On the Longitudinal Electric Field in the Magnetosphere at Quasi-maxwellian Distribution of Charged Particles
Distribution of longitudinal electric field and density of charged particles in magnetic mirror
Samokhin, M. V.↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Stationary Spatial Charging Demand Distribution for Commercial Electric Vehicles in Urban Area
The electric vehicle (EV) is an increasingly popu- lar mobility solution today. It is especially appealing for urban commercial usage including serving commuters and delivering goods. Commercial EVs, defined as electric taxi fleets in this paper, contribute a lot to the energy consumption and emission. One critical component to facilitate the adoption of EVs is to provide sufficient charging infrastructures for road users to alleviate the range anxiety. In this study, we develop an analytical model to profile the stationary spatial distribution of charging demand for any given fleet of commercial EVs, which serves as the necessary input for planning the location of charging infrastructures. Our model considers the movement of EVs as a random walk, with the underlying Markov process driven by the spatial demand that the commercial EV fleet needs to serve. We then define the electricity consumption and charging models and develop the probability distribution that an EV may need to recharge its battery at any given location in the city, based on the stationary distribution of the random walk process. We calibrate the performance parameters of EVs from the trip record and present numerical experiments based on New York City taxi trip data and compare the solution from simulation with our analytical solution. The result shows that analytical solution is quite close to the simulation result. This paper provides insights to the city agencies and private companies to make charging infrastructure location planning.
Qian, Xinwu↗
Charged-particle distributions in pp interactions at √s=8TeV measured with the ATLAS detector
This study presents measurements of distributions of charged particles which are produced in proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of √s=8TeV and recorded by the ATLAS detector at the LHC. A special dataset recorded in 2012 with a small number of interactions per beam crossing (below 0.004) and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 160 μb -1 was used. A minimum-bias trigger was utilised to select a data sample of more than 9 million collision events. The multiplicity, pseudorapidity, and transverse momentum distributions of charged particles are shown in different regions of kinematics and charged-particle multiplicity, including measurements of final states at high multiplicity. Finally, the results are corrected for detector effects and are compared to the predictions of various Monte Carlo event generator models which simulate the full hadronic final state.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Charge state distributions in dense plasmas
Charge state distributions in hot, dense plasmas are a key ingredient in the calculation of spectral quantities like the opacity. However, they are challenging to calculate, as models like Saha–Boltzmann become unreliable for dense, quantum plasmas. Here, we present a new variational model for the charge state distribution, along with a simple model for the energy of the configurations that includes the orbital relaxation effect. Comparison with other methods reveals generally good agreement with average atom-based calculations, the breakdown of the Saha–Boltzmann method, and mixed agreement with a chemical model. We conclude that the new model gives a relatively inexpensive, but reasonably high fidelity method of calculating the charge state distribution in hot dense plasmas, in local thermodynamic equilibrium.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Electron angular distributions during charging events
The angular distribution of electrons and ions at times of spacecraft charging were examined for several charging events. Generally it was found that electrons measured perpendicular to the Earth's magnetic field are more intense and more energetic than those measured parallel to the magnetic field during charging events. During the substorm charging injection, the electron spectra harden at all angles to the magnetic field as the evolution of the charging spectra is monitored by the P78-2 satellites. An example of the onset of charging and the changes in the electron distributions is examined. The evolution of the electrons from a 'soft' plasma sheet distribution to a 'hard' charging distribution is compared with the charging of Kapton on the satellite and the spacecraft frame potential. The ions are used to determine the spacecraft potential. Evidence of periodic surface potential variations related to particle anisotropies are presented and discussed.
Fennell, J. F.↗
Charged-particle distributions at low transverse momentum in $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV pp interactions measured with the ATLAS detector at the LHC
Here, measurements of distributions of charged particles produced in proton–proton collisions with a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV are presented. The data were recorded by the ATLAS detector at the LHC and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 151 μb –1 . The particles are required to have a transverse momentum greater than 100 MeV and an absolute pseudorapidity less than 2.5. The charged-particle multiplicity, its dependence on transverse momentum and pseudorapidity and the dependence of the mean transverse momentum on multiplicity are measured in events containing at least two charged particles satisfying the above kinematic criteria. The results are corrected for detector effects and compared to the predictions from several Monte Carlo event generators.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Cost Reduction of School Bus Fleet Electrification With Optimized Charging and Distributed Energy Resources: Preprint
Considerations for electrifying school buses are presented with an analysis of battery sizing to match bus driving requirements. The charging and vehicle-to-building dispatch of the electric school buses were optimized to evaluate the potential to reduce the impact of the bus charging on the school's electric utility bill. Distributed energy resources (DER) and flexible building loads were also considered with the school bus electrification to evaluate the further reduction in energy costs with enhanced system integration and optimized dispatch. The effect of degradation on the school bus batteries was analyzed to determine if the smart charging and vehicle-to-building battery operation decreases the life of the battery. The results show that there is an opportunity to mitigate the increase of electric utility bills with improved charging controls and bi-directionally operating the school bus batteries to reduce building demand charges. The battery degradation analysis using dispatch with optimized charging and discharging shows acceptable battery life.
24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
Measurement of charged-particle distributions sensitive to the underlying event in $ \sqrt{s}=13 $ TeV proton-proton collisions with the ATLAS detector at the LHC
We present charged-particle distributions sensitive to the underlying event, measured by the ATLAS detector in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, in low-luminosity Large Hadron Collider fills corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.6 nb –1 . The distributions were constructed using charged particles with absolute pseudorapidity less than 2.5 and with transverse momentum greater than 500 MeV, in events with at least one such charged particle with transverse momentum above 1 GeV. These distributions characterise the angular distribution of energy and particle flows with respect to the charged particle with highest transverse momentum, as a function of both that momentum and of charged-particle multiplicity. The results have been corrected for detector effects and are compared to the predictions of various Monte Carlo event generators, experimentally establishing the level of underlying-event activity at LHC Run 2 energies and providing inputs for the development of event generator modelling. The current models in use for UE modelling typically describe this data to 5% accuracy, compared with data uncertainties of less than 1%.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Internal Quantum Efficiency of Led Structures at Various Charge Carrier Distributions Over InGaN/GaN Quantum Wells
The results of studying the effect of the thickness of GaN barrier layers in the active region of LED structures with InGaN/GaN quantum wells on the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of photoluminescence are presented. It is shown that a decrease in the thickness of the GaN barrier layers from 15 to 3 nm leads to an increase in the maximum value of IQE and to a shift of the maximum to the region of high excitation powers. The result obtained is explained with consideration for the decrease in the Auger recombination rate due to a more uniform distribution of charge carriers over the active region in structures with a barrier thickness of 3 nm.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Charged-particle distributions at low transverse momentum in s =13 TeV pp interactions measured with the ATLAS detector at the LHC
CERN-LHC. Measurements of distributions of charged particles with transverse momentum greater than 100 MeV and absolute pseudorapidity less than 2.5 produced in proton--proton collisions at the LHC with a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV are presented. The charged-particle multiplicity, its dependence on transverse momentum and pseudorapidity and the dependence of the mean transverse momentum on multiplicity are measured in events containing at least two charged particles satisfying the above kinematic criteria.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
An energy distribution and charge state analyzer for Hall thruster measurements
An energy analyzer has been constructed that is appropriate for measuring the energy profile and charge state distribution of the exhaust plume of a xenon-driven Hall thruster.
plasma↗
Scalar-tensor theory in canonical form. II - Exact solutions for a static spherically symmetric charged mass distribution
Static spherically symmetric charged mass distribution exact solutions derived for electrons in scalar tensor theory of gravity by Hamilton-Jacobi method
Toton, E. T.↗
Measurement of angular and momentum distributions of charged particles within and around jets in Pb+Pb and pp collisions at s NN = 5.02 TeV with ATLAS at the LHC
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Kapton charging characteristics: Effects of material thickness and electron-energy distribution
Charging characteristics of polyimide (Kapton) of varying thicknesses under irradiation by a very-low-curent-density electron beam, with the back surface of the sample grounded are reported. These charging characteristics are in good agreement with a simple analytical model which predicts that in thin samples at low current density, sample surface potential is limited by conduction leakage through the bulk material. The charging of Kapton in a low-current-density electron beam in which the beam energy was modulated to simulate Maxwellian and biMaxwellian distribution functions is measured.
Williamson, W. S.↗
Measurement of higher cumulants of net-charge multiplicity distributions in Au + Au collisions at s N N = 7.7 – 200 GeV
Our report presents the measurement of cumulants (C n ,n=1,...,4) of the net-charge distributions measured within pseudorapidity (|η|<0.35) in Au+Au collisions at √s NN =7.7–200GeV with the PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The ratios of cumulants (e.g., C 1 /C 2 , C 3 /C 1 ) of the net-charge distributions, which can be related to volume independent susceptibility ratios, are studied as a function of centrality and energy. These quantities are important to understand the quantum-chromodynamics phase diagram and possible existence of a critical end point. The measured values are very well described by expectation from negative binomial distributions. We do not observe any nonmonotonic behavior in the ratios of the cumulants as a function of collision energy. These measured values of C 1 /C 2 and C 3 /C 1 can be directly compared to lattice quantum-chromodynamics calculations and thus allow extraction of both the chemical freeze-out temperature and the baryon chemical potential at each center-of-mass energy. Moreover, the extracted baryon chemical potentials are in excellent agreement with a thermal-statistical analysis model.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
Lateral distribution on charged particles in EAS
Lateral distribution of charged particles which allow for the finiteness of energy gamma-quanta, the inhomogeneity of the atmosphere and the experimental selection of EAS are needed to interpret experimental data. The effects of finiteness of energy of gamma-quanta which produce the partial electron-photon cascades were considered by substituting K R sub m instead of R sub m in NKG approximation where K was found to be 0.56 from comparison with the experimental data. New results on the lateral distribution of electrons in the partial cascades from gamma-quanta were obtained. It is shown that the coefficient K can be regarded as a constant. The last approximation of K was found to be most adequate when compared with the experimental data. The inhomogeneity of the atmosphere, muons and experimental selection are considered. The calculation of Ne are extended from 100,000 to 10 million for sea level and for Akeno level.
Dedenko, L. G.↗
Ion charge state distribution effects on elastic X-ray Thomson scattering
Analytic models commonly applied in elastic X-ray Thomson scattering cross-section calculations are used to generate results from a discrete ion charge distribution and an average charge description. Comparisons show that interchanging the order of the averaging procedure can appreciably alter the cross-section, especially for plasmas with partially filled K-shell bound electrons. Finally, in addition, two common approximations to describe the free electron density around an ion are shown to yield significantly different elastic X-ray Thomson scattering cross-sections.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗