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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,243 records · Page 69
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

The upgrade and re-validation of the Compact Muon Solenoid Electromagnetic Calorimeter Control and Safety Systems during the Second Long Shutdown of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN

The Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) is one of the subdetectors of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS), a general-purpose particle detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The CMS ECAL Detector Control System (DCS) and the CMS ECAL Safety System (ESS) have supported the detector operations and ensured the detector’s integrity since the CMS commissioning phase, more than 10 years ago. Over this long period, several changes to both systems were necessary to correct issues, extend functionality and keep them in-line with current hardware technologies and the evolution of software platforms. Due to the constraints imposed on significant changes to a running system, major hardware and software upgrades were therefore deferred to the second LHC Long Shutdown (LS2). This paper presents the architectures of the CMS ECAL control and safety systems, discusses the ongoing and planned upgrades, details implementation processes and validation methods and highlights the expectations for the post-LS2 systems.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2025

Anomaly Detection Based on Machine Learning for the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter Online Data Quality Monitoring

Using a semi-supervised machine learning approach we present a real-time anomaly detection system based on an autoencoder used for online data quality monitoring of the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter operating at the CERN LHC. We introduce a novel method that maximizes the anomaly detection performance making use of the time-dependence of anomalies and the spatial variations in the detector response. The autoencoder-based system efficiently detects anomalies in real time and maintains a very low false discovery rate. We validate the performance of this novel system with anomalies from LHC collision data taken in 2018 and 2022. In addition, results are presented after deploying the autoencoder-based system in the CMS online Data Quality Monitoring workflow at the beginning of LHC Run 3 resulting in the system to detect issues that were missed by the existing system.

Harilal, Abhirami [Carnegie Mellon University, Pit↗
DOE OSTI2013

Verification of electromagnetic fluid-kinetic hybrid electron model in global gyrokinetic particle simulation

The fluid-kinetic hybrid electron model is verified in global gyrokinetic particle simulation of linear electromagnetic drift-Alfvenic instabilities in tokamak. In particular, we have recovered the {beta}-stabilization of the ion temperature gradient mode, transition to collisionless trapped electron mode, and the onset of kinetic ballooning mode as {beta}{sub e} (ratio of electron kinetic pressure to magnetic pressure) increases.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

Electron random walk and collisional crossover in a gas in presence of electromagnetic waves and magnetostatic fields

This paper deals with random walk of electrons and collisional crossover in a gas evolving toward a plasma, in presence of electromagnetic (EM) waves and magnetostatic (B) fields, a fundamental subject of importance in areas requiring generation and confinement of wave assisted plasmas. In presence of EM waves and B fields, the number of collisions N suffered by an electron with neutral gas atoms while diffusing out of the volume during the walk is significantly modified when compared to the conventional field free square law diffusion; N=1.5({Lambda}/{lambda}){sup 2}, where {Lambda} is the characteristic diffusion length and {lambda} is the mean free path. There is a distinct crossover and a time scale associated with the transition from the elastic to inelastic collisions dominated regime, which can accurately predict the breakdown time ({tau}{sub c}) and the threshold electric field (E{sub BD}) for plasma initiation. The essential features of cyclotron resonance manifested as a sharp drop in {tau}{sub c}, lowering of E{sub BD} and enhanced electron energy gain is well reproduced in the constrained random walk.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

Regenerative Feedback Resonant Circuit to Detect Transient Changes in Electromagnetic Properties of Semi-Insulating Materials

A prototype regenerative feedback resonant circuit has been developed for measuring the transient spectral response due to perturbations in properties of various electromagnetic materials. The circuit can accommodate a variety of cavity resonators, shown here in the 8 GHz range, with passive quality factors (Qstat) as high as 7,000 depending upon material loading. The positive feedback enhanced dynamic quality factors (Qdyn) of resonator/material combinations in the regenerative circuit are on the order of 107 - 108. The theory, design, and implementation of the circuit is discussed along with real-time monitored example measurements of effects due to photon-induced charge carriers in high-resistivity silicon wafers and magnetic-field induced perturbations of yttrium-iron garnet.

cavity perturbation↗
DOE OSTI2013

Analysis of electromagnetic modes excited in overmoded structure terahertz source

A method on electromagnetic mode analysis in overmoded structure terahertz source is studied in this paper. This mode analysis method is based on Fourier-Bessel series and the particle-in-cell simulation. The result of mode analysis shows that there are TM{sub 02} and TM{sub 03} modes present in the waveguide motivated by mode change in the discontinuity. The mode content keeps stable when the device starts to work. The magnetic field and the voltage of beam do not change the mode content to some extent. The parameters of diode affect the mode content significantly.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2013

Spontaneous electromagnetic fluctuations in unmagnetized plasmas. IV. Relativistic form factors of aperiodic Lorentzian modes

Closed analytical expressions for the electromagnetic fluctuation spectra in unmagnetized plasmas are derived using fully relativistic dispersion functions and form factors for the important class of isotropic form-invariant Lorentzian plasma particle distribution functions. Such distribution functions occur frequently in cosmic plasmas due to the presence of suprathermal charged particles and energetic cosmic ray particles. The results are illustrated for the important special case of aperiodic fluctuations. The collective, transverse, damped aperiodic mode, discovered before in nonrelativistic Maxwellian particle distributions, also exists in Lorentzian electron-proton particle distributions, now with the damping rate γ∝−k{sup 3} for all wavenumber values, resulting from the presence of relativistic particles in the tail of the Lorentzian distribution. For longitudinal electric field, fluctuations no damped or growing aperiodic collective mode exists in Lorentzian plasmas. The existence of a damped, collective, transverse, aperiodic mode is not in conflict with earlier general instability studies excluding the existence of growing aperiodic collective modes in isotropic plasmas.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

High frequency electromagnetic resistive instability in a Hall thruster under the effect of ionization

Two types of high frequency electromagnetic resistive instabilities are found to occur in a Hall thruster plasma in the presence of collisions and ionization, out of which one of lower growth rate (called lower magnitude high frequency instability (LMHFI)) is sensitive to the axial component of the wave vector. The effects of ionization, collisions, and electron drift velocity on the growth rates of these instabilities are studied in greater details. The LMHFI grows faster in the presence of ionization but shows weaker dependence on the electrons' E(vector sign)×B(vector sign) drift, contrary to the case of other instability (called higher magnitude high frequency instability) which is sensitive to the azimuthal wave number and collisions.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

Electromagnetically induced transparency and fluorescence in blockaded Rydberg atomic system

We investigate the interaction between dark states and Rydberg excitation blockade by using electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), fluorescence, and four-wave mixing (FWM) signals both theoretically and experimentally. By scanning the frequency detunings of the probe and dressing fields, respectively, we first observe these signals (three coexisting EIT windows, two fluorescence signals, and two FWM signals) under Rydberg excitation blockade. Next, frequency detuning dependences of these signals are obtained, in which the modulated results are well explained by introducing the dressing effects (leading to the dark states) with the corrected factor of the Rydberg excitation blockade. In addition, the variations by changing the principal quantum number n of Rydberg state shown some interesting phenomena resulting from Rydberg blockade are observed. The unique nature of such blockaded signals can have potential application in the demonstration of quantum computing.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2013

Electromagnetic fluctuations and normal modes of a drifting relativistic plasma

We present an exact calculation of the power spectrum of the electromagnetic fluctuations in a relativistic equilibrium plasma described by Maxwell-Jüttner distribution functions. We consider the cases of wave vectors parallel or normal to the plasma mean velocity. The relative contributions of the subluminal and supraluminal fluctuations are evaluated. Analytical expressions of the spatial fluctuation spectra are derived in each case. These theoretical results are compared to particle-in-cell simulations, showing a good reproduction of the subluminal fluctuation spectra.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

Research of an electromagnetically actuated spark gap switch

As an important part of pulsed power systems, high-voltage and high-current triggered spark gap switch and its trigger system are expected to achieve a compact structure. In this paper, a high-voltage, high-current, and compact electromagnetically actuated spark gap switch is put forward, and it can be applied as a part of an intense electron-beam accelerator (IEBA). A 24 V DC power supply is used to trigger the switch. The characteristics of the switch were measured for N{sub 2} when the gas pressure is 0.10–0.30 MPa. The experimental results showed that the voltage/pressure (V/p) curve of the switch was linear relationship. The operating ranges of the switch were 21%–96%, 21%–95%, 21%–95%, 19%–95%, 17%–95%, and 16%–96% of the switch's self-breakdown voltage when the gas pressures were 0.10, 0.14, 0.18, 0.22, 0.26, and 0.30 MPa, respectively. The switch and its trigger system worked steadily and reliably with a peak voltage of 30 kV, a peak current of 60 kA in the IEBA when the pressure of N{sub 2} in the switch was 0.30 MPa.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2014

Chaotic advection at large Péclet number: Electromagnetically driven experiments, numerical simulations, and theoretical predictions

We present a combination of experiment, theory, and modelling on laminar mixing at large Péclet number. The flow is produced by oscillating electromagnetic forces in a thin electrolytic fluid layer, leading to oscillating dipoles, quadrupoles, octopoles, and disordered flows. The numerical simulations are based on the Diffusive Strip Method (DSM) which was recently introduced (P. Meunier and E. Villermaux, “The diffusive strip method for scalar mixing in two-dimensions,” J. Fluid Mech. 662, 134–172 (2010)) to solve the advection-diffusion problem by combining Lagrangian techniques and theoretical modelling of the diffusion. Numerical simulations obtained with the DSM are in reasonable agreement with quantitative dye visualization experiments of the scalar fields. A theoretical model based on log-normal Probability Density Functions (PDFs) of stretching factors, characteristic of homogeneous turbulence in the Batchelor regime, allows to predict the PDFs of scalar in agreement with numerical and experimental results. This model also indicates that the PDFs of scalar are asymptotically close to log-normal at late stages, except for the large concentration levels which correspond to low stretching factors.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2014

Development and performance evaluation of an electromagnetic-type shock wave generator for lipolysis

This study aims at the design and development of electromagnetic-type intermittent shock wave generation in a liquid. The shock wave generated is focused at a focal point through an acoustic lens. This hardware device mainly consists of a full-wave bridge rectifier, 6 capacitors, a spark gap, and a flat coil. A metal disk is mounted in a liquid-filled tube and is placed in close proximity to the flat coil. Due to the repulsive force existing between the coil and disk shock waves are generated, while an eddy current is induced in the metal disk. Some components and materials associated with the device are also described. By increasing the capacitance content to enhance electric energy level, a highly focused pressure can be achieved at the focal point through an acoustic lens in order to lyse fat tissue. Focused pressures were measured at the focal point and its vicinity for different operation voltages. The designed shock wave generator with an energy intensity of 0.0016 mJ/mm{sup 2} (at 4 kV) and 2000 firings or higher energy intensities with 1000 firings is found to be able to disrupt pig fat tissue.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2014

Spontaneous emission of electromagnetic radiation in turbulent plasmas

Known radiation emission mechanisms in plasmas include bremmstrahlung (or free-free emission), gyro- and synchrotron radiation, cyclotron maser, and plasma emission. For unmagnetized plasmas, only bremmstrahlung and plasma emissions are viable. Of these, bremmstrahlung becomes inoperative in the absence of collisions, and the plasma emission requires the presence of electron beam, followed by various scattering and conversion processes. The present Letter proposes a new type of radiation emission process for plasmas in a state of thermodynamic quasi-equilibrium between particles and enhanced Langmuir turbulence. The radiation emission mechanism proposed in the present Letter is not predicted by the linear theory of thermal plasmas, but it relies on nonlinear wave-particle resonance processes. The electromagnetic particle-in-cell numerical simulation supports the new mechanism.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

Active remote detection of radioactivity based on electromagnetic signatures

This paper presents a new concept for the remote detection of radioactive materials. The concept is based on the detection of electromagnetic signatures in the vicinity of radioactive material and can enable stand-off detection at distances greater than 100 m. Radioactive materials emit gamma rays, which ionize the surrounding air. The ionized electrons rapidly attach to oxygen molecules forming O{sub 2}{sup −} ions. The density of O{sub 2}{sup −} around radioactive material can be several orders of magnitude greater than background levels. The elevated population of O{sub 2}{sup −} extends several meters around the radioactive material. Electrons are easily photo-detached from O{sub 2}{sup −} ions by laser radiation. The photo-detached electrons, in the presence of laser radiation, initiate avalanche ionization which results in a rapid increase in electron density. The rise in electron density induces a frequency modulation on a probe beam, which becomes a direct spectral signature for the presence of radioactive material.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

A generalized Debye source approach to electromagnetic scattering in layered media

The standard solution to time-harmonic electromagnetic scattering problems in homogeneous layered media relies on the use of the electric field dyadic Green's function. However, for small values of the governing angular frequency ω, evaluation of the electric field using this Green's function exhibits numerical instability. In this short note, we provide an alternative approach which is immune from this low-frequency breakdown as ω → 0. Our approach is based on the generalized Debye source representation of Maxwell fields. Using this formulation, the electric and magnetic fields gracefully decouple in the static limit, a behavior similar to that of the classical Lorenz-Debye-Mie representation of Maxwell fields in spherical geometries. We derive extensions of both the generalized Deybe source and Lorenz-Debye-Mie representations to planar geometries, as well as provide equations for the solution of scattering from a perfectly conducting half-space and in layered media using a Sommerfeld-like approach. These formulas are stable as ω tends to zero, and offer alternatives to the electric field dyadic Green's function.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2014

Nanofocusing of mid-infrared electromagnetic waves on graphene monolayer

Nanofocusing of mid-infrared (MIR) electromagnetic waves on graphene monolayer with gradient chemical potential is investigated with numerical simulation. On an isolated freestanding monolayer graphene sheet with spatially varied chemical potential, the focusing spot sizes of frequencies between 44 THz and 56 THz can reach around 1.6 nm and the intensity enhancement factors are between 2178 and 654. For 56 THz infrared, a group velocity as slow as 5×10{sup −5} times of the light speed in vacuum is obtained at the focusing point. When the graphene sheet is placed on top of an aluminum oxide substrate, the focusing spot size of 56 THz infrared reduces to 1.1 nm and the intensity enhancement factor is still as high as 220. This structure offers an approach for focusing light in the MIR regime beyond the diffraction limit without complicated device geometry engineering.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Development of electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) phased arrays for SFR inspection

A long-standing problem for Sodium cooled Fast Reactor (SFR) instrumentation is the development of efficient under-sodium visualization systems adapted to the hot and opaque sodium environment. Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMAT) are potential candidates for a new generation of Ultrasonic Testing (UT) probes well-suited for SFR inspection that can overcome drawbacks of classical piezoelectric probes in sodium environment. Based on the use of new CIVA simulation tools, we have designed and optimized an advanced EMAT probe for under-sodium visualization. This has led to the development of a fully functional L-wave EMAT sensing system composed of 8 elements and a casing withstanding 200° C sodium inspection. Laboratory experiments demonstrated the probe's ability to sweep an ultrasonic beam to an angle of 15 degrees. Testing in a specialized sodium facility has shown that it was possible to obtain pulse-echo signals from a target under several different angles from a fixed position.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗