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DOE OSTI2014

Inflation Basics

The last few years have yielded remarkable discoveries in physics. In particle physics it appears that a fundamental scalar field exists. The Higgs boson is measured to have a mass of about 126 GeV and to have spin zero and positive parity. The Higgs field is the first fundamental scalar to be discovered in physics. The Cosmic Microwave Background, CMB, is known to have a uniform temperature to parts per 10 5 , but has well measured fluctuations, which are thought to evolve gravitationally to provide the seeds of the current structure of the Universe. In addition, the Universe appears to contain, at present, an unknown “dark energy”, which is presently the majority energy density of the Universe, larger than either matter or radiation. This may, indeed, be a fundamental scalar field like the Higgs. “Big Bang” (BB) cosmology is a very successful “standard model” in cosmology. However, it cannot explain the uniformity of the CMB because the CMB consists of many regions not causally connected in the context of the BB model. In addition, the Universe appears to be spatially flat. However, in BB cosmology the present spatial curvature is not stable, so that the initial conditions for BB cosmology would need to be fantastically fine-tuned in order to successfully predict the presently small value of the observed curvature. These issues for BB cosmology have led to the hypothesis of “inflation” which postulates an unknown scalar field, not presumably the Higgs field or the dark energy, which causes an exponential expansion of the Universe at very early times. This attractive hypothesis can account for the problems in BB cosmology of flatness and causal CMB connectivity. In addition, the quantum fluctuations of this postulated field provide a natural explanation of the CMB fluctuations which are the seeds of the structure of galaxies. Researchers are now searching for gravitational waves imprinted on the CMB. These would be a “smoking gun” for inflation since metrical fluctuations, both scalar and tensor, are also produced in inflationary models. Thus, the time appears to be appropriate for a very basic and simple exposition of the inflationary model written from a particle physics perspective. Only the simplest scalar model will be explored because it is easy to understand and contains all the basic elements of the inflationary model.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Research in Theoretical Particle Physics: Neutrino Masses and The Origin of CP-Violation

The main goal of this project was to investigate the theories of neutrino masses at the low scale and the origin of CP-violation in physics beyond the Standard Model. The origin of neutrino masses is one of the most pressing issues in particle physics. In this proposal, we investigated the theories for neutrino masses based on local total lepton number. In these theories anomaly cancellation predicts the existence of extra fermions with lepton number, and one of them is a good dark matter (DM) candidate. The cosmological constraints on the DM relic density implies that the lepton number symmetry breaking scale must be below the multi-TeV scale. Therefore, one can hope to test the origin of neutrino masses in current or future experiments. We investigated in great detail the anomaly cancellation in these gauge theories, study the different mechanisms for neutrino masses, study the predictions for direct and indirect dark matter experiments. Since these theories predict new sources of CP violation, we investigated the predictions for the electric dipole moments (EDM). The Higgs decays and the different signatures at the Large Hadron Collider were investigated in great detail. Finally, we studied the possible baryogenesis mechanisms in these theories in agreement with the EDM, DM and collider constraints. The origin of CP violation in the Standard Model is unknown. In this proposal, we investigated the simplest mechanisms for spontaneous CP-violation to explain the CP-violation in the CKM matrix and the value of the QCD vacuum angle. We discussed the Nelson-Barr mechanism in gauge theories predicting vector-like quarks from anomaly cancellation such as theories for local baryon number. We discussed the Bento-Branco-Parada mechanism in gauge theories to explain the CP-Violation in the CKM matrix. We will investigate models with two Higgs doublets in the context of the minimal theory for quark-lepton unification. We will show the non-decoupling effects in the Higgs sector, the main constraints coming from flavour violating processes when the Yukawa couplings are related by the gauge symmetry in theories for quark-lepton unification. We will investigate the predictions for electric dipole moments in these theories. The possibility to have successful baryogenesis was investigated. Finally, we investigated the relation between CP-violation in the quark and leptonic sectors. The future results from these studies could help us to understand two main issues in physics beyond the Standard Model: The Origin of Neutrino Masses and CP-violation.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2018

Search for heavy resonances decaying to a photon and a hadronically decaying Z / W / H boson in p p collisions at s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

CERN-ATLAS. Search for heavy resonances decaying to a photon and a hadronically decaying Z/W/H boson in pp collisions at sqrt{s} = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector. Many extensions of the Standard Model predict new resonances decaying to a Z, W, or Higgs boson and a photon. This paper presents a search for such resonances produced in pp collision at sqrt{s}=13 TeV using a dataset with an integrated luminosity of 36.1/fb collected by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The Z/W/H bosons are identified through their decays to hadrons. The data are found to be consistent with the Standard Model expectation in the entire investigated mass range. Upper limits are set on the production cross section times branching fraction for resonance decays to Z/W+gamma in the mass range from 1.0 to 6.8 TeV, and for the first time into H+gamma in the mass range from 1.0 to 3.0 TeV.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Measurements of production cross sections of the Higgs boson in the four-lepton final state in proton–proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13\,\text {Te}\text {V} $

Production cross sections of the Higgs boson are measured in the H $\to$ ZZ $\to$ $4\ell$ ($\ell$ $=$ e, $\mu$) decay channel. A data sample of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, collected by the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb$^{-1}$ is used. The signal strength modifier $\mu$, defined as the ratio of the Higgs boson production rate in the $4\ell$ channel to the standard model (SM) expectation, is measured to be $\mu$ $=$ 0.94 $\pm$ 0.07 (stat) ${}^{+0.09}_{-0.08}$ (syst) at a fixed value of $m_H$ = 125.38 GeV. The signal strength modifiers for the individual Higgs boson production modes are also reported. The inclusive fiducial cross section for the H $\to$ $4\ell$ process is measured to be 2.84 $^{+0.23}_{-0.22}$ (stat) ${}^{+0.26}_{-0.21}$ (syst) fb, which is compatible with the SM prediction of 2.84 $\pm$ 0.15 fb for the same fiducial region. Differential cross sections as a function of the transverse momentum and rapidity of the Higgs boson, the number of associated jets, and the transverse momentum of the leading associated jet are measured. A new set of cross section measurements in mutually exclusive categories targeted to identify production mechanisms and kinematical features of the events is presented. The results are in agreement with the SM predictions.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

NASA NTRS2018

Challenges Beyond the Standard Model: An Examination and Evaluation of Alternatives with Respect to Unsolved Problems in Energetics and Signaling

The standard model of particle physics is regarded as one of the greatest achievements of modern physics. It has successfully predicted the existence of numerous hadrons; e.g. the Higgs Boson, the W and Z Bosons, B mesons, etc. Moreover it accurately models many phenomena such as Beta and Radioactive decay, pair production, hadron mass splitting, and others. In spite of this, the standard model has many shortfalls. For example it fails to account for or explain the presence of dark matter and dark energy. Many alternative models of the substructure of matter etc. have been proposed. Some of these are examined. In addition the strongly related standard model of cosmology, that is the big bang theory, accounts for all observed celestial phenomena. What it cannot do is satisfactorily justify all astrophysical events. As noted, dark matter and dark energy are not well understood yet they are core elements of the big bang model. Many elements of this standard model of cosmology are challenged regularly, yet somehow the community always fits the problems with the model into another mysterious element. This model and others are examined for consistency and reconciliation. Evidence of particles that move faster than the speed of light has long been sought, but remains elusive. Some of the known space-like observations of physics are examined. Potential consequences of such particles are likewise investigated. Some conclusions are drawn with respect to the framework of tachyons in a rational but non-rigorous sense. Finally, some of my ideas are presented, concerning all of the above material. The framework of theories of everything is examined, considering what such a theory requires for validity. Sociological notes on the structure of research in physics are given.

Coxe, Alexander M.↗

DOE OSTI2024

Combination of Searches for Higgs Boson Pair Production in pp Collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV with the ATLAS Detector

This Letter presents results from a combination of searches for Higgs boson pair production using 126–140 fb−1 of proton-proton collision data at √𝑠 =13 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector. At 95% confidence level (CL), the upper limit on the production rate is 2.9 times the standard model (SM) prediction, with an expected limit of 2.4 assuming no Higgs boson pair production. Constraints on the Higgs boson self-coupling modifier 𝜅 𝜆 = 𝜆 𝐻⁡𝐻⁡𝐻 /𝜆$^{SM}_{𝐻⁡𝐻⁡𝐻}$, and the quartic 𝐻⁡𝐻⁡𝑉⁢𝑉 coupling modifier 𝜅 2⁢𝑉 = 𝑔 𝐻⁡𝐻⁡𝑉⁢𝑉⁡ /𝑔$^{SM}_{𝐻⁡𝐻⁡𝑉⁢𝑉}$, are derived individually, fixing the other parameter to its SM value. The observed 95% CL intervals are −1.2<𝜅 𝜆 < 7.2 and 0.6<𝜅 2⁢𝑉 < 1.5, respectively, while the expected intervals are −1.6<𝜅 𝜆 < 7.2 and 0.4<𝜅 2⁢𝑉 < 1.6 in the SM case. Constraints obtained for several interaction parameters within Higgs effective field theory are the strongest to date, offering insights into potential deviations from SM predictions.

Hadron colliders↗

DOE OSTI2025

Weakly supervised anomaly detection with event-level variables

We introduce a new topology for weakly supervised anomaly detection searches, diobject plus X. In this topology, one looks for a resonance decaying to two standard model particles produced in association with other anomalous event activity (X). This additional activity is used for classification. We demonstrate how anomaly detection techniques which have been developed for dijet searches focusing on jet substructure anomalies can be applied to event-level anomaly detection in this topology. To robustly capture event-level features of multiparticle kinematics, we employ new physically motivated variables derived from the geometric structure of a collision’s phase space manifold. As a proof of concept, we explore the application of this approach to several benchmark signals in the di-𝜏 and di-𝜇 plus X final states. We demonstrate that our anomaly detection approach can reach discovery-level significances for signals that would be missed in a conventional bump-hunt approach.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2018

Measurements of Higgs boson properties in the diphoton decay channel in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV

Measurements of Higgs boson properties in the H → γγ decay channel are reported. The analysis is based on data collected by the CMS experiment in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s}=13 $ TeV during the 2016 LHC running period, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb$^{−1}$. Allowing the Higgs mass to float, the measurement yields a signal strength relative to the standard model prediction of 1.18$_{− 0.14}^{+ 0.17}$ = 1.18$_{− 0.11}^{+ 0.12}$ (stat)$_{− 0.07}^{+ 0.09}$ (syst)$_{− 0.06}^{+ 0.07}$ (theo), which is largely insensitive to the exact Higgs mass around 125 GeV. Signal strengths associated with the different Higgs boson production mechanisms, couplings to bosons and fermions, and effective couplings to photons and gluons are also measured.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2026

Search for Higgs boson pair production in the $\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}}\mathrm{WW}$ decay channel with two leptons in the final state using proton-proton collision data at $\sqrt{s}=13.6$ TeV

A search for Higgs boson pair production is presented, targeting final states where one Higgs boson decays to a bottom quark-antiquark pair and the other Higgs boson decays to two W bosons, both of which decay leptonically, to an electron or a muon, and a neutrino. For the first time, the search is conducted with proton-proton collision data from the LHC at $\sqrt{s}=13.6$ TeV, recorded with the CMS detector in 2022 and 2023 and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 62 fb −1 . The results are consistent with the standard model predictions. An upper limit of 12.0 times the standard model prediction at 95% confidence level is set on the Higgs boson pair production cross section, with an expected limit of 18.5. The results are also used to constrain the strength of the trilinear self-coupling of the Higgs boson, as well as of the quartic coupling between two Higgs bosons and two vector bosons.

Hadron-Hadron Scattering↗

DOE OSTI2018

Search for exclusive Higgs and Z boson decays to Φγ and ργ with the ATLAS detector

A search for the exclusive decays of the Higgs and Z bosons to a Φ or ρ meson and a photon is performed with a pp collision data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of up to 35.6 fb -1 collected at s√=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. These decays have been suggested as a probe of the Higgs boson couplings to light quarks. No significant excess of events is observed above the background, as expected from the Standard Model. Upper limits at 95% confidence level were obtained on the branching fractions of the Higgs boson decays to Φγ and ργ of 4.8 × 10 -4 and 8.8 × 10 -4 , respectively. The corresponding 95% confidence level upper limits for the Z boson decays are 0.9 × 10 -6 and 25 × 10 -6 for Φγ and ργ, respectively.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2017

Heavy scalar boson in view of the unconfirmed 750 GeV LHC diphoton excess

We discuss the impact of the constraints from the measurements of the parameters of the observed 125 GeV Higgs boson and from the unconfirmed 750 GeV diphoton excess in the LHC experiments on the properties of a possible extra scalar boson predicted in various Standard Model extensions. We consider an SM extension based on a stabilized brane-world model, in which the effective low-energy Lagrangian for the scalar degrees of freedom turns out to be very general and, for different values of the model parameters, reproduces the scalar field Lagrangians of various SM extensions by a singlet scalar. It is shown that in the simplest variant of the model, where only the gravitational degrees of freedom propagate in the bulk, the 125 GeV scalar state can be consistently interpreted as a Higgs-dominated state for a rather wide range of the model parameters, whereas the production cross section of a heavier radion-dominated state with mass 750 GeV or more turns out to be too small in the allowed region of the model parameter space for producing the wouldbe diphoton excess.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2021

Insights into the emergence of mass from studies of pion and kaon structure

There are two mass generating mechanisms in the standard model of particle physics (SM). One is related to the Higgs boson and fairly well understood. The other is embedded in quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the SM’s strong interaction piece; and although responsible for emergence of the roughly 1 GeV mass scale that characterises the proton and hence all observable matter, the source and impacts of this emergent hadronic mass (EHM) remain puzzling. As bound states seeded by a valence-quark and -antiquark, pseudoscalar mesons present a simpler problem in quantum field theory than that associated with the nucleon. Consequently, there is a large array of robust predictions for pion and kaon properties whose empirical validation will provide a clear window onto many effects of both mass generating mechanisms and the constructive interference between them. This has now become significant because new-era experimental facilities, in operation, construction, or planning, are capable of conducting such tests and thereby contributing greatly to resolving the puzzles of EHM. These aspects of experiment, phenomenology, and theory, along with contemporary successes and challenges, are reviewed herein. In addition to providing an overview of the experimental status, we focus on recent progress made using continuum Schwinger function methods and lattice-regularised QCD. Further, advances made using other theoretical tools are also sketched. Our primary goal is to highlight the potential gains that can accrue from a coherent effort aimed at finally reaching an understanding of the character and structure of Nature’s Nambu–Goldstone modes.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2018

Search for new physics in final states with an energetic jet or a hadronically decaying $W$ or $Z$ boson and transverse momentum imbalance at $\sqrt{s}=13\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}$

A search for new physics using events containing an imbalance in transverse momentum and one or more energetic jets arising from initial-state radiation or the hadronic decay of W or Z bosons is presented. A data sample of proton-proton collisions at s=13 TeV, collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb-1, is used. The observed data are found to be in agreement with the expectation from standard model processes. The results are interpreted as limits on the dark matter production cross section in simplified models with vector, axial-vector, scalar, and pseudoscalar mediators. Interpretations in the context of fermion portal and nonthermal dark matter models are also provided. In addition, the results are interpreted in terms of invisible decays of the Higgs boson and set stringent limits on the fundamental Planck scale in the Arkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos, and Dvali model with large extra spatial dimensions.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Precision test of the muon-Higgs coupling at a high-energy muon collider

We explore the sensitivity of directly testing the muon-Higgs coupling at a high-energy muon collider. This is strongly motivated if there exists new physics that is not aligned with the Standard Model Yukawa interactions which are responsible for the fermion mass generation. We illustrate a few such examples for physics beyond the Standard Model. With the accidentally small value of the muon Yukawa coupling and its subtle role in the high-energy production of multiple (vector and Higgs) bosons, we show that it is possible to measure the muon-Higgs coupling to an accuracy of ten percent for a 10 TeV muon collider and a few percent for a 30 TeV machine by utilizing the three boson production, potentially sensitive to a new physics scale about Λ ~ 30 - 100 TeV.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2014

The CMSSM and NUHM1 after LHC Run 1

We analyze the impact of data from the full Run 1 of the LHC at 7 and 8 TeV on the CMSSM with μ > 0 and < 0 and the NUHM1 with μ > 0, incorporating the constraints imposed by other experiments such as precision electroweak measurements, flavour measurements, the cosmological density of cold dark matter and the direct search for the scattering of dark matter particles in the LUX experiment. We use the following results from the LHC experiments: ATLAS searches for events with E/ T accompanied by jets with the full 7 and 8 TeV data, the ATLAS and CMS measurements of the mass of the Higgs boson, the CMS searches for heavy neutral Higgs bosons and a combination of the LHCb and CMS measurements of BR(B s → μ + μ – ) and BR(B d → μ + μ – ). Our results are based on samplings of the parameter spaces of the CMSSM for both μ > 0 and μ < 0 and of the NUHM1 for μ > 0 with 6.8×10 6 , 6.2×10 6 and 1.6×10 7 points, respectively, obtained using the MultiNest tool. The impact of the Higgs-mass constraint is assessed using FeynHiggs 2.10.0, which provides an improved prediction for the masses of the MSSM Higgs bosons in the region of heavy squark masses. It yields in general larger values of M h than previous versions of FeynHiggs, reducing the pressure on the CMSSM and NUHM1. We find that the global χ 2 functions for the supersymmetric models vary slowly over most of the parameter spaces allowed by the Higgs-mass and the E/ T searches, with best-fit values that are comparable to the χ 2 /dof for the best Standard Model fit. As a result, we provide 95% CL lower limits on the masses of various sparticles and assess the prospects for observing them during Run 2 of the LHC.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2017

Electroweak splitting functions and high energy showering

We derive the electroweak (EW) collinear splitting functions for the Standard Model, including the massive fermions, gauge bosons and the Higgs boson. We first present the splitting functions in the limit of unbroken SU(2) L × U(1) Y and discuss their general features in the collinear and soft-collinear regimes. These are the leading contributions at a splitting scale ( k T ) far above the EW scale (v). We then systematically incorporate EW symmetry breaking (EWSB), which leads to the emergence of additional “ultra-collinear” splitting phenomena and naive violations of the Goldstone-boson Equivalence Theorem. We suggest a particularly convenient choice of non-covariant gauge (dubbed “Goldstone Equivalence Gauge”) that disentangles the effects of Goldstone bosons and gauge fields in the presence of EWSB, and allows trivial book-keeping of leading power corrections in v/ k T . We implement a comprehensive, practical EW showering scheme based on these splitting functions using a Sudakov evolution formalism. Novel features in the implementation include a complete accounting of ultra-collinear effects, matching between shower and decay, kinematic back-reaction corrections in multi-stage showers, and mixed-state evolution of neutral bosons ( γ/Z/h ) using density-matrices. We employ the EW showering formalism to study a number of important physical processes at O (1-10 TeV) energies. They include (a) electroweak partons in the initial state as the basis for vector-boson-fusion; (b) the emergence of “weak jets” such as those initiated by transverse gauge bosons, with individual splitting probabilities as large as O (35%); (c) EW showers initiated by top quarks, including Higgs bosons in the final state; (d) the occurrence of O (1) interference effects within EW showers involving the neutral bosons; and (e) EW corrections to new physics processes, as illustrated by production of a heavy vector boson ( W ') and the subsequent showering of its decay products.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2019

Search for bottom-squark pair production with the ATLAS detector in final states containing Higgs bosons, $b$-jets and missing transverse momentum

The result of a search for the pair production of the lightest supersymmetric partner of the bottom quark ($\tilde{b}_1$) using 139 fb -1 of proton-proton data collected at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV by the ATLAS detector is reported. In the supersymmetric scenarios considered both of the bottom-squarks decay into a b-quark and the second-lightest neutralino, $\tilde{b}_1→b+\tilde{χ}^0_2$. Each $\tilde{χ}^0_2$ is assumed to subsequently decay with 100% branching ratio into a Higgs boson (h) like the one in the Standard Model and the lightest neutralino: $\tilde{χ}^0_2→h+\tilde{χ}^0_1$. The $\tilde{χ}^0_1$ is assumed to be the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP) and is stable. Two signal mass configurations are targeted: the first has a constant LSP mass of 60 GeV; and the second has a constant mass difference between the $\tilde{χ}^0_2$ and $\tilde{χ}^0_1$ of 130 GeV. The final states considered contain no charged leptons, three or more b-jets, and large missing transverse momentum. No significant excess of events over the Standard Model background expectation is observed in any of the signal regions considered. Limits at the 95% confidence level are placed in the supersymmetric models considered, and bottom-squarks with mass up to 1.5 TeV are excluded.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Performance of the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter in pp collisions at √$_{s}$ = 13 TeV

The operation and performance of the Compact Muon Solenoid(CMS) electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) are presented, based ondata collected in pp collisions at√$_{s}$ =13 TeV at the CERN LHC, in the years from 2015 to 2018(LHC Run 2), corresponding to an integrated luminosity of151 fb$^{-1}$. The CMS ECAL is a scintillating lead-tungstatecrystal calorimeter, with a silicon strip preshower detector in theforward region that provides precise measurements of the energy andthe time-of-arrival of electrons and photons. The successfuloperation of the ECAL is crucial for a broad range of physics goals,ranging from observing the Higgs boson and measuring its properties,to other standard model measurements and searches for newphenomena. Precise calibration, alignment, and monitoring of theECAL response are important ingredients to achieve these goals. Toface the challenges posed by the higher luminosity, whichcharacterized the operation of the LHC in Run 2, the proceduresestablished during the 2011–2012 run of the LHC have been revisitedand new methods have been developed for the energy measurement andfor the ECAL calibration. The energy resolution of the calorimeter,for electrons from Z boson decays reaching theECAL without significant loss of energy by bremsstrahlung, wasbetter than 1.8%, 3.0%, and 4.5% in the |η| intervals[0.0,0.8], [0.8,1.5], [1.5, 2.5], respectively. This resultingperformance is similar to that achieved during Run 1 in 2011–2012,in spite of the more severe running conditions.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗