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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2010

SACCON Forced Oscillation Tests at DNW-NWB and NASA Langley 14x22-Foot Tunnel

A series of three wind tunnel static and forced oscillation tests were conducted on a generic unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV) geometry. These tests are part of an international research effort to assess the state-of-the-art of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods to predict the static and dynamic stability and control characteristics. The experimental dataset includes not only force and moment time histories but surface pressure and off body particle image velocimetry measurements as well. The extent of the data precludes a full examination within the scope of this paper. This paper provides some examples of the dynamic force and moment data available as well as some of the observed trends.

Vicroy Dan D.↗
NASA NTRS2010

Things That Work: Roles and Services of SPDF

The current Heliophysics Science Data Management Policy (HpSDMP) defines the roles of the Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF) project as a heliophysics active Final Archive (aFA), a focus for critical data infrastructure services and a center of excellence for data and ancillary information services. This presentation will highlight (1) select current SPDF activities, (2) the lessons we are continuing to learn in how to usefully serve the the heliophysics science community and (3)SPDF's programmatic emphasis in the coming year. In cooperation with the Heliophysics Virtual discipline Observatories (VxOs), we are working closely with current, and with upcoming missions such as RBSP and MMS, to define effective approaches to ensure the long-term availability and archiving of mission data, as well as how SPDF services can complement active mission capabilities. We are working to make the Virtual Space Physics Observatory (VSPO) service comprehensive in all significant and NASA relevant heliophysics data. We will highlight a new CDAWeb interface, a faster SSCWeb, availability of our data through VxO services such as Autoplot, a new capability to easily access our data from within IDL and continuing improvements to CDF including better handling of leap seconds.

McGuire, R. E.↗
NASA NTRS2017

The Effectiveness of Shrouding on Reducing Meshed Spur Gear Power Loss Test Results

Gearbox efficiency is reduced at high rotational speeds due to windage drag and viscous effects on rotating, meshed gear components. A goal of NASA aeronautics rotorcraft research is aimed at propulsion technologies that improve efficiency while minimizing vehicle weight. Specifically, reducing power losses to rotorcraft gearboxes would allow gains in areas such as vehicle payload, range, mission type, and fuel consumption. To that end, a gear windage rig has been commissioned at NASA Glenn Research Center to measure windage drag on gears and to test methodologies to mitigate windage power losses. One method used in rotorcraft gearbox design attempts to reduce gear windage power loss by utilizing close clearance walls to enclose the gears in both the axial and radial directions. The close clearance shrouds result in reduced drag on the gear teeth and reduced power loss. For meshed spur gears, the shrouding takes the form of metal side plates and circumferential metal sectors. Variably positioned axial and radial shrouds are incorporated in the NASA rig to study the effect of shroud clearance on gearbox power loss. A number of researchers have given experimental and analytical results for single spur gears, with and without shrouding. Shrouded meshed spur gear test results are sparse in the literature. Windage tests were run at NASA Glenn using meshed spur gears at four shroud configurations: unshrouded, shrouded (max. axial, max. radial), and two intermediate shrouding conditions. Results are compared to available meshed spur gear power loss data analyses as well as single spur gear data analyses.

windage↗
DOE OSTI2016

Oak Ridge Graph Analytics for Medical Innovation (ORiGAMI)

In this era of data-driven decisions and discovery where Big Data is producing Bigger Data, data scientists at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory are leveraging unique leadership infrastructure (e.g., Urika XA and Urika GD appliances) to develop scalable algorithms for semantic, logical and statistical reasoning with Big Data (i.e., data stored in databases as well as unstructured data in documents). ORiGAMI is a next-generation knowledge-discovery framework that is: (a) knowledge nurturing (i.e., evolves seamlessly with newer knowledge and data), (b) smart and curious (i.e. using information-foraging and reasoning algorithms to digest content) and (c) synergistic (i.e., interfaces computers with what they do best to help subject-matter-experts do their best. ORiGAMI has been demonstrated using the National Library of Medicine's SEMANTIC MEDLINE (archive of medical knowledge since 1994).

Roberts, Larry W.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Thin-walled composite beams under bending, torsional, and extensional loads

Symmetric and antisymmetric layup graphite-epoxy composite beams with thin-walled rectangular cross sections are fabricated using an autoclave molding technique and tested under bending, torsional, and extensional loads. The bending slope and elastic twist at a station are measured using an optical system, and the results correlated with predicted values from a simple beam analysis as well as a refined finite element analysis. A symmetric ply layup results in bending-twist coupling whereas an antisymmetric layup causes extension-twist coupling. Simple analytical results with plane-stress assumption agree better with measured data as well as finite element predictions than with plane-strain assumption. For symmetric layup beams, the bending-induced twist and torsion-induced bending slope are predicted satisfactorily using simple analytical solution. Correlations with measured data, however, are generally improved using a finite element solution. For antisymmetric beams, axial force-induced twist is predicted satisfactorily by both methods.

Chandra, Ramesh↗
DOE OSTI2024

Application of a Geochemically Informed Leak Detection (GILD) Model to CO 2 Injection Sites on the United States Gulf Coast

The Gulf Coast region possesses great potential for CO 2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and CO 2 storage. A geochemically informed leak detection (GILD) model has been applied to CO 2 injection sites on the Gulf Coast with considerations of measurement variability. The Jasper aquifer in Montgomery County, Texas, was chosen to demonstrate the method. Based on background data from wells in the area, combinations of mineral and fluid compositions were used to create 23 scenarios for the geochemical model. The output from the geochemical model was used to identify sensitive monitoring species, and response functions were generated for these as a function of the CO 2 leakage concentration. The sources of measurement variability for background conditions were characterized from the Jasper aquifer background data, and then normalized using the coefficient of variation of each species across the monitoring wells. Bayesian belief network (BBN) models were constructed, and measurement variability of different levels were added to compare leak detection probabilities. Increasing measurement variability decreased the power to detect a leak of a given size. For a moderately high CO 2 concentration of 0.2 mol/kg, the probability of detecting this leakage effect using pH as the monitoring variable in an aquifer with calcite decreases from 98% (no measurement variability) to 61% (medium variability) to 33% (high variability). The loss in power of the sampling protocol with increasing measurement variability is similar in magnitude when Ca 2+ or HCO 3 - is used as the monitoring parameter, but only for aquifers with calcite.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

Low temperature magneto-dielectric measurements on BiFeO{sub 3} lightly substituted by cobalt

Dielectric and magnetodielectric measurements are done on BiFe{sub 1−x}Co{sub x}O{sub 3}: x = 0, 0.01, and 0.02 in the temperature range 70–300 K and up to magnetic field 1.3 T. The dielectric data are well described by Haverliak–Negami expression plus an additional term for the Maxwell Wagner (MW) type relaxations, whose contribution is dominant near room temperature. The parameters obtained from the fitting of data using the above mentioned expression, suggest slowing down of relaxation and approach towards ideal Debye type relaxations, as the temperature is lowered. The dielectric relaxations obey polaronic variable range hopping model with distinct activation energies (E{sub a}) in the extrinsic (6.67T{sup 3/4 }meV) and intrinsic (2.88T{sup 3/4 }meV) regions for the parent sample (x = 0), and thus a distinct transition from extrinsic to intrinsic behavior is seen at 215 K while lowering the temperature. This distinct transition is missing for Co substituted samples probably due to the extrinsic region values of E{sub a} (3.42T{sup 3/4 }meV and 2.42T{sup 3/4 }meV for x = 0.01 and 0.02, respectively) comparable to that of the intrinsic region (see x = 0). The magnetodielectric measurement shows positive magnetodielectricity (MD) in the intrinsic region (T < 215 K for x = 0) and negative MD in the extrinsic region (T > 215 K for x = 0). The extrinsic region is found to be dominated by MW and magnetoresistance effects, whereas MD in intrinsic regions is due to the spin reorientation transitions. The Co substitution is found to increase the extrinsic and non-Debye contributions to dielectricity, which becomes so large that no spin reorientation transitions are seen in x = 0.02 sample. The pyroelectric active region in x = 0 is found to be dominated by the diffusive behavior having contribution of the form ω{sup −0.5}.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Measurements of the Sunyaev–Zel’Dovich effect in MACS J0647.7+7015 and MACS J1206.2–0847 at high angular resolution with MUSTANG

We present high resolution (9″) imaging of the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich Effect (SZE) toward two massive galaxy clusters, MACS J0647.7+7015 (z = 0.591) and MACS J1206.2–0847 (z = 0.439). We compare these 90 GHz measurements, taken with the Multiplexed Squid/TES Array at Ninety Gigahertz (MUSTANG ) receiver on the Green Bank Telescope, with generalized Navarro–Frenk–White (gNFW) models derived from Bolocam 140 GHz SZE data as well as maps of the thermal gas derived from Chandra X-ray observations. We adopt a serial-fitting approach, in which gNFW models are first fit to the Bolocam data and then compared to the MUSTANG data to determine an overall best-fit model. For MACS J0647.7+7015, we find a gNFW profile with core slope parameter γ = 0.9 fits the MUSTANG image with χ{sub red}{sup 2}=1.005 and probability to exceed (PTE) = 0.34. For MACS J1206.2–0847, we find γ=0.7, χ{sub red}{sup 2}=0.993, and PTE = 0.70. In addition, we find a significant (>3σ) residual SZE feature in MACS J1206.2–0847 coincident with a group of galaxies identified in Very Large Telescope data and filamentary structure found in a weak-lensing mass reconstruction. We suggest the detected sub-structure may be the SZE decrement from a low mass foreground group or an infalling group. Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope measurements at 610 MHz reveal diffuse extended radio emission to the west, which we posit is either an active galactic nucleus-driven radio lobe, a bubble expanding away from disturbed gas associated with the SZE signal, or a bubble detached and perhaps re-accelerated by sloshing within the cluster. Using the spectroscopic redshifts available, we find evidence for a foreground (z = 0.423) or infalling group, coincident with the residual SZE feature.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

How bad or good are the external forward shock afterglow models of gamma-ray bursts?

The external forward shock models have been the standard paradigm to interpret the broadband afterglow data of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). One prediction of the models is that some afterglow temporal breaks at different energy bands should be achromatic; that is, the break times should be the same in different frequencies. Multiwavelength observations in the Swift era have revealed chromatic afterglow behaviors at least in some GRBs, casting doubts on the external forward shock origin of GRB afterglows. In this paper, using a large sample of GRBs with both X-ray and optical afterglow data, we perform a systematic study to address the question: how bad or good are the external forward shock models? Our sample includes 85 GRBs up to 2014 March with well-monitored X-ray and optical light curves. Based on how well the data abide by the external forward shock models, we categorize them into five grades and three samples. The first two grades (Grade I and II) include 45 of 85 GRBs. They show evidence of, or are consistent with having, an achromatic break. The temporal and spectral behaviors in each afterglow segment are consistent with the predictions (the “closure relations”) of the forward shock models. These GRBs are included in the Gold sample. The next two grades (Grade III and IV) include 37 of 85 GRBs. They are also consistent with having an achromatic break, even though one or more afterglow segments do not comply with the closure relations. These GRBs are included in the Silver sample. Finally, Grade V (3/85) shows direct evidence of chromatic behaviors, suggesting that the external shock models are inconsistent with the data. These are included in the Bad sample. We further perform statistical analyses of various observational properties (temporal index α, spectral index β, break time t{sub b}) and model parameters (energy injection index q, electron spectral index p, jet opening angle θ{sub j}, radiative efficiency η{sub γ}, and so on) of the GRBs in the Gold sample, and derive constraints on the magnetization parameter ϵ{sub B} in the forward shock. Overall, we conclude that the simplest external forward shock models can account for the multiwavelength afterglow data of at least half of the GRBs. When more advanced modeling (e.g., long-lasting reverse shock, structured jets, arbitrary circumburst medium density profile) is invoked, up to >90% of the afterglows may be interpreted within the framework of the external shock models.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1976

Michigan resource inventories: Characteristics and costs of selected projects using high altitude color infrared imagery. Remote Sensing Project

The procedures and costs associated with mapping land cover/use and forest resources from high altitude color infrared (CIR) imagery are documented through an evaluation of several inventory efforts. CIR photos (1:36,000) were used to classify the forests of Mason County, Michigan into six species groups, three stocking levels, and three maturity classes at a cost of $4.58/sq. km. The forest data allow the pinpointing of marketable concentrations of selected timber types, and facilitate the establishment of new forest management cooperatives. Land cover/use maps and area tabulations were prepared from small scale CIR photography at a cost of $4.28/sq. km. and $3.03/sq. km. to support regional planning programs of two Michigan agencies. procedures were also developed to facilitate analysis of this data with other natural resource information. Eleven thematic maps were generated from Windsor Township, Michigan at a cost of $1,500 by integrating grid-geocoded land cover/use, soils, topographic, and well log data using an analytical computer program.

Enslin, W. R.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Flight investigation of a four-dimensional terminal area guidance system for STOL aircraft

A series of flight tests and fast-time simulations were conducted, using the augmentor wing jet STOL research aircraft and the STOLAND 4D-RNAV system to add to the growing data base of 4D-RNAV system performance capabilities. To obtain statistically meaningful data a limited amount of flight data were supplemented by a statistically significant amount of data obtained from fast-time simulation. The results of these tests are reported. Included are comparisons of the 4D-RNAV estimated winds with actual winds encountered in flight, as well as data on along-track navigation and guidance errors, and time-of-arrival errors at the final approach waypoint. In addition, a slight improvement of the STOLAND 4D-RNAV system is proposed and demonstrated, using the fast-time simulation.

Neuman, F.↗
NASA NTRS1994

An overview of a model rotor icing test in the NASA Lewis Icing Research Tunnel

During two entries in late 1989, a heavily instrumented sub-scale model of a helicopter main rotor was tested in the NASA LeRC Icing Research Tunnel (IRT). The results of this series of tunnel tests were published previously. After studying the results from the 1989 test and comparing them to predictions, it became clear that certain test conditions still needed investigation. Therefore, a re-entry of the Sikorsky Aircraft Powered Force Model (PFM) in the IRT was instituted in order to expand upon the current rotor craft sub-scale model experimental database. The major areas of interest included expansion of the test matrix to include a larger number of points in the FAA AC 29-2 icing envelope, inclusion of a number of high power rotor performance points, close examination of warm temperature operations, operation of the model in constant lift mode, and testing for conditions for icing test points in the full scale helicopter database. The expanded database will allow further and more detailed examination and comparison with analytical models. Participants in the test were NASA LeRC, the U.S. Army Vehicle Propulsion Directorate based at LeRC, and Sikorsky Aircraft. The model rotor was exposed to a range of icing conditions (temperature, liquid water content, median droplet diameter) and was operated over ranges of shaft angle, rotor tip speed, advance ratio, and rotor lift. The data taken included blade strain gage and balance data, as well as still photography, video, ice profile tracings, and ice molds. A discussion of the details of the test is given herein. Also, a brief examination of a subset of the data taken is also given.

Britton, Randall K.↗
NASA NTRS2014

Yield Behavior of Solution Treated and Aged Ti-6Al-4V

Post yield uniaxial tension-compression tests were run on a solution treated and aged (STA), titanium 6-percent aluminum 4-percent vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V) alloy to determine the yield behavior on load reversal. The material exhibits plastic behavior almost immediately on load reversal implying a strong Bauschinger effect. The resultant stress-strain data was compared to a 1D mechanics model and a finite element model used to design a composite overwrapped pressure vessel (COPV). Although the models and experimental data compare well for the initial loading and unloading in the tensile regime, agreement is lost in the compressive regime due to the Bauschinger effect and the assumption of perfect plasticity. The test data presented here are being used to develop more accurate cyclic hardening constitutive models for future finite element design analysis of COPVs.

Strain↗
NASA NTRS1984

The Telecommunications and Data Acquisition Progress Report 42-77

Activities in space communication, radio navigation, radio science, and ground-based astronomy are reported. Advanced systems for the Deep Space Network and its Ground-Communications Facility are discussed including station control and system technology. Network sustaining as well as data and information systems are covered. Studies of geodynamics, investigations of the microwave spectrum, and the search for extraterrestrial intelligence are reported.

Posner, E. C.↗
DOE OSTI2022

INTERFACES. A Program for Determining the 3D Structures of Surfaces Sites Using NMR Data

Dynamic nuclear polarization surface enhanced NMR spectroscopy has enabled the determination of high-resolution structures from surface-supported molecules, including singlesite heterogeneous catalysts. Structure determinations have largely mimicked the approaches used in biomolecular NMR spectroscopy, namely, using distance measurements to constrain a conformational search. These early demonstrations made use of purpose-built software, which has limited the adoption of the technique. Herein, we describe the open-source program INTERFACES (Interpret NMR to Elucidate or Reconstruct the Full Atomistic Configurations of External Surfaces) which automates the analysis of RE(SP)DOR data as well as the structure determination for surface sites. Distances, angles, dihedral angles, complex orientation, and distance from the support can all be sampled to find all structures that agree with the experimental data. A χ 2 metric is used to define the error ranges of the REDOR fits and produce structures with an arbitrary level of confidence. Structural solutions are then provided as both overlays and ORTEP-like probability ellipsoids.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2022

Cross-Layered Distributed Data-Driven Framework for Enhanced Smart Grid Cyber-Physical Security

Smart Grid (SG) research and development has drawn much attention from academia, industry and government due to the great impact it will have on society, economics and the environment. Securing the SG is a considerably significant challenge due the increased dependency on communication networks to assist in physical process control, exposing them to various cyber-threats. In addition to attacks that change measurement values using False Data Injection (FDI) techniques, attacks on the communication network may disrupt the power system's real-time operation by intercepting messages, or by flooding the communication channels with unnecessary data. Addressing these attacks requires a cross-layer approach. In this paper a cross-layered strategy is presented, called Cross-Layer Ensemble CorrDet with Adaptive Statistics(CECD-AS), which integrates the detection of faulty SG measurement data as well as inconsistent network inter-arrival times and transmission delays for more reliable and accurate anomaly detection and attack interpretation. Numerical results show that CECD-AS can detect multiple False Data Injections, Denial of Service (DoS) and Man In The Middle (MITM) attacks with a high F1-score compared to current approaches that only use SG measurement data for detection such as the traditional physics-based State Estimation, Ensemble CorrDet with Adaptive Statistics strategy and other machine learning classification-based detection schemes.

cyber-physical security↗
DOE OSTI2023

Using synthetic infrared spectra derived from n/k optical constants for standoff detection of chemical deposits

We report results from a recent field experiment to test the validity of using physics-based synthetic infrared spectra to serve as endmembers in a spectral database targeted at chemical deposits. Specifically, the optical constants n and k, (the real and imaginary part of the refractive index) were used to first model infrared reflectance spectra for different thicknesses of chemical layers (e.g. acetaminophen, methylphosphonic acid – MPA, etc.) on various conducting and insulating substrates such as aluminum, wood, and glass. In the experimental portion of the research, thin films of the solid and liquid analytes were deposited onto such substrates to form micron-thick layers of the analytes at different thicknesses: Standoff data from an imaging instrument were then recorded and analyzed to not only identify the different analytes, but also quantify the layer/deposit thickness. To gauge success, the detection results using the synthetic data were compared to the results from hemispherical reflectance (HRF) spectra that were collected for the same sample planchets measured in the field via standoff methods. Preliminary results indicate good agreement between the synthetic reference data as compared to the lab-measured HRF data in terms of their ability to quantitatively reduce longwave infrared data. Specifically, modeled IR spectra for acetaminophen on an aluminum planchet at various thicknesses (1, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 µm) were synthesized and compared with standoff field reflectance data as well as HRF laboratory reflectance spectra for two samples: a 5.2 µm- and 12.8 µm-thick layer of acetaminophen on aluminum. Using a first-order approximation, analysis of the field data estimates the thicknesses of the samples to be 2 and 10 µm for the two samples, respectively, while the HRF laboratory data yields thickness estimates of between 5-10 µm and 10 µm, respectively. Both yield reasonable estimates, with the uncertainty most likely due to factors yet to be accounted for in the synthetic spectra such as light scattering.

complex index of refraction, optical constants, hy↗
DOE OSTI2011

Gasification Studies Task 4 Topical Report, Utah Clean Coal Program

A key objective of the Task 4 activities has been to develop simulation tools to support development, troubleshooting and optimization of pressurized entrained-flow coal gasifiers. The overall gasifier models (Subtask 4.1) combine submodels for fluid flow (Subtask 4.2) and heat transfer (Subtask 4.3) with fundamental understanding of the chemical (Subtask 4.4) and physical (Subtask 4.5) processes that take place as coal particles are converted to synthesis gas and slag. However, it is important to be able to compare predictions from the models against data obtained from actual operating coal gasifiers, and Subtask 4.6 aims to provide an accessible, non-proprietary system, which can be operated over a wide range of conditions to provide well-characterized data for model validation.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗