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This report is the annual report for the Research Reactor Infrastructure (RRI) program. This report is annually submitted to DOE and includes the mission of the RRI program, history, reactor usage data, and significant accomplishments for FY-20.
This dataset consists of a comprehensive report documenting the stimulation program conducted in May 2024 on Utah FORGE wells 16A(78)-32 and 16B(78)-32. It includes detailed accounts of operational and scientific objectives, stimulation methodologies, and testing outcomes. The report describes the hydraulic fracturing activities, equipment setups, proppant and fluid usage, and the execution of a nine-hour circulation test. It also includes observations from seismic and fiber optic monitoring systems, providing data on microseismic activity and fracture propagation. Detailed parameters for each stimulation stage are provided, alongside operational challenges and solutions. The dataset includes analyses of injection and production rates, well temperatures, and pressure data, supported by graphical illustrations and logs.
This dataset includes results and reports from the injection/production test for wells 16A(78)-32 and 16B(78)-32 in August, 2024 at Utah FORGE. Materials include injection, post stimulation production, flow rate, gamma, temperature and pressure survey results. For the respective wells, injection and production profile results and interpretations are provided in .xlsx and .las file formats. Additionally, for both wells, preliminary and final reports are included and provide logging procedures and visualizations of the results.
Background Recently a new system for reporting salivary gland fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytology was proposed, the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC). Herein, we evaluated diagnostic accuracy of salivary gland FNA, comparing the system previously used in our hospital with the Milan system. Methods Salivary gland specimens obtained between 2011 and 2017 were reclassified according to MSRSGC. Risk of malignancy for each diagnostic category was determined. Diagnostic yield of both classifications was evaluated. Results The cases ( n = 388) were classified according to the old system: nondiagnostic ( n = 28), benign ( n = 246), atypical ( n = 36), neoplastic ( n = 57), suspicious for malignancy ( n = 7) and malignant ( n = 14). The lesions were distributed according to the MSRSGC: nondiagnostic ( n = 28), non‐neoplastic ( n = 89), atypia of undetermined significance ( n = 39), benign neoplasm ( n = 156), neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential ( n = 55), suspicious for malignancy ( n = 7) and malignant ( n = 14). When considering only benign and malignant cases, both classifications showed the same sensitivity (62.5%), specificity (100%) and similar accuracy (95.8%). Comparison between the two systems showed no significant difference. Conclusions Salivary gland FNA has high diagnostic accuracy and assists clinical management independently of the reporting system used, however, in some cases, the use of Milan system could be beneficial, since it allows an enhanced category stratification.
Here we present a guide to ion mobility mass spectrometry experiments, which covers both linear and nonlinear methods: what is measured, how the measurements are done, and how to report the results, including the uncertainties of mobility and collision cross section values. The guide aims to clarify some possibly confusing concepts, and the reporting recommendations should help researchers, authors and reviewers to contribute comprehensive reports, so that the ion mobility data can be reused more confidently. Starting from the concept of the definition of the measurand, we emphasize that (i) mobility values (K0) depend intrinsically on ion structure, the nature of the bath gas, temperature, and E/N; (ii) ion mobility does not measure molecular surfaces directly, but collision cross section (CCS) values are derived from mobility values using a physical model; (iii) methods relying on calibration are empirical (and thus may provide method-dependent results) only if the gas nature, temperature or E/N cannot match those of the primary method. Our analysis highlights the urgency of a community effort toward establishing primary standards and reference materials for ion mobility, and provides recommendations to do so.
Reliable and reproducible analysis of surfaces is critically dependent on how samples have been collected, handled, and prepared before analysis. Although there are important, well-established general guidelines to minimize unintended alteration of the surfaces to be analyzed, specific handling steps depend on the nature of the samples and information desired. Assessments of the validity and reliability of the results require adequate information about sampling, handling, and processing. ISO standard 20579 part 1 describes the information to be recorded and reported for samples that are prepared or submitted for surface analysis. This paper summarizes elements of the standard, which includes annexes that justify and inform the sample handling processes. Also included is a checklist of information that needs to be recorded and reported and an appendix containing an example of a form that might be used to report the information.
Whereas the creativity and intellectual power of the radiologist are measured against his/her written report, the value of the message will not only be judged by the precision of the medical statement. The same result can be attributed to different words. Numerous common and accidental factors exert influence on the decision on what is said and what is not said, how it is assessed and what is ignored. The less certain a diagnosis is and the less favourable its possible consequences are, the more subtleties and periphrases are to be expected within the report. The decision on the nature and the volume of the written report will not only be taken by the time of recording, but is likewise prepared by the knowledge of the patient’s history and symptoms, the personal relationship to him/her as well as by a set of conditions throughout the inspection of the images. The intuition that accompanies the information transfer in imaging diagnostics does not only explain the differences in volume and depth of diagnosis and differential diagnosis, but also the range of diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations.
A significant volume of medical data remains unstructured. Natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML) techniques have shown to successfully extract insights from radiology reports. However, the codependent effects of NLP and ML in this context have not been well-studied. Between April 1, 2015 and November 1, 2016, 9418 cross-sectional abdomen/pelvis CT and MR examinations containing our internal structured reporting element for cancer were separated into four categories: Progression, Stable Disease, Improvement, or No Cancer. We combined each of three NLP techniques with five ML algorithms to predict the assigned label using the unstructured report text and compared the performance of each combination. The three NLP algorithms included term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), term frequency weighting (TF), and 16-bit feature hashing. The ML algorithms included logistic regression (LR), random decision forest (RDF), one-vs-all support vector machine (SVM), one-vs-all Bayes point machine (BPM), and fully connected neural network (NN). The best-performing NLP model consisted of tokenized unigrams and bigrams with TF-IDF. Increasing N-gram length yielded little to no added benefit for most ML algorithms. With all parameters optimized, SVM had the best performance on the test dataset, with 90.6 average accuracy and F score of 0.813. The interplay between ML and NLP algorithms and their effect on interpretation accuracy is complex. The best accuracy is achieved when both algorithms are optimized concurrently.
While uncertainty is ubiquitous in medical practice, minimal work to date has been performed to analyze the cause and effect relationship between uncertainty and patient outcomes. In medical imaging practice, uncertainty in the radiology report has been well documented to be a source of clinician dissatisfaction. Before one can effectively create intervention strategies aimed at reducing uncertainty, it must first be better understood through context- and user-specific analysis. One strategy for accomplishing this task is to characterize the source of uncertainty and create user-specific uncertainty profiles which take into account a number of provider-specific variables which may contribute to report uncertainty. The resulting data can in turn be used to create real-time report uncertainty metrics aimed at providing uncertainty analytics at the point of care, for the combined purposes of decision support, improved communication, and enhanced clinical/economic outcomes.
Background: Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) often employs attenuation-correction computed tomography (CTAC) to reduce attenuation artifacts and improve specificity. While there is no specific guideline on how they should be reported, incidental noncardiac findings identified on these scans may be clinically significant. The prevalence of these findings in veterans is not currently known. In addition, variability in reporting these findings may depend on the interpreting physician’s specialty. Methods: To guide future decision-making, CTACs in veterans referred for MPI were prospectively evaluated in a quality-control project for a set of prespecified actionable incidental findings by cardiologists and a radiologist. Results: On the 771 scans performed over eight months, 285 incidental noncardiac findings were identified by the interpreting cardiologists and 378 were identified by the interpreting radiologist. Pulmonary nodules were the most common occurring in 20% of studies read by the radiologist. Interreader agreements between cardiologists and the radiologist were poor for pulmonary nodules ≥ 10 mm and hiatal hernias; fair for pulmonary nodules < 10 mm, extracardiac masses, and aortic aneurysms; and moderate for pleural plaques. Conclusion: Incidental noncardiac findings on CTACs are common in our veteran population. Overall interobserver agreement in identifying these findings between cardiologists and radiologists is fair. Specific guidelines are needed on how CTACs should be read and reported.
Purpose: To report on early results of a single-institution phase 2 trial of a 5-fraction, once-weekly radiation therapy regimen for patients undergoing breast-conserving surgery (BCS). Methods and Materials: Patients who underwent BCS for American Joint Committee on Cancer stage 0, I, or II breast cancer with negative surgical margins were eligible to receive whole breast radiation therapy to a dose of 30 Gy in 5 weekly fractions of 6 Gy with or without an additional boost. Elective nodal irradiation was not permitted. There were no restrictions on breast size or the use of cytotoxic chemotherapy for otherwise eligible patients. Patients were assessed at baseline, treatment completion, and at first posttreatment follow-up to assess acute toxicity (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 3.0) and quality of life (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-BR23). Results: Between January and September 2011, 42 eligible patients underwent weekly hypofractionated breast irradiation immediately following BCS (69.0%) or at the conclusion of cytotoxic chemotherapy (31.0%). The rates of grade ≥2 radiation-induced dermatitis, pain, fatigue, and breast edema were 19.0%, 11.9%, 9.5%, and 2.4%, respectively. Only 1 grade 3 toxicity—pain requiring a course of narcotic analgesics—was observed. One patient developed a superficial cellulitis (grade 2), which resolved with the use of oral antibiotics. Patient-reported moderate-to-major breast symptoms (pain, swelling, and skin problems), all decreased from baseline through 1 month, whereas breast sensitivity remained stable over the study period. Conclusions: The tolerance of weekly hypofractionated breast irradiation compares well with recent reports of daily hypofractionated whole-breast irradiation schedules. The regimen appears feasible and cost-effective. Additional follow-up with continued accrual is needed to assess late toxicity, cosmesis, and disease-specific outcomes.
Objective evaluation of the performance of electrocatalysts for CO 2 reduction has been complicated by a lack of standardized methods for measuring and reporting activity data. In this perspective, we advocate that standardizing these practices can aid in advancing research efforts toward the development of efficient and selective CO 2 reduction electrocatalysts. Using information taken from experimental studies, we identify variables that influence the measured activity of CO 2 reduction electrocatalysts and propose procedures to account for these variables in order to improve the accuracy and reproducibility of reported data. We recommend that catalysts be measured under conditions which do not introduce artifacts from impurities, from either the electrolyte or counter electrode, and advocate the acquisition of data measured in the absence of mass transport effects. Furthermore, measured rates of electrochemical reactions should be normalized to both the geometric electrode area as well as the electrochemically active surface area to facilitate the comparison of reported catalysts with those previously known. We demonstrate that, when these factors are accounted for, the CO 2 reduction activities of Ag and Cu measured in different laboratories exhibit little difference. Furthermore, adoption of the recommendations presented in this perspective would greatly facilitate the identification of superior catalysts for CO 2 reduction arising solely from changes in their composition and pretreatment.
Improving the long-term stability of perovskite solar cells is critical to the deployment of this technology. Despite the great emphasis laid on stability-related investigations, publications lack consistency in experimental procedures and parameters reported. It is therefore challenging to reproduce and compare results and thereby develop a deep understanding of degradation mechanisms. Here, we report a consensus between researchers in the field on procedures for testing perovskite solar cell stability, which are based on the International Summit on Organic Photovoltaic Stability (ISOS) protocols. We propose additional procedures to account for properties specific to PSCs such as ion redistribution under electric fields, reversible degradation and to distinguish ambient-induced degradation from other stress factors. These protocols are not intended as a replacement of the existing qualification standards, but rather they aim to unify the stability assessment and to understand failure modes. Finally, we identify key procedural information which we suggest reporting in publications to improve reproducibility and enable large data set analysis.
Unconventional oil and gas development uses the subsurface injection of large amounts of a variety of industrial chemicals, and there are concerns about the return of these chemical to the surface with water produced with oil and gas from stimulated wells. Produced water, including any flowback of injected fluids, must be managed so as to protect human health and the environment, and understanding the chemistry of produced water from stimulated wells is necessary to ensure the safe management of produced water. In 2014, California instituted mandatory reporting for all well stimulations, including sampling produced water two times and comprehensive chemical characterization of fluids injected and fluids recovered from stimulated wells. In this study, we analyzed data from mandatory reporting with the objective of closing previously identified data gaps concerning oil-field chemical practices and the nature of flowback and produced water from stimulated wells. It was found that the plug-flow conceptual model of flowback developed in shale formations, where salinity increases over time as produced water is extracted, was not appropriate for characterizing produced water from unconventional wells in these oil reservoirs, which are predominately diatomite and sandstones. In these formations stimulation caused a "first-flush" phenomena, where salts and metals were initially high and then decreased in concentration over time, as more produced water was extracted. Although widely applied to meet regulatory requirements, total carbohydrate measurement was not found to be a good chemical indicator of hydraulic fracturing flowback. In conclusion, mandatory reporting closed data-gaps concerning chemical use, provided new information on acid treatments, and allowed more detailed analysis of hydraulic fracturing practices, including comparison of water use by geological formation.
Multiple ultrafast spectroscopic techniques and quantum chemical simulations (QCS) were used to investigate the excited state dynamics of BCC-TPTA. This organic chromophore is believed to possess excited state dynamics governed by a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) mechanism with a reported internal quantum efficiency (η IQE ) of 84%. In addition, a significant enhancement in its quantum yield (Φ) in solution after purging oxygen has been reported. This Φ enhancement has been widely accepted as due to a delayed fluorescence process occurring on the μs time-scale. The spectroscopic measurements were carried out both in solution and blended films, and from fs to μs time-scales. The excited state dynamics of Rhodamine B and Ir(BT) 2 (acac) were also probed for comparison. Investigations in the absence of oxygen were also carried out. Our time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) measurements revealed a lack of a long-lived emissive lifetime for BCC-TPTA in any of the media tested. Our ns transient absorption spectroscopy (ns TAS) experiments revealed that BCC-TPTA does not possess triplet transient states that could be linked to a delayed fluorescence process. Instead, the evidence obtained from our spectroscopic tools suggests that BCC-TPTA has the excited state dynamics of a typical fluorescence chromophore and that just comparing the Φ difference before and after purging oxygen from the solution is not an accurate method to claim excited state dynamics governed by a delayed fluorescence mechanism. Consequently, we believe that previous studies, in which the photo-physics of organic chromophores with TADF characteristics are reported, may have overlooked the influence of the host materials on the obtained optical properties in blended films.
This report shows a design guideline on the parts dimension of LED light bulb for heat transfer. LED light bulb is popular owing to the high efficiency and long life. However, LED element is a point heat source. Therefore, LED light bulb has some problems about heat transfer when it is used for lighting. It sometimes causes deterioration by the raise of local temperature, resulting in lowering of efficiency and shorter life. Thus the thermal analysis focused on the number of element, all parts thickness, length, and radiant heat was studied, as systematic report on the points has not been found. In this report, heat radiation was taken into account in the thermal analysis in addition to natural heat convection. Furthermore the temperature of a heat sink model for LED light bulb was measured with thermocouples and thermo-viewer to verify the calculation. The emissivity of aluminum used for the calculation was 0.4. As the result of analysis, it was found that the maximum temperature was mainly influenced by ring length, ring diameter and disk thickness as a design guideline. Concretely, longer length, larger diameter and thicker disk gave lower temperature of LED element. The temperatures of the best and worst model were around 70 °C and 120 °C respectively in the above condition. The temperatures calculated were consistent with those in experiment.
Purpose: Scientific Committee 6–9 was established by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP), charged to provide guidance in the derivation of organ doses and their uncertainty, and produced a report, NCRP Report No. 178, Deriving Organ Doses and their Uncertainty for Epidemiologic Studies with a focus on the Million Person Study of Low-Dose Radiation Health Effects (MPS). This review summarizes the conclusions and recommendations of NCRP Report No. 178, with a concentration on and overview of the dosimetry and uncertainty approaches for the cohorts in the MPS, along with guidelines regarding the essential approaches used to estimate organ doses and their uncertainties (from external and internal sources) within the framework of an epidemiologic study. Conclusions: The success of the MPS is tied to the validity of the dose reconstruction approaches to provide realistic estimates of organ-specific radiation absorbed doses that are as accurate and precise as possible and to properly evaluate their accompanying uncertainties. Further, the dosimetry aspects for the MPS are challenging in that they address diverse exposure scenarios for diverse occupational groups being studied over a period of up to 70 y. Specific dosimetric reconstruction issues differ among the varied exposed populations that are considered: atomic veterans, U.S. Department of Energy workers exposed to both penetrating radiation and intakes of radionuclides, nuclear power plant workers, medical radiation workers, and industrial radiographers. While a major source of radiation exposure to the study population comes from external gamma- or x-ray sources, for some of the study groups, there is also a meaningful component of radionuclide intakes that requires internal radiation dosimetry assessments.
Here, in radiobiology, radiation physics, and related areas, there is growing interest in transitioning from cesium-based irradiators to X-ray technologies. Therefore, it makes it imperative for reproducibility purposes, for researchers to provide specifications regarding device parameters, machine calibration details, and experimental setup when innovative X-ray technology is being employed. Several groups have already identified a glaring lack in completeness of critical information on experimental setups, equipment, and physical parameters in published radiation biology studies. The Alternative Technologies Meta Study Report by Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) examined 456 manuscripts published between 2017-2021. Only 64 of the reviewed studies (14.0%) consistently reported methods that could allow for replication of their studies. However, 85% provided information on the manufacturer, the irradiator model and the absorbed radiation dose. Approximately 66% provided information on the energy spectra and the dose rate, but only one third disclosed the filter used. Less than 15% of the reviewed studies reported information on calibration and field geometry, specifically field size and distance from source, which are critical parameters in determining the absorbed radiation dose.