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At least 127 records · Page 7
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2017

The Effects of Severity of Losses of Well Clear on Minimum Operations Performance Standards End-To-End Verification and Validation Simulation Study for Integrating Unmanned Aircraft Systems into the National Airspace System Using Detect and Avoid Systems

As Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) make their way to mainstream aviation operations within the National Airspace System (NAS), research efforts are underway to develop a safe and effective environment for their integration into the NAS. Detect and Avoid (DAA) systems are required to account for the lack of “eyes in the sky” due to having no human on-board the aircraft. The technique, results, and lessons learned from a detailed End-to-End Verification and Validation (E2-V2) simulation study of a DAA system representative of RTCA Special Committee(SC)-228’s proposed Phase I DAA Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS), based on specific test vectors and encounter cases, will be presented in this paper.

Ghatas, Rania W.↗
NASA NTRS2015

Proposal for a Sample Pilot Response Model

Regulations to establish operational and performance requirements for unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) are being developed by a consortium of government, industry and academic institutions. Those requirements will apply to the new detect and avoid (DAA) systems and other equipment necessary to integrate UAS with the National Airspace System (NAS) and are determined according to their contribution to the overall safety case for such an integration. In order to perform end-to-end verification and validation of DAA requirements, a committee accepted pilot response model is needed to emulate UAS pilots in closed-loop Monte Carlo fast-time simulations. This briefing focuses on background of the pilot model used in previous Airspace Concept Evaluation System studies, identification of strengths and weaknesses in that model, and proposals on model improvements. The briefing also looks to build consensus around a common architecture and assumptions for modeling the pilot for UAS DAA systems.

Santiago, Confesor↗
NASA NTRS2015

Characteristics of a Well Clear Definition and Alerting Criteria for Encounters Between UAS and Manned Aircraft in Class E Airspace

Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) will be required to equip with a detect-and-avoid (DAA) system in order to satisfy the federal aviation regulations to remain well clear of other aircraft. For a DAA system to satisfy the requirement to stay well clear of other airborne traffic, a quantitative definition of well clear needs to be defined and evaluated. This study investigates the implications of UAS using proposed well clear definitions as a separation standard for conducting operations in the National Airspace System (NAS). The first analysis considers three well clear definitions and presents the relative state conditions of intruder aircraft as they encroach upon the well clear boundary. The second analysis focuses on the definition of the alerting criteria needed to inform the UAS operator of a potential loss of well clear. All analyses are conducted in a NAS-wide fast-time simulation environment using UAS aircraft models, proposed UAS missions, and historical air defense radar data to populate the background traffic operating under visual flight rules. The results presented in this study inform the safety case, requirements development, and the operational environment for DAA minimum operational performance standards.

Safety↗
NASA NTRS2019

Low Size, Weight, and Power (SWaP) Experiments 1 & 2 Flight Test Series 6 VIP Day

This presentation provides an overview of two recently completed human-in-the-loop simulations, conducted as part of the Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Integration in the National Airspace System (NAS) Project. These studies investigated the effects of shorter RADAR surveillance ranges on DAA system performance. They were designed to serve as a validation of the fast-time simulation work performed by other groups working on the UAS-NAS project. They were also intended to establish a baseline for the Flight Test 6 Full Mission configuration flights. Low SWaP HITL 1 examined system performance with two candidate non-cooperative DAA well clear (DWC) definitions with a RADAR declaration range of 3.5nm. Low SWaP HITL 2 looked at DAA system performance with four different RADAR declaration ranges (1.5, 2.0, 2.5, & 3.0nm) with a non-cooperative DWC definition of 450ft vertical separation and 2200ft horizontal separation. The results of each study and the implications for FT6 are discussed.

Rorie, Conrad↗
NASA NTRS2019

Terminal Area Considerations for UAS Detect and Avoid

Unmanned Aircraft Systems need to be able to comply with manned aviation ‘see and avoid’ separation requirements. A Detect and Avoid (DAA) System includes sensors, a tracker, and alerting and guidance algorithms that assist a remote pilot in maintaining separation from airborne traffic. To date, DAA system requirements development has focused on operations transiting to and from Class A or special use airspace. Current efforts are defining DAA system requirements for operations in and around terminal airspace. As a contribution to the current efforts, this paper highlights results from a Human in the Loop (HiTL) experiment comparing methods of changing from the transit-specific alerting and guidance criteria to proposed terminal-specific alerting and guidance criteria. It discusses operational considerations that are beyond the HiTL.

Unmanned Aircraft Systems↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Applying Sensor Uncertainty Mitigation Schemes to Detect-and-Avoid Systems

Impact of sensor noise on the performance of Detect-And-Avoid (DAA) systems can be reduced by implementing various mitigation schemes. This paper evaluates the Sensor Uncertainty Mitigation (SUM) method, implemented in the Detect and Avoid Alerting Logic for Unmanned Systems (DAIDALUS) algorithm, a reference implementation in the DAA minimum operational performance standards. DAIDALUS SUM performance is evaluated using a few safety and operational suitability metrics and compared with more traditional approaches using static safety buffers. A large number of encounters representative of low-speed unmanned aircraft against non-cooperative manned aircraft are simulated and evaluated. An air-to-air radar model produces representative sensor noise for the DAA system. Results show that increasing the tunable parameters for horizontal and vertical uncertainty in DAIDALUS SUM improves the safety metric at the cost of increasing the number of system alerts leading to increased workload. A range of SUM parameters is recommended as suitable values for the type of operations considered for this work. General trends and optimal SUM configurations were found to be nearly the same for two large and very different encounter data sets.

detect and avoid↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

UAS Pilot Assessments of Display and Alerting for the Airborne Collision Avoidance System XU

Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) must comply with specific standards to operate in the National Airspace System (NAS). Among the requirements are the detect and avoid (DAA) capabilities, which include display, alerting, and guidance specifications. Previous studies have queried pilots for their subjective feedback on these display elements on earlier systems; the present study sought pilot evaluations with an initial iteration of the unmanned variant of a Next Generation Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS XU). Sixteen participants piloted simulated aircraft with both standalone and integrated DAA displays. Their opinions were gathered using post-block and post-simulation questionnaires as well as guided debriefs. The data showed pilots had better understanding and comfort with the system when using an integrated display. Pilots also rated ACAS Xu alerting and guidance as generally acceptable and effective. Implications for further development of ACAS XU and DAA displays are discussed.

unmanned aircraft systems↗
NASA NTRS2020

UAS Pilot Assessments of Display and Alerting for the Next Generation Airborne Avoidance System

Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) must comply with specific standards to operate in the National Airspace System (NAS). Among the requirements are the detect and avoid (DAA) capabilities, which include display, alerting, and guidance specifications. Previous studies have queried pilots for their subjective feedback on these display elements on earlier systems; the present study sought pilot evaluations with an initial iteration of the unmanned variant of a Next Generation Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS XU). Sixteen participants piloted simulated aircraft with both standalone and integrated DAA displays. Their opinions were gathered using post-block and post-simulation questionnaires as well as guided debriefs. The data showed pilots had better understanding and comfort with the system when using an integrated display. Pilots also rated ACAS Xu alerting and guidance as generally acceptable and effective. Implications for further development of ACAS XU and DAA displays are discussed.

unmanned aircraft systems↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

UAS Pilot Assessments of Display and Alerting for the Next Generation Airborne Collision Avoidance System Xu

Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) must comply with specific standards to operate in the National Airspace System (NAS). Among the requirements are the detect and avoid (DAA) capabilities, which include display, alerting, and guidance specifications. Previous studies have queried pilots for their subjective feedback on these display elements on earlier systems; the present study sought pilot evaluations with an initial iteration of the unmanned variant of a Next Generation Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS XU). Sixteen participants piloted simulated aircraft with both standalone and integrated DAA displays. Their opinions were gathered using post-block and post-simulation questionnaires as well as guided debriefs. The data showed pilots had better understanding and comfort with the system when using an integrated display. Pilots also rated ACAS Xu alerting and guidance as generally acceptable and effective. Implications for further development of ACAS XU and DAA displays are discussed.

unmanned aircraft systems↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Assistive Detect and Avoid Technology in Urban Air Mobility Environments

The use of Assistive Detect and Avoid (Assistive DAA or ADAA) technology in Urban Air Mobility (UAM) environments poses potential benefits as well as challenges. Assistive DAA refers to the leveraged use of DAA technology, originally developed to replace see-and-avoid capabilities for remotely piloted aircraft, in onboard-piloted aircraft to augment (rather than replace) pilots’ see-and-avoid abilities and thus enhance the safety and efficiency of visual flight operations. ADAA is anticipated to be especially safety-enhancing in airspace where traffic density is high or traditional air traffic services are limited, such as in future UAM environments. ADAA may also enable higher-tempo UAM operations than with only see-and-avoid capabilities, while still maintaining acceptable levels of safety. UAM concepts under development by the FAA, NASA, and industry focus on operations moving people and cargo in urban and suburban areas using innovative technologies, operations, and aircraft, including electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. Researchers at NASA Langley Research Center, in collaboration with FAA researchers at the William J. Hughes Technical Center in Atlantic City, NJ, have conducted a series of medium-fidelity, human-in-the-loop research simulations of potential future UAM operations and concepts in both Class C and Class B airspace environments. These simulations have included use of a Langley-developed ADAA research tool called DANTi, which enables configurable ADAA displays to be presented to pilots of simulated eVTOL aircraft participating in higher-density and higher-tempo UAM operations. Experience and observations made during testing of the NASA-developed DANTi ADAA capability in the UAM NFLITE simulation environment will be reported in this paper together with a discussion of airspace integration and regulatory topics.

Detect and Avoid↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Assistive Detect and Avoid Technology in Urban Air Mobility Environments

The use of Assistive Detect and Avoid (Assistive DAA or ADAA) technology in Urban Air Mobility (UAM) environments poses potential benefits as well as challenges. Assistive DAA refers to the leveraged use of DAA technology, originally developed to replace see-and-avoid capabilities for remotely piloted aircraft, in onboard-piloted aircraft to augment (rather than replace) pilots’ see-and-avoid abilities and thus enhance the safety and efficiency of visual flight operations. ADAA is anticipated to be especially safety-enhancing in airspace where traffic density is high or traditional air traffic services are limited, such as in future UAM environments. ADAA may also enable higher-tempo UAM operations than with only see-and-avoid capabilities, while still maintaining acceptable levels of safety. UAM concepts under development by the FAA, NASA, and industry focus on operations moving people and cargo in urban and suburban areas using innovative technologies, operations, and aircraft, including electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. Researchers at NASA Langley Research Center, in collaboration with FAA researchers at the William J. Hughes Technical Center in Atlantic City, NJ, have conducted a series of medium-fidelity, human-in-the-loop research simulations of potential future UAM operations and concepts in both Class C and Class B airspace environments. These simulations have included use of a Langley-developed ADAA research tool called DANTi, which enables configurable ADAA displays to be presented to pilots of simulated eVTOL aircraft participating in higher-density and higher-tempo UAM operations. Experience and observations made during testing of the NASA-developed DANTi ADAA capability in the UAM NFLITE simulation environment will be reported in this paper together with a discussion of airspace integration and regulatory topics.

Detect and Avoid↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Pathfinding for Airspace with Autonomous Vehicles (PAAV) ACAS Xr Terminal Area Simulation Overview

This presentation provides an overview of an upcoming human-in-the-loop simulation planned by the Pathfinding for Airspace with Autonomous Vehicles (PAAV) subproject, as part of the Air Traffic Management eXploration project. The study will investigate Detect and Avoid (DAA) concepts in and around the DAA terminal area (DTA). The DTA has received little investigation in real-time, pilot-in-the-loop simulation. This study proposes to use current remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS) pilots to investigate the effectiveness of current DTA requirements using the FAA's Airborne Collision Avoidance System X for Rotorcraft (ACAS Xr) as the DAA system under test. The findings of this stufy will be used to inform DTA and ACAS Xr standards development. This presentation will be provided to RTCA Special Committee 228 as an overview and as an opportunity to collect feedback from the larger RPAS/DAA community on the study design and key scenarios and metrics. The presentation provides a brief overview of open areas of research with ACAS Xr, the experimental design, the simulation environment and the simulation schedule.

advanced air mobility↗
NASA NTRS2019

Alternative Surveillance Fast Time Simulation with Sensor Uncertainties and Mitigation

This presentation describes a simulation plan for the fast time simulation 3 for the modeling and simulation team in the UAS (Unmanned Aircraft Systems) in the NAS (National Airspace System)project. Objectives: Investigate the effect of limited surveillance volume and realistic radar noise on DAA (Detect and Avoid) performance; Evaluate the ability of the sensor uncertainty mitigation (SUM) feature of the DAIDALUS [Dectect and Avoid...] algorithm to improve DAA alerting and guidance [Includes content on SWaP-C (size, weight, power, and cost) of unmanned aircraft; and Near-mid-air-collision (NMAC).]

UAS↗
NASA NTRS2020

An Evaluation of UAS Pilot Workload and Acceptability Ratings with Four Simulated Radar Declaration Ranges

Currently, minimum operating standards (MOPS) are being developed for a broader range of UAS types, including smaller UAS that will feature onboard sensors that are low in size, weight, and power (Low SWaP). These sensors will have limited declaration ranges compared to ones typically found on medium-to-large UAS used to detect non-cooperative aircraft. A human-in-the-loop (HITL) study was conducted examining four possible radar declaration ranges (i.e., 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, and 3 nm) for a potential low SWaP sensor with a DAA system. Participants had lower workload, particularly workload associated with temporal demand and effort. Furthermore, participants reported better ability to remain DAA well clear within the larger declaration range conditions, such as the 2.5 nm and 3 nm.

UAS↗
NASA NTRS2024

Integration of Automated Systems Test Campaign NC-IAS

NASA’s 2022 strategic plan included the goal to catalyze economic growth and drive innovation in the aviation industry, and to address challenges in air transportation and airspace management within the National Airspace System (NAS). The Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate (ARMD) specifically was tasked with leading aviation innovation to enable safe and sustainable air transportation through revolutionary vehicle advances and efficient flight operations. As a part of meeting these objectives and advancing air mobility concepts, NASA initiated the National Campaign (NC) in the Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) Project within the Airspace Operations and Safety Program (AOSP). The NC was designed to support operational demonstrations with industry as well as the research and development needed to support NASA-led research flight demonstrations. Within NC, the Integration of Automated Systems (IAS), an NC activity, tested and evaluated flight deck automation and airspace operations management functions needed to enable Urban Air Mobility (UAM) operations. This was accomplished through a partnership with Sikorsky Aircraft (specifically Sikorsky Innovations), a Lockheed Martin company, and DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), by leveraging two automation-enabled helicopters equipped with unique capabilities that enabled NASA to develop and test two-ship conflict encounters to demonstrate flight path management and hazard avoidance technologies. The enabler in this testing was NASA-developed “Middleware” (MW) software (also known as Expandable Variable Autonomy Architecture, or EVAA), which among other things allowed multiple algorithms to be incorporated into one software build that was hosted on the dissimilar-type Sikorsky helicopters. The IAS test campaign period of performance was from March 2022 through October 2023 and was structured as a phased, or spiral, approach that ultimately led to the first-ever demonstration of two-ship UAM/AAM operations designed to safely choreograph specific conflict encounters and mission scenarios to test the research algorithms for strategic and tactical aircraft deconfliction. Lessons learned are included in the body of the report. Data collected will be used to inform FAA and industry standards groups on the increasingly automated systems needed for future AAM operations. The test encounters developed for these flight tests were proven to be highly predictable, repeatable, and safely exercised flight path planning and Detect and Avoid (DAA) algorithms. These same test encounters should be leveraged by future flight test campaigns to verify that operational safety is not compromised as the AAM architecture matures. Next steps include repeating similar encounters using unmanned aircraft carrying DAA sensors in the National Airspace.

AAM↗
NASA NTRS1979

A Demonstration Advanced Avionics System for general aviation

A program initiated within NASA has emphasized the use of a data bus, microprocessors, electronic displays and data entry devices for general aviation. A Demonstration Advanced Avionics System (DAAS) capable of evaluating critical and promising elements of an integrating system that will perform the functions of (1) automated guidance and navigation; (2) flight planning; (3) weight and balance performance computations; (4) monitoring and warning; and (5) storage of normal and emergency check lists and operational limitations is described. Consideration is given to two major parts of the DAAS instrument panel: the integrated data control center and an electronic horizontal situation indicator, and to the system architecture. The system is to be installed in the Ames Research Center's Cessna 402B in the latter part of 1980; engineering flight testing will begin in the first part of 1981.

Denery, D. G.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Design, development, and flight test of a demonstration advanced avionics system

Ames Research Center initiated a program in 1975 to provide the critical information required for the design of integrated avionics suitable for general aviation. The program emphasized the use of data busing, distributed microprocessors, shared electronic displays and data entry devices, and improved functional capability. Design considerations included cost, reliability, maintainability, and modularity. As a final step, a demonstration advanced avionics system (DAAS) was designed, built, and flight tested in a Cessna 402, twin engine, general aviation aircraft. A functional description of the DAAS, including a description of the system architecture, is presented and the program and flight test results are briefly reviewed.

Denergy, D. G.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Design, development and flight test of a demonstration advanced avionics system

The design of integrated avionics suitable for general aviation was examined. The program emphasizes the use of data busing, distributed microprocessors, shared electronic displays and data entry devices, and improved functional capability. Design considerations includes cost, reliability, maintainability, and modularity. A demonstration advanced avionics system (DAAS) was designed, built, and flight tested in a Cessna 402, twin engine, general aviation aircraft. The DAAS, and the system architecture are described.

Denery, D. G.↗