hadronic matter.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2017

Multipole-Based Cable Braid Electromagnetic Penetration Model: Electric Penetration Case

In this paper, we investigate the electric penetration case of the first principles multipole-based cable braid electromagnetic penetration model reported in the Progress in Electromagnetics Research B 66, 63–89 (2016). We first analyze the case of a 1-D array of wires: this is a problem which is interesting on its own, and we report its modeling based on a multipole-conformal mapping expansion and extension by means of Laplace solutions in bipolar coordinates. We then compare the elastance (inverse of capacitance) results from our first principles cable braid electromagnetic penetration model to that obtained using the multipole-conformal mapping bipolar solution. These results are found in a good agreement up to a radius to half spacing ratio of 0.6, demonstrating a robustness needed for many commercial cables. We then analyze realistic cable implementations without dielectrics and compare the results from our first principles braid electromagnetic penetration model to the semiempirical results reported by Kley in the IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility 35, 1–9 (1993). Finally, although we find results on the same order of magnitude of Kley's results, the full dependence on the actual cable geometry is accounted for only in our proposed multipole model which, in addition, enables us to treat perturbations from those commercial cables measured.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2016

Relativistically strong electromagnetic radiation in a plasma

Physical processes in a plasma under the action of relativistically strong electromagnetic waves generated by high-power lasers have been briefly reviewed. These processes are of interest in view of the development of new methods for acceleration of charged particles, creation of sources of bright hard electromagnetic radiation, and investigation of macroscopic quantum-electrodynamical processes. Attention is focused on nonlinear waves in a laser plasma for the creation of compact electron accelerators. The acceleration of plasma bunches by the radiation pressure of light is the most efficient regime of ion acceleration. Coherent hard electromagnetic radiation in the relativistic plasma is generated in the form of higher harmonics and/or electromagnetic pulses, which are compressed and intensified after reflection from relativistic mirrors created by nonlinear waves. In the limit of extremely strong electromagnetic waves, radiation friction, which accompanies the conversion of radiation from the optical range to the gamma range, fundamentally changes the behavior of the plasma. This process is accompanied by the production of electron–positron pairs, which is described within quantum electrodynamics theory.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2013

Geometrization of the electromagnetic field and dark matter

Fundamental concepts, symmetries and dynamic equations of the theory of dark matter are derived from the simple relation: everything in the concept of space and the concept of space in everything. It is shown that the electromagnetic field is the singlet state of the dark matter field and, hence, the last may be considered as a generalized electromagnetic field (shortly gef) and a simple solution is given to the old problem of connecting the electromagnetic field with geometric properties of the physical manifold itself. It is shown that gauge fixing renders the generalized electromagnetic field effectively massive while the Maxwell electromagnetic field remains massless. To learn more about interactions between matter and dark matter on the microscopic level (and to recognize the fundamental role of internal symmetry in this case), the general covariant Dirac equation is derived and its natural generalization is considered. The experiment is suggested to test the formulated theory.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗