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At least 1,225 records · Page 68
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2017

Modal analysis of dislocation vibration and reaction attempt frequency

Transition state theory is a fundamental approach for temporal coarse-graining. It estimates the reaction rate for a transition processes by quantifying the activation free energy and attempt frequency for the unit process. To calculate the transition rate of a gliding dislocation, the attempt frequency is often obtained from line tension estimates of dislocation vibrations, a highly simplified model of dislocation behavior. This work revisits the calculation of attempt frequency for a dislocation bypassing an obstacle, in this case a self-interstitial atom (SIA) loop. First, a direct calculation of the vibrational characteristics of a finite pinned dislocation segment is compared to line tension estimates before moving to the more complex case of dislocation-obstacle bypass. The entropic factor associated with the attempt frequency is calculated for a finite dislocation segment and for an infinite glide dislocation interacting with an SIA loop. Lastly, it is found to be dislocation length independent for three cases of dislocation-self interstitial atom (SIA) loop interactions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Adaptive model order reduction for the Jacobian calculation in inverse multi-frequency problem for Maxwell's equations

Here this work develops a model order reduction method for a numerical solution of an inverse multi-frequency eddy current problem using a rational interpolation of the transfer function in the complex plane. We use the Pade interpolation in the complex frequency plane; this allows us to speed up the calculation of the frequency-dependent Jacobian in the inversion procedure without loosing accuracy. Interpolating frequencies are chosen adaptively to reduce the maximal approximation error. We use the error indicator that is equivalent to a seminorm of the residual. The efficiency of the developed approach is demonstrated by applying it to the inverse magnetotelluric problem, which is a geophysical electromagnetic remote sensing method used in mineral, geothermal, and groundwater exploration. In this application, the transfer function values are needed for shifts in a purely imaginary interval. Thus we consider the interpolating shifts in the same interval as well as in a purely real interval, containing the spectrum of the operator. Numerical tests show an excellent performance of the proposed methods characterized by a significant reduction of computational time without loss of accuracy of the calculated Jacobian.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Evaluation of nature and intensity of fire concrete spalling by frequency analysis of sound records

Highlights: • Original sound-based NDT method to assess the spalling form and intensity within the time of the test is proposed. • Frequency analysis of recorded sound provides a quantitative and qualitative assessment of concrete propensity to spalling. • Nature of fire concrete spalling can be categorized by a well-defined frequency value. • Waveform and spectrogram analysis delivers information on the exact number of spalling events within the performed test. The paper presents a new method for identifying the form and intensity of spalling using an analysis of the acoustic signal emitted by concrete. To assess the intensity and monitor the course of concrete spalling during fire exposure, the analysis of the recorded sound from the furnace chamber is used. The spalling intensity was determined based on signal amplitude analysis. Investigation of sound records showed that the character of spalling can be categorized by a well-defined frequency value. Based on the analysis of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) spectrum, the authors have distinguished the following phenomena that are the source of the signal by assigning the corresponding frequency of the sound wave vibration: explosive spalling, aggregate spalling and destructive spalling.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Comparison of time-frequency-analysis techniques applied in building energy data noise cancellation for building load forecasting: A real-building case study

Time-frequency analysis that disaggregates a signal in both time and frequency domain is an important supporting technique for building energy analysis such as noise cancellation in data-driven building load forecasting. There is a gap in the literature related to comparing various time–frequency-analysis techniques, especially discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and empirical mode decomposition (EMD), to guide the selection and tuning of time–frequency-analysis techniques in data-driven building load forecasting. This article provides a framework to conduct a comprehensive comparison among thirteen DWT/EMD techniques with various parameters in a load forecasting modeling task. A real campus building is used as a case study for illustration. The DWT and EMD techniques are also compared under various data-driven modeling algorithms for building load forecasting. The results in the case study show that the load forecasting models trained with noise-cancelled energy data have increased their accuracy to 9.6% on average tested under unseen data. This study also shows that the effectiveness of DWT/EMD techniques depends on the data-driven algorithms used for load forecasting modeling and the training data. Hence, DWT/EMD-based noise cancellation needs customized selection and tuning to optimize their performance for data-driven building load forecasting modeling.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2023

Multicolored microwave absorbers with dynamic frequency modulation

Microwave-absorbing materials are extensively used in intelligent electronic devices and stealth technologies where the ability to dynamically adjust microwave-absorbing capacity in response to specific requirements is vitally important. Herein, we report a new approach for constructing dynamically tunable microwave absorbers with ultrawide tunable frequency ranges that are simultaneously endowed with vibrant structural colors. Here, the methodology produces structural colors and adjusts absorption properties by constructing ZnO coatings with precisely adjustable thicknesses on a polypyrrole/melamine foam (PPy/MF) surface by atomic layer deposition (ALD) in conjunction with a pressure-driven strategy that regulates the compression ratio. The electrical conductivity, electromagnetic parameters, thickness, and pore size of the ZnO-coated PPy/MF (ZnO/PPy/MF) are effectively adjusted, and simply applying external pressure widens the tunable frequency range and the effective absorption bandwidth. As a result, the effective absorption frequency of ZnO/PPy/MF is dynamically adjustable from the S band to the Ku band, thereby covering 94.3% of the entire microwave spectrum. Moreover, the brilliant and uniform structural colors of ZnO/PPy/MF, which span various color categories, are precisely regulated by tuning the thickness of the ZnO coating by adjusting the number of ALD cycles. ZnO/PPy/MF is strongly hydrophobic, which endows it with remarkable self-cleaning properties. Therefore, ZnO/PPy/MF provides a conceptually novel platform for the development of next-generation smart microwave-absorbing materials due to its integrated dynamic frequency-regulating ability, brilliant structural coloration, and self-cleaning features.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Application of deconvolution to recover frequency-domain multiplexed detector pulses

Multiplexing of radiation detectors reduces the number of readout channels, which in turn reduces the number of digitizer input channels for data acquisition. We recently demonstrated frequency domain multiplexing (FDM) of pulse mode radiation detectors using a resonator that converts the detector signal into a damped sinusoid by convolution. The detectors were given unique “tags” by the oscillation frequency of each resonator. The charge collected and the time-of-arrival of the detector pulse were estimated from the corresponding resonator output in the frequency domain. In this paper, we demonstrate a new method to recover the detector pulse from the damped sinusoidal output by deconvolution. Deconvolution converts the frequency-encoded detector signal back to the original detector pulse. We have developed a new prototype FDM system to multiplex organic scintillators based on convolution and deconvolution. Using the new prototype, the charge collected under the anode pulse can be estimated from the recovered pulse with an uncertainty of about 4.4 keVee (keV electron equivalent). The time-of-arrival can be estimated from the recovered pulse with an uncertainty of about 102 ps. We also used a CeBr3 inorganic scintillator to measure the Cs-137 gamma spectrum using the recovered pulses and found a standard deviation of 13.8 keV at 662 keV compared to a standard deviation of 13.5 keV when the original pulses were used. Coincidence measurements with Na-22 using the deconvolved pulses resulted in a timing uncertainty of 617 ps compared to an uncertainty of 603 ps using the original pulses. Pulse shape discrimination was also performed using Cf-252 source and EJ-309 organic scintillator pulses recovered by deconvolution. In conclusion, a figure of merit value of 1.08 was observed when the recovered pulses were used compared to 1.2 for the original pulses.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2022

Estimation of pipe failure frequencies in the absence of operational experience data: A pilot study

Probabilistic failure metrics such as leak frequency and rupture frequency are commonly used to characterize piping reliability. The methodologies for calculating the failure metrics rely on a complex set of input parameters. Operating experience data and experimental data play an important role in informing the different input parameters. The paper describes results and conclusions of a coordinated research project to benchmark three different reliability models using a four-step procedure: reference case definition of relevance to advanced reactor designs, input parameter calibration, validation of results, and application of different methodologies upon completion of the calibration and validation steps. The reference case is a weld consisting of nickel-base alloy 152/52 and located within a primary pressure boundary of an advanced reactor. This alloy is a class of structural materials known to be highly resistant to stress corrosion cracking. Synergies between the different methods are noted and the importance of a multi-disciplinary approach to input parameter development is underscored. A key conclusion is that the three methods are equally suitable for estimating failure frequencies. In any specific application, a selection of the most practical or effective computational tool can be considered. The comparison of alternative models confirms and helps to gain confidence in the computed failure frequency estimates. The study was part of a coordinated research project organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2022

OC6 phase I: Improvements to the OpenFAST predictions of nonlinear, low-frequency responses of a floating offshore wind turbine platform

We report in the OC5 and OC6 projects, the authors observed a persistent underprediction of the nonlinear, low-frequency responses of an offshore wind semisubmersible with many mid-fidelity engineering models, including the OpenFAST tool developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Both the low-frequency wave excitation in surge and pitch and the resulting resonance motions were severely underpredicted. In response, we developed several modifications to the OpenFAST model from the OC5/6 projects to improve the predictions of the low-frequency wave loads and responses. All modifications are in the modeling of the viscous drag forces. Efforts were made to provide physical justifications to the changes and to limit the number of additional parameters requiring tuning, so that the modified model can be applied to other floating wind systems. With the proposed modifications, the predictions of the low-frequency surge and pitch wave loads on a fixed floater and the resonance responses of a floating structure are both significantly improved with a single set of model coefficients, which leads to good agreement with the measurements from the OC6 wave-basin experimental campaign.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Investigation of coverage dependence of the stretching frequency of CO adsorbed on Pd surfaces at low coverage limits

The stretching frequency of the C—O bond is a sensitive probe of the local environment of a surface-bound CO molecule, including the adorption site and density, i.e. surface coverage. In this work, we extend our analysis beyond the frequency shift due to differences in adsorption configurations. Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we directly explore the correlations between surface coverage and the stretching frequency of adsorbed CO on Pd surfaces. Here we also perform constant pressure infrared reflection absorption measurements of CO on Pd(111) and use existing relations between pressure and coverage to derive coverage dependency. Both results are compared to previously reported experimental data. Our derived correlations of peak frequency and area with surface coverage can help interpret experimental IR spectra in real time and extract time-dependent concentration data from transient kinetic experiments.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Frequency Conversion in a Time-Variant Dielectric Metasurface

The color of light is a fundamental property of electromagnetic radiation; as such, control of the frequency is a cornerstone of modern optics. Nonlinear materials are typically used to generate new frequencies, however the use of time-variant systems provides an alternative approach. Utilizing a metasurface that supports a high-quality factor resonance, we demonstrate that a rapidly shifting refractive index will induce frequency conversion of light that is confined in the nanoresonator meta-atoms. We experimentally observe this frequency conversion and develop a time-dependent coupled mode theory model that well describes the system. Finally, the intersection of high quality-factor resonances, active materials, and ultrafast transient spectroscopy leads to the demonstration of metasurfaces operating in a time-variant regime that enables enhanced control over light–matter interaction.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Frequency comb ptychoscopy

Multiheterodyne techniques using frequency combs—radiation sources whose lines are perfectly evenly-spaced—have revolutionized science. By beating sources with the many lines of a comb, their spectra are recovered. Even so, these approaches are fundamentally limited to probing coherent sources, such as lasers. They are unable to measure most spectra that occur in nature. Here we present frequency comb ptychoscopy, a technique that allows for the spectrum of any complex broadband source to be retrieved using a comb. In this approach, the spectrum is reconstructed by unfolding the simultaneous beating of a source with each comb line. We demonstrate this both theoretically and experimentally, at microwave frequencies. This approach can reconstruct the spectrum of nearly any complex source to high resolution, and the speed, resolution, and generality of this technique will allow chip-scale frequency combs to have an impact in a wide swath of new applications, such as remote sensing and passive spectral imaging.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Integrated frequency-modulated optical parametric oscillator

Optical frequency combs have revolutionized precision measurement, time-keeping, and molecular spectroscopy. A substantial effort has developed around "microcombs": integrating comb-generating technologies into compact, reliable photonic platforms. Current approaches for generating these microcombs involve either the electro-optic (EO) or Kerr mechanisms. Despite rapid progress, maintaining high efficiency and wide bandwidth remains challenging. Here, we introduce a new class of microcomb -- an integrated optical frequency comb generator that combines electro-optics and parametric amplification to yield a frequency-modulated optical parametric oscillator (FM-OPO). In stark contrast to EO and Kerr combs, the FM-OPO microcomb does not form pulses but maintains operational simplicity and highly efficient pump power utilization with an output resembling a frequency-modulated laser. We outline the working principles of FM-OPO and demonstrate them by fabricating the complete optical system in thin-film lithium niobate (LNOI). We measure pump to comb internal conversion efficiency exceeding 93% (34% out-coupled) over a nearly flat-top spectral distribution spanning approximately 1,000 modes (approximately 6 THz). Compared to an EO comb, the cavity dispersion rather than loss determines the FM-OPO bandwidth, enabling broadband combs with a smaller RF modulation power. The FM-OPO microcomb, with its robust operational dynamics, high efficiency, and large bandwidth, contributes a new approach to the field of microcombs and promises to herald an era of miniaturized precision measurement, and spectroscopy tools to accelerate advancements in metrology, spectroscopy, telecommunications, sensing, and computing.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Quantification of storage required for preserving frequency security in wind‐integrated systems

Abstract The penetration of wind power generation into the power grid has been accelerated in recent times due to the aggressive emission targets set by governments and other regulatory authorities. Although wind power has the advantage of being environment‐friendly, wind as a resource is intermittent in nature. In addition, wind power contributes little inertia to the system as most wind turbines are connected to the grid via power electronic converters. These negative aspects of wind power pose serious challenges to the frequency security of power systems as penetration increases. In this work, an approach is proposed where an energy storage system (ESS) is used to mitigate frequency security issues of wind‐integrated systems. ESSs are well equipped to supply virtual inertia to the grid due to their fast‐acting nature, thus replenishing some of the energy storage capability of displaced inertial generation. In this work, a probabilistic approach is proposed to estimate the amount of inertia required by a system to ensure frequency security. Reduction in total system inertia due to the displacement of conventional synchronous generation by wind power generation is considered in this approach, while also taking into account the loss of inertia due to forced outages of conventional units. Monte Carlo simulation is employed for implementing the probabilistic estimation of system inertia. An ESS is then sized appropriately, using the system swing equation, to compensate for the lost inertia. The uncertainty associated with wind energy is modeled into the framework using an autoregressive moving average technique. Effects of increasing the system peak load and changing the wind profile on the expected system inertia are studied to illustrate various factors that might affect system frequency security. The proposed method is validated using the IEEE 39‐bus test system.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2012

In situ analysis of free radicals from the photodecomposition of hydrogen peroxide using a frequency-mixing magnetic detector

We present an analytical method for the real-time detection of free radicals from the photodecomposition (ultraviolet radiation, {lambda} = 254 nm) of hydrogen peroxide (H{sub 2}O{sub 2}) using frequency-mixing magnetic detection. We monitored the free radicals in situ without catalysts or probe molecules. Both water and H{sub 2}O{sub 2} produced frequency-mixing signals under UV radiation, but the water signal was much weaker. The root mean square amplitude of the frequency-mixing signal was found to depend on the initial H{sub 2}O{sub 2} concentration. Considering the physical properties of the reactants, the frequency-mixing signal is attributed to the generation of paramagnetic free radicals by the photodecomposition of H{sub 2}O{sub 2}.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2014

Low-frequency spatial wave manipulation via phononic crystals with relaxed cell symmetry

Phononic crystals enjoy unique wave manipulation capabilities enabled by their periodic topologies. On one hand, they feature frequency-dependent directivity, which allows directional propagation of selected modes even at low frequencies. However, the stellar nature of the propagation patterns and the inability to induce single-beam focusing represent significant limitations of this functionality. On the other hand, one can realize waveguides by defecting the periodic structure of a crystal operating in bandgap mode along some desired path. Waveguides of this type are only activated in the relatively high and narrow frequency bands corresponding to total bandgaps, which limits their potential technological applications. In this work, we introduce a class of phononic crystals with relaxed cell symmetry and we exploit symmetry relaxation of a population of auxiliary microstructural elements to achieve spatial manipulation of elastic waves at very low frequencies, in the range of existence of the acoustic modes. By this approach, we achieve focusing without modifying the default static properties of the medium and by invoking mechanisms that are well suited to envision adaptive configurations for semi-active wave control.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Admittance of multiterminal quantum Hall conductors at kilohertz frequencies

We present an experimental study of the low frequency admittance of quantum Hall conductors in the [100 Hz, 1 MHz] frequency range. We show that the frequency dependence of the admittance of the sample strongly depends on the topology of the contacts connections. Our experimental results are well explained within the Christen and Büttiker approach for finite frequency transport in quantum Hall edge channels taking into account the influence of the coaxial cables capacitance. In the Hall bar geometry, we demonstrate that there exists a configuration in which the cable capacitance does not influence the admittance measurement of the sample. In this case, we measure the electrochemical capacitance of the sample and observe its dependence on the filling factor.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Energy and frequency dependence of the alpha particle redistribution produced by internal kink modes

The redistribution of alpha particles due to internal kink modes is studied. The exact particle trajectories in the total fields, equilibrium plus perturbation, are calculated. The equilibrium has circular cross section and the plasma parameters are similar to those expected in ITER. The alpha particles are initially distributed according to a slowing down distribution function and have energies between 18 keV and 3.5 MeV. The (1, 1), (2, 2), and (2, 1) modes are included and the effect of changing their amplitude and frequency is studied. When only the (1, 1) mode is included, the spreading of high energy (E≳1 MeV) alpha particles increases slowly with the energy and mode frequency. At lower energies, the redistribution is more sensitive to the mode frequency and particle energy. When a (2, 1) mode is added, the spreading increases significantly and particles can reach the edge of the plasma. Trapped particles are the most affected and the redistribution parameter can have maxima above 1 MeV, depending on the mode frequency. These results can have important implications for ash removal.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

Microfluidic pumping through miniaturized channels driven by ultra-high frequency surface acoustic waves

Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) are an effective means to pump fluids through microchannel arrays within fully portable systems. The SAW-driven acoustic counterflow pumping process relies on a cascade phenomenon consisting of SAW transmission through the microchannel, SAW-driven fluid atomization, and subsequent coalescence. Here, we investigate miniaturization of device design, and study both SAW transmission through microchannels and the onset of SAW-driven atomization up to the ultra-high-frequency regime. Within the frequency range from 47.8 MHz to 754 MHz, we show that the acoustic power required to initiate SAW atomization remains constant, while transmission through microchannels is most effective when the channel widths w ≳ 10 λ, where λ is the SAW wavelength. By exploiting the enhanced SAW transmission through narrower channels at ultra-high frequencies, we discuss the relevant frequency-dependent length scales and demonstrate the scaling down of internal flow patterns and discuss their impact on device miniaturization strategies.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗