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At least 1,225 records · Page 68

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NASA NTRS1990

Microhardness variations in II-VI semiconducting compounds as a function of composition

A comparison is made of microhardness variations as a function of composition in directionally solidified alloys of Hg(1-x)Cd(x)Te, Hg(1-x)Zn(x)Te, Hg(1-x)Cd(x)Se, and Hg(1-x)Zn(x)Se, using the same growth method for all four systems in order to eliminate preparation-induced mechanical property variations. In each case, compositional analysis was performed next to a microhardness indentation. Due to the 14-percent shorter bond length of ZnTe relative to HgTe, Zn-base alloy mechanical strength should exceed that of Cd-base systems. Experimental verification is furnished for this hardening effect in both Hg(1-x)Zn(x)Te and Hg(1-x)Zn(x)Se.

Andrews, R. N.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Solar cycle variation in the subauroral electron temperature enhancement - Comparison of AE-C and DE 2 satellite observations

The elevation of the subauroral electron temperature is one of the phenomena showing the energy transfer from the magnetosphere and the response of the ionosphere. This study addresses solar cycle variations in the subauroral Te peak by comparing observations of the subauroral peak by the Atmosphere Explorer C (AE-C) satellite near solar minimum (1974 and 1977) with similar observations by the Dynamics Explorer 2 (DE 2) satellite near solar maximum (1981-1982). Te peaks with magnitudes sufficient to produce observable stable auroral red arc emissions occurred more frequently during solar maximum than in solar minimum, but the variation in the magnitudes and positions of these peaks with magnetic activity did not change significantly with solar cycle. These results are discussed in terms of the solar cycle changes in the ionosphere and the magnetospheric energy source.

Fok, M.-C.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Variation of superheat with subcooling in nucleate pool boiling

An analysis is presented that explains the variation of superheat with subcooling that has been observed by a number of researchers investigating nucleate boiling heat transfer at constant heat flux. It is shown that superheat initially increases with increasing subcooling near saturated conditions because of the way in which changes in active site density and average bubble frequency with increasing subcooling affect the rate of heat removal from the heater surface by enthalpy transport and microlayer evaporation. As subcooling increases further, natural convection begins to play an increasingly important role in the heat transfer process. Ultimately, natural convection is able to accommodate the entire imposed heat flux, after which superheat decreases as subcooling increases. The success of the analysis in explaining the variation of superheat with subcooling suggests that the rate of the heat removal from the heater surface is completely determined by the mechanisms of enthalpy transport, natural convection, and microlayer evaporation.

Judd, R. L.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Slope variations on the surface of Phobos

It has been suggested that slope fluctuations on the scale of pixel dimensions could be determined by statistical photoclinometry. A closer study of the surface of Phobos reveals variations in the scattering properties of single particles and microstructures formed by the particles. In the present context, the photoclinometric method of brightness moments is extended to account for these variations by allowing statistical fluctuations in the phase function of the assumed Lommel-Seeliger scattering law. The mean slope on the investigated regions of Phobos has been found to vary from about 12 deg on a 61 m scale to about 7 deg on a 216 - 272 m scale. On the same scales, a value of the order of 2 percent has been obtained for the standard deviation of the scattering phase function. Hints of a fractal-like scale-invariance have been noticed in the covariance function of brightness.

Muinonen, Karri↗

NASA NTRS1991

Zonal contributions to global momentum variations on intraseasonal through interannual time scales

The variability in a 13-year time series of daily values of the relative angular momentum of the atmosphere (M) is separated into three frequency bands: intraseasonal, seasonal, and interannual. Two methods are used to achieve this separation, and the amount of variance attributable to intraseasonal fluctuations, in particular, is sensitive to the choice made. Seasonal time scales clearly dominate the global momentum series; included in this frequency band is a notable dip in the series early in almost every calendar year. To localize the sources of the frequency band-dependent fluctuations in M, the data were decomposed into series of angular momentum values within each of 46 equal-area zonal belts over the globe and covariances were formed between these belt series and M. Seasonal variations in M represent the residual of opposing contributions from the subtropical jets of the Northern and the Southern Hemispheres. Both intraseasonal and interannual variations in M result mostly from behavior in the tropics.

Rosen, Richard D.↗

NASA NTRS1989

A study of pseudoresonances in the application of the Schwinger variational principle to electron scattering from atomic hydrogen

The Schwinger variational principle is applied to s-wave electron-hydrogen atom scattering. Computationally, consistent with a recent paper by Apagyi et al. (1988), there are pseudoresonances at the static exchange level of approximation, but not at the static level. The T-matrix as well as the K-matrix version of the Schwinger principle is used with a real Slater basis, and the same results are obtained in both. The origin of the pseudoresonances from singularities in the separable potential that is effectively employed in the Lippman-Schwinger equation from which the Schwinger variational principle can be derived. The determination of the pseudoresonance parameters from the separable potential is computationally inexpensive and may be used to predict the pseudoresonance parameters for the scattering calculations so as to avoid them.

Weatherford, Charles A.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Temporal variation of the earth's low-degree zonal gravitational field caused by atmospheric mass redistribution - 1980-1988

Temporal variations in the low-degree zonal harmonics of the earth's gravitational field have recently been observed by satellite laser ranging. A host of geophysical processes contribute to these variations. The present paper studies quantitatively a prime contributor, atmospheric mass redistribution, using ECMWF global surface pressure data for the period of 1980-1988. The annual and semiannual amplitudes and phases of the zonal J(l) coefficient with degree l = 2-6 with and without the oceanic inverted-barometer (IB) effect are computed to obtain the predicted effects on the orbit nodal residuals of Lageos and Starlette. These predicted values are then compared with observations. It is found that the atmospheric influence, combined with the hydrological influence agree well with the Lageos observation for the annual term. The corresponding match appears poorer for Starlette.

Chao, B. Fong↗

NASA NTRS1991

Neptune's cloud structure in 1989 - Photometric variations and correlation with ground-based images

Ground-based photoelectric photometry in b, y, and the 6190 and 7250 A methane-bands, as well as spectrum scans of the methane 6190 A band and CCD images at 6190 and 8900 A, were obtained for Neptune during Voyager 2's approach of that planet on August 24, 1989. Photometric variations are presently correlated with the disk transit of bright planetary features, and the changes in feature distribution and brightness noted in the results are evaluated for implications bearing on long-term variability. It is suggested that the long-term secular variation is related to a slow change in a size of location of both the bright companion and the Great Dark Spot.

Lockwood, G. W.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Effects of satellite data resolution on measuring the space/time variations of surfaces and clouds

The correlated distributions of satellite-measured visible and infrared radiances, caused by spatial and temporal variations in clouds and surfaces, have been found to be characteristic of the major climate regimes and can be described by the attributes of bidimensional and monodimensional histograms and time-composite images. Most of the variability of both the surfaces and clouds is found to occur at scales larger than the minimum resolved by satellite imagery. Since satellite imaging data sets are difficult to analyze because of their large volumes, many studies reduce the volume by various sampling or averaging schemes. The effects of data resolution and sampling on the radiance histogram statistics and on the time-composite image characteristics are examined. In particular, the sampling strategy used by the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project is tested. This sampling strategy is found to preserve the statistics of smaller cloud variations for most regions, with the exception of very rare events, if they are accumulated over large enough areas (at least 500 km in dimension) and long enough time periods (at least one month).

Seze, Genevieve↗

NASA NTRS1991

Diurnal variation of marine stratocumulus over San Nicolas Island during July 1987

A study is presented of surface measurements made at San Nicolas Island during the intensive field observation marine stratocumulus phase of the First International Satellite Cloud Climatology Program Regional Experiment, July 1987, to retrieve the average diurnal variation of marine stratocumulus and associated surface variables. The diurnal behavior of the cloud base appears to be consistent with model-predicted uncoupling of the cloud layer and the subcloud layer as the turbulent flux of moisture is limited by solar heating close to the cloud base. Also, variation in surface air temperature is consistent with the limitation of the turbulent flux of heat between the two layers, screening the surface from the effect of longwave cooling from the cloud top.

Blaskovic, Miriam↗

NASA NTRS1991

Increased heat transfer to a cylindrical leading edge due to spanwise variations in the freestream velocity

The present study numerically demonstrates how small spanwise variations in velocity upstream of a body can cause relatively large increases in the spanwise-averaged heat transfer to the leading edge. Vorticity introduced by spanwise variations, first decays as it drifts downstream, then amplifies in the stagnation region as a result of vortex stretching. This amplification can cause a periodic array of 3D structures, similar to horseshoe vortices, to form. The numerical results indicate that, for the given wavelength, there is an amplitude threshold below which a structure does not form. A one-dimensional analysis, to predict the decay of vorticity in the absence of the body, in conjunction with the full numerical results indicated that the threshold is more accurately stated as minimum level of vorticity required in the leading edge region for a structure to form. It is possible, using the one-dimensional analysis, to compute an optimum wavelength in terms of the maximum vorticity reaching the leading edge region for given amplitude. A discussion is presented which relates experimentally observed trends to the trends of the present phenomena.

Rigby, D. L.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Auger electron intensity variations in oxygen-charged silver

Auger intensity variations over an oxygen-charged polycrystalline silver surface have been observed by studies of Auger images and line scans of selected adjacent grains which were determined to be the (421) and (221) orientations. The observed contrast (M4.5VV transition) between the grains is produced by the variation in the detected Auger electrons caused by the different directions (interatomic direction) of forward focusing in each grain. The contrast produced by the Ag Auger electrons was found to be strongly dependent on the surface order of the grains, but that of the O Auger electrons was not, presumably because the atoms were randomly distributed throughout the Ag surface or subsurface. The contrast observed between the grains at the lower Auger energies (N1VV and N1N2.3V transitions) appeared to be produced by constructive interference from multiple scattering. The N1N2.3V electrons at 29 eV, for example, gave higher contrast than that of the N1VV transition at 78 eV.

Lee, W. S.↗

NASA NTRS1991

An information theory approach for evaluating earth radiation budget (ERB) measurements - Nonuniform sampling of diurnal longwave flux variations

Satellite measurements are subject to a wide range of uncertainties due to their temporal, spatial, and directional sampling characteristics. An information-theory approach is suggested to examine the nonuniform temporal sampling of ERB measurements. The information (i.e., its entropy or uncertainty) before and after the measurements is determined, and information gain (IG) is defined as a reduction in the uncertainties involved. A stochastic model for the diurnal outgoing flux variations that affect the ERB is developed. Using Gaussian distributions for the a priori and measured radiant exitance fields, the IG is obtained by computing the a posteriori covariance. The IG for the monthly outgoing flux measurements is examined for different orbital parameters and orbital tracks, using the Earth Observing System orbital parameters as specific examples. Variations in IG due to changes in the orbit's inclination angle and the initial ascending node local time are investigated.

Halyo, Nesim↗

NASA NTRS1991

Temporal versus spatial variation in leaf reflectance under changing water stress conditions

Leaf reflectance changes associated with changes in water stress were analyzed in two separate experiments. Results indicate that the variation in reflectance among collections of leaves of a given species all at the same level of water stress is at least as great as the variation in reflectance associated with changes in water stress for a given leaf collection of that species. The implications is that results from leaf reflectance-water stress studies have only limited applicability to the remote sensing of plant canopy water stress.

Cohen, Warren B.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Developments in variational methods for high performance plate and shell elements

High performance elements are simple finite elements constructed to deliver engineering accuracy with coarse arbitrary grids. This is part of a series on the variational foundations of high-performance elements, with emphasis on plate and shell elements constructed with the free formulation (FF) and assumed natural strain (ANS) methods. Parameterized variational principles are studied that provide a common foundation for the FF and ANS methods, as well as for a combination of both. From this unified formulation a variant of the ANS formulation, called the assumed natural deviatoric strain (ANDES) formulation, emerges as an important special case. The first ANDES element, a high-performance 9 degrees of freedom triangular Kirchhoff plate bending element, is briefly described to illustrate the use of the new formulation.

Felippa, Carlos A.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Mixed variational formulations of finite element analysis of elastoacoustic/slosh fluid-structure interaction

A general three-field variational principle is obtained for the motion of an acoustic fluid enclosed in a rigid or flexible container by the method of canonical decomposition applied to a modified form of the wave equation in the displacement potential. The general principle is specialized to a mixed two-field principle that contains the fluid displacement potential and pressure as independent fields. This principle contains a free parameter alpha. Semidiscrete finite-element equations of motion based on this principle are displayed and applied to the transient response and free-vibrations of the coupled fluid-structure problem. It is shown that a particular setting of alpha yields a rich set of formulations that can be customized to fit physical and computational requirements. The variational principle is then extended to handle slosh motions in a uniform gravity field, and used to derive semidiscrete equations of motion that account for such effects.

Felippa, Carlos A.↗

NASA NTRS1991

A Variational Assimilation Method for Satellite and Conventional Data: Model 2 (version 1)

The Model II variational data assimilation model is the second of the four variational models designed to blend diverse meteorological data into a dynamically constrained data set. Model II differs from Model I in that it includes the thermodynamic equation as the fifth dynamical constraint. Thus, Model II includes all five of the primative equations that govern atmospheric flow for a dry atmosphere.

Achtemeier, Gary L.↗

NASA NTRS1991

A Variational Formalism for the Radiative Transfer Equation: Prelude to Model 3

The MODEL III variational data assimilation model is the third of four general assimilation models designed to blend weather data measured from space based platforms in the meteorological data mainstream in a way that maximizes the information content of the satellite data. Because there are many different observation locations and there are many instruments with different measurement error characteristics, it is also necessary to require that the blending be done to maximize the information content of the data and simultaneously to retain a dynamically consistent and reasonably accurate description of the state of the atmosphere. This is ideally a variational problem for which the data receive relative weights that are inversely proportional to measurement error and are adjusted to satisfy a set of dynamical equations that govern atmospheric processes. The advantage of MODEL III over the previous two models is that radiance, the atmospheric variable measured by satellite, becomes a dependent variable. In the previous versions, mean layer temperatures that had been retrieved from the radiances by some method, were included in the assimilation by substituting them in place of the rawinsonde temperatures. Now both rawinsonde temperatures and satellite radiances are included independently in the assimilation.

Achtemeier, Gary L.↗