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At least 1,225 records · Page 68
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Caustic Neutralization and Precipitation of Acidic Dissolved Simulated Stainless Steel–Clad Plutonium and Plutonium/Uranium Nuclear Fuel

Simulated dissolved stainless steel (SS) clad Pu and Pu/U nuclear fuel in HNO 3 was neutralized to a free hydroxide (OH - ) concentration of 0.6 M. A thermal neutron poison, Gd, was added to the simulants at concentrations of either ~3 - 6 g/L or ~37 - 38 g/L. The supernate Pu concentration the day of neutralization ranged from 0.48 to 8.75 mg/L. The supernate Pu concentration of a simplified simulant neutralized to 0.6 M OH - above precipitated solids containing Pu was demonstrated to decrease over 18 days. A significant portion of precipitated Pu was found to be insoluble in 8 M HNO 3 at ambient temperature, but essentially quantitative Pu dissolution was achieved in 11.5 M HNO 3 /0.1 M KF at 100 °C. The difficulty in dissolving the Pu precipitate is believed to be due to the formation of refractory PuO 2 •xH 2 O during the neutralization process. Initial Gd concentrations of ~37 – 38 g/L were found to result in a greater Al precipitation when neutralized to 0.6 M OH - than initial Gd concentrations of ~3 – 6 g/L. Physical properties of the resultant slurries were measured and used to calculate limiting flowrates and slurry velocities by gravity only in transfer piping between the Savannah River Site’s H-Canyon Facility and the Concentration, Storage, and Transfer Facility (CSTF). These results were compared to calculated deposition velocities to predict if solids would settle during the transfer. The Newtonian model was found to be reasonable for each diluted slurry evaluated. Deposition velocities of Pu containing slurries are lower than nuclear fuel slurries primarily composed of U due to the high density of Pu solids. In conclusion, dilution of slurries reduces the margin between the slurry and deposition velocities due to the reduction in viscosity because higher viscous forces on the particles promote maintained suspension.

Actinide Neutralization↗
DOE OSTI2021

Solvation of NiO x for hole transport layer deposition in perovskite solar cells

In this work, a series of nickel oxide (NiO x ) inks, in the perovskite antisolvent chlorobenzene (CB) containing 15% ethanol, were prepared for the fabrication of p-i-n perovskite solar cells by blade coating. The inks included triethylamine (Et 3 N) and alkyl xanthate salts as ligands to disperse NiO x particle aggregates and stabilize suspension. A total of four inks were evaluated: 0X (Et 3 N with no alkyl xanthate), 4X (Et 3 N + potassium n-butyl xanthate), 12X (Et 3 N + potassium n-dodecyl xanthate), and 18X (Et 3 N + potassium n-octadecyl xanthate). The inks were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy and FT-IR spectroscopy and the resulting films analyzed by thermogravimetry and scanning electron microscopy. Devices prepared using the 0X ink resulted in a peak power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.47% (0.25 cm 2 ) and 9.96 % (1 cm 2 ). The 0X devices showed no significant loss of PCE after 100 days in a nitrogen flow box. Devices prepared with inks containing alkyl xanthate ligand had lower PCE that decreased with decreasing chain length, 18X > 12X > 4X.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Clear as mud redefined: Tunable transparent mineral scaffolds for visualizing microbial processes below ground

Microbes inhabiting complex porous microenvironments in sediments and aquifers catalyze reactions that are critical to global biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem health. However, the opacity and complexity of porous sediment and rock matrices have considerably hindered the study of microbial processes occurring within these habitats. Here, we generated microbially compatible, optically transparent mineral scaffolds to visualize and investigate microbial colonization and activities occurring in these environments, in laboratory settings and in situ. Using inexpensive synthetic cryolite mineral, we produced optically transparent scaffolds mimicking the complex 3D structure of sediments and rocks by adapting a suspension-based, freeze-casting technique commonly used in materials science. Fine-tuning of parameters, such as freezing rate and choice of solvent, provided full control of pore size and architecture. The combined effects of scaffold porosity and structure on the movement of microbe-sized particles, tested using velocity tracking of fluorescent beads, showed diverse yet reproducible behaviors. The scaffolds we produced are compatible with epifluorescence microscopy, allowing the fluorescence-based identification of colonizing microbes by DNA-based staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to depths of 100 µm. Additionally, Raman spectroscopy analysis indicates minimal background signal in regions used for measuring deuterium and 13 C enrichment in microorganisms, highlighting the potential to directly couple D 2 O or 13 C stable isotope probing and Raman-FISH for quantifying microbial activity at the single-cell level. To demonstrate the relevance of cryolite scaffolds for environmental field studies, we visualized their colonization by diverse microorganisms within rhizosphere sediments of a coastal seagrass plant using epifluorescence microscopy. The tool presented here enables highly resolved, spatially explicit, and multimodal investigations into the distribution, activities, and interactions of underground microbes typically obscured within opaque geological materials until now.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

‘ Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’-Encoded BCP Peroxiredoxin Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated Defense Signaling and Nitrosative Stress In Planta

The lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria trigger a nitrosative and oxidative burst in both animals and plants during pathogen invasion. Liberibacter crescens strain BT-1 is a surrogate for functional genomic studies of the uncultured pathogenic ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’ spp. that are associated with severe diseases such as citrus greening and potato zebra chip. Structural determination of L. crescens LPS revealed the presence of a very long chain fatty acid modification. L. crescens LPS pretreatment suppressed growth of Xanthomonas perforans on nonhost tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) and X. citri subsp. citri on host orange (Citrus sinensis), confirming bioactivity of L. crescens LPS in activation of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). L. crescens LPS elicited a rapid burst of nitric oxide (NO) in suspension cultured tobacco cells. Pharmacological inhibitor assays confirmed that arginine-utilizing NO synthase (NOS) activity was the primary source of NO generation elicited by L. crescens LPS. LPS treatment also resulted in biological markers of NO-mediated SAR activation, including an increase in the glutathione pool, callose deposition, and activation of the salicylic acid and azelaic acid (AzA) signaling networks. Transient expression of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ bacterioferritin comigratory protein (BCP) peroxiredoxin in tobacco compromised AzA signaling, a prerequisite for LPS-triggered SAR. Western blot analyses revealed that ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ BCP peroxiredoxin prevented peroxynitrite-mediated tyrosine nitration in tobacco. ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ BCP peroxiredoxin (i) attenuates NO-mediated SAR signaling and (ii) scavenges peroxynitrite radicals, which would facilitate repetitive cycles of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ acquisition and transmission by fecund psyllids throughout the limited flush period in citrus.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

An outbreak of Septoria canker caused by Sphaerulina musiva on Populus trichocarpa in eastern Oregon

Branch and stem cankers were observed in a Populus trichocarpa L. plantation in late summer of 2018 near Boardman, Oregon USA. Stem cankers were flat faced with swollen margins and the bark in the center of the cankers was black and depressed (Figure 1). 254 out of 1054 trees (25%) observed had cankers. Symptomatic stems and branches from several trees were brought to Oregon State University for identification. Cankers were surface-disinfested in a 5% NaOCl for 2 min and rinsed twice in deionized H 2 O for 2 min. Bark was removed from cankers and pieces of wood at the margin between healthy and necrotic tissue were plated on KV8 medium amended with streptomycin sulfate at 100 mg liter–1 and chloramphenicol (Amresco) at 240 mg liter–1 (Dunnell and LeBoldus 2017). Eight sporulating colonies typical of Sphaerulina musiva (Peck) Quaedvlieg, Verkley, and Crous (Syn. = Septoria musiva Peck) developed within 7 days of plating. S. musiva was identified by morphological characteristics (conidium size = 28–54 × 3.5–4 µm) and confirmed by comparing the sequence of the ITS region (accession numbers: MN275180-MN275187) to JX901814 with 99% identity. We tested 13 additional cankers collected from the plantation using S. musiva specific primers (Abraham et al. 2018). Eight of the 13 samples were positive for S. musiva DNA. Dormant cuttings from three genotypes of P. trichocarpa (BESC-184; BESC-259; BESC-388) were collected in a field planting near Oregon State University (OSU). These were planted in cone-tainers in the greenhouse at OSU and grown to approximately 30 cm in height. Four replicates of each of the three genotypes were inoculated in the greenhouse with one Oregon isolate using a suspension of 1x10 6 conidia ml-1. The entire tree was sprayed until runoff using a spray bottle (LeBoldus et al. 2010). The experimental design was a completely randomized design with four replicates of each genotype. Sterile deionized H 2 O was sprayed on one control tree of each genotype. The mean number of resulting cankers were BESC-184 = 11, BESC-259 = 1, and BESC-388 = 13.75. The controls did not develop any cankers. The pathogen was successfully reisolated from one canker from each genotype. Sphaerulina musiva can cause severely damaging leaf spot and stem canker diseases in the eastern and central USA and Canada (Bier 1939; Herath et al. 2016). Susceptible Populus species and hybrids develop cankers which can girdle and weaken stems, leading to breakage or tree death (Bier 1939). A previous survey of the region did not detect S. musiva (Newcombe et al. 1995). This outbreak of Septoria canker underscores the potential threat of this pathogen to P. trichocarpa in the Pacific Northwest where it is a keystone species in riparian ecosystems.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Dispersion of the Nonlinear Susceptibility of MoS2 and WS2 from Second-Harmonic Scattering Spectroscopy

Dispersion of the absolute second-order susceptibility of both MoS2 and WS2 is assessed on a wide spectral excitation range (710–1300 nm) by using second-harmonic scattering spectroscopy (SHS). SHS is an accurate ensemble measurement here applied on well-dispersed suspensions of monodisperse liquid-exfoliated nanosheets showing a high monolayer content. The as-derived, high susceptibility values shed light on the discrepancies between available literature values while evidencing resonances associated with the main excitonic transitions.

CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND SU↗
DOE OSTI2024

Multitiered computational methodology for extracting three-dimensional rotational diffusion coefficients from x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy data without structural information

X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) is a powerful technique for analyzing particle systems by investigating their dynamics in suspensions across a broad range of temporal and spatial scales. This is done by illuminating samples with coherent x-ray beams and calculating the correlation function of the obtained x-ray scattering images. XPCS is uniquely suited for studying Brownian dynamics, consisting of translational and rotational diffusion. While traditional XPCS image analysis techniques can extract translational diffusion components, they are unable to estimate rotational diffusion coefficients. Here, we introduce a methodology that combines the angular-temporal cross-correlation analysis and a algorithmic framework called Multi-Tiered Estimation for Correlation Spectroscopy in 3D for estimating three-dimensional rotational diffusion coefficients from XPCS images of three-dimensional particle systems. We demonstrate our methodology for extracting rotational diffusion coefficients from XPCS data by applying it to simulated noisy x-ray images of systems of crossing nanotubes and proteins that evolve under translational and rotational Brownian motion for different diffusion rates. Furthermore, our results show that our approach determines rotational diffusion coefficients within a few percent error.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Measurements of attenuation and scattering properties of water-based liquid scintillator

Water-based liquid scintillator (WbLS) is a hybrid detector medium which has been proposed as a fill material for future large-volume rare event searches, including ν − detectors. This family of scintillating suspensions promises waterlike attenuation and scattering behavior, while offering scintillation light yield for sub-Cherenkov-threshold events. These features may allow for improved vertex and energy resolution, and concomitant improvements in background rejection and particle identification. While subscale measurements of light yield, timing and pulse-shape have been performed in several WbLS formulations, detailed measurements of the attenuation and scattering properties of WbLS remain a critical, unresolved step along the pathway to deployment. In pursuit of a better understanding of these parameters, a “long-arm” attenuation and scattering instrument has been developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, dubbed LASE (Livermore Attenuation and Scattering Experiment). Optical property measurements have been performed using LASE in DI water, Gd-water, WbLS and Gd-WbLS. Measurements of the optical properties of WbLS (1% LAB-PPO scintillator) provided by Brookhaven National Laboratory demonstrate an attenuation minimum of 4.87 × 10 − 4 ± 1.42 × 10 − 4 cm − 1 at 450 nm, while Gd-loaded WbLS (1% LAB-PPO scintillator, 0.1% Gd) demonstrated a minimum attenuation coefficient of 4.77 × 10 − 4 ± 1.27 × 10 − 4 cm − 1 at the same wavelength. Measurements of scattering in WbLS show a scattering coefficient of 3.39 × 10 − 4 ± 1.98 × 10 − 5 cm − 1 at the 450 nm attenuation minimum, while Gd-WbLS has a scattering coefficient of 2.8 × 10 − 4 ± 1.63 × 10 − 5 cm − 1 at that wavelength. These scattering and attenuation coefficients are significantly larger than measured for DI water at similar wavelengths ( 8.8 × 10 − 5 cm − 1 ± 3.8 × 10 − 5 attenuation at 430 nm, 2.2 × 10 − 5 ± 1.28 × 10 − 6 cm − 1 scattering). Though the WbLS attenuation and scattering coefficients measured are lower than the corresponding values published for ultrapure oils and LAB-PPO liquid scintillator, the material tested attenuates significantly more than water across the blue and green portions of the visible spectrum. This attenuation is markedly stronger at wavelengths under 430 nm. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2019

Mitigation of turbophoresis in particle-laden turbulent channel flows by using incident electric fields

It is known that the dynamics of particles dispersed in turbulent flows can be significantly altered by electric charges and external electric fields. The next step therefore involves the investigation of whether these electric interactions can be exploited in engineering applications to control processes involving the transport of particles in turbulence. In this study, direct numerical simulations of incompressible turbulent channel flows laden with a positively isocharged suspension of monodisperse small inertial particles are employed to investigate the effect of electric charges carried by the particles on their dispersion, and to illustrate the intentional abatement of turbophoretic effects using incident electric fields. An Eulerian-Lagrangian formulation is employed along with a fast multipole method for the electric potential conveniently corrected with wall boundary conditions. Finally, operating conditions are identified in terms of characteristic dimensionless parameters where an AC electric field applied across the channel walls decreases the time-averaged concentration of particles near the walls by up to two orders of magnitude.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Learning unknown physics of non-Newtonian fluids

Here, we use physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) to learn viscosity models of two non-Newtonian systems (polymer melts and suspensions of particles) using only velocity measurements. For synthetic velocity data generated with the power-law viscosity model, the PINN-inferred viscosity model agrees with the analytical model for shear rates with large absolute values but deviates for shear rates near zero where the analytical model has an unphysical singularity. Once the viscosity model is learned the PINN method can solve the momentum conservation equation using only the boundary conditions.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2019

Yield Precursor Dislocation Avalanches in Small Crystals: The Irreversibility Transition

The transition from elastic to plastic deformation in crystalline metals shares history dependence and scale-invariant avalanche signature with other nonequilibrium systems under external loading such as colloidal suspensions. These other systems exhibit transitions with clear analogies to work hardening and yield stress, with many typically undergoing purely elastic behavior only after “training” through repeated cyclic loading; studies in these other systems show a power-law scaling of the hysteresis loop extent and of the training time as the peak load approaches a so-called reversible-to-irreversible transition (RIT). We discover here that deformation of small crystals shares these key characteristics: yielding and hysteresis in uniaxial compression experiments of single-crystalline Cu nano- and micropillars decay under repeated cyclic loading. Here, the amplitude and decay time of the yield precursor avalanches diverge as the peak stress approaches failure stress for each pillar, with a power-law scaling virtually equivalent to RITs in other nonequilibrium systems.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2020

Microscopic dynamics of stress relaxation in a nanocolloidal soft glass

Here, we report x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) experiments with in situ rheometry performed on a soft glass composed of a concentrated suspension of charged silica nanoparticles subjected to step strains that induce yielding and flow. The XPCS measurements characterize the particle-scale and mesoscale motions within the glass that underlie the highly protracted decay of the macroscopic stress following the step strains. These dynamics are anisotropic, with slow, convective particle motion along the direction of the preceding shear that persists for surprisingly large times and that is accompanied by intermittent motion in the perpendicular (vorticity) direction. A close correspondence between the convective dynamics and stress relaxation is demonstrated by power-law scaling between the characteristic velocity of the collective particle motion and the rate of stress decay.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

3D printed droplet generation devices for serial femtosecond crystallography enabled by surface coating

The role of surface wetting properties and their impact on the performance of 3D printed microfluidic droplet generation devices for serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) are reported herein. SFX is a novel crystallography method enabling structure determination of proteins at room temperature with atomic resolution using X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs). In SFX, protein crystals in their mother liquor are delivered and intersected with a pulsed X-ray beam using a liquid jet injector. Owing to the pulsed nature of the X-ray beam, liquid jets tend to waste the vast majority of injected crystals, which this work aims to overcome with the delivery of aqueous protein crystal suspension droplets segmented by an oil phase. For this purpose, 3D printed droplet generators that can be easily customized for a variety of XFEL measurements have been developed. The surface properties, in particular the wetting properties of the resist materials compatible with the employed two-photon printing technology, have so far not been characterized extensively, but are crucial for stable droplet generation. This work investigates experimentally the effectiveness and the long-term stability of three different surface treatments on photoresist films and glass as models for our 3D printed droplet generator and the fused silica capillaries employed in the other fluidic components of an SFX experiment. Finally, the droplet generation performance of an assembly consisting of the 3D printed device and fused silica capillaries is examined. Stable and reproducible droplet generation was achieved with a fluorinated surface coating which also allowed for robust downstream droplet delivery. Experimental XFEL diffraction data of crystals formed from the large membrane protein complex photosystem I demonstrate the full compatibility of the new injection method with very fragile membrane protein crystals and show that successful droplet generation of crystal-laden aqueous droplets intersected by an oil phase correlates with increased crystal hit rates.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Inferring effective electrostatic interaction of charge-stabilized colloids from scattering using deep learning

In this article, an innovative strategy is presented that incorporates deep auto-encoder networks into a least-squares fitting framework to address the potential inversion problem in small-angle scattering. To evaluate the performance of the proposed approach, a detailed case study focusing on charged colloidal suspensions was carried out. The results clearly indicate that a deep learning solution offers a reliable and quantitative method for studying molecular interactions. The approach surpasses existing deterministic approaches with respect to both numerical accuracy and computational efficiency. Overall, this work demonstrates the potential of deep learning techniques in tackling complex problems in soft-matter structures and beyond.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Fixed-target serial crystallography at the Structural Biology Center

Serial synchrotron crystallography enables the study of protein structures under physiological temperature and reduced radiation damage by collection of data from thousands of crystals. The Structural Biology Center at Sector 19 of the Advanced Photon Source has implemented a fixed-target approach with a new 3D-printed mesh-holder optimized for sample handling. The holder immobilizes a crystal suspension or droplet emulsion on a nylon mesh, trapping and sealing a near-monolayer of crystals in its mother liquor between two thin Mylar films. Data can be rapidly collected in scan mode and analyzed in near real-time using piezoelectric linear stages assembled in an XYZ arrangement, controlled with a graphical user interface and analyzed using a high-performance computing pipeline. Here, the system was applied to two β-lactamases: a class D serine β-lactamase from Chitinophaga pinensis DSM 2588 and L1 metallo-β-lactamase from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia K279a.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Artificial Soiling Replication of Field Losses on Commercial Photovoltaic Modules

Here, this study demonstrates the capabilities of an indoor artificial soiling approach developed to closely replicate the natural, cyclic soil accumulation processes in the field-dust suspension, deposition, and sedimentation/cementation-for a subtropical climate. In this work, a near-field environment is replicated in an artificial soiling cubic chamber through controlled regulation of humidity, temperature, dust type, and dust concentration, based on site-specific historical climate data. Two different models (MA and MB) of full-size commercial photovoltaic modules from a single manufacturer, installed side by side in the mid-Atlantic United States, were retrieved and subjected to artificial soiling experiments and various characterization measurements, including short-circuit current, colorimetry, reflectance, X-ray fluorescence, laser diffraction, and optical microscopy. Both in the field and in our improved field-representative artificial soiling tests, the MA model experienced roughly twice the soiling loss as the MB model. To closely replicate the field soiling losses for a site-specific climate, it is critical to include: 1) The use of field-collected dust with identical dust chemistry and particle distribution instead of standardized ISO 12103 Arizona Road dusts, 2) the use of only a small amount of field-collected dust inside the chamber during the deposition process (e.g., 0.15 g), and 3) the preconditioning of the surface coating for the partial/full dose of UV stress as experienced in the field during sunlight exposure and the abrasion as experienced in the field during regular module cleaning activities, if/as needed. The field-representative artificial soiling method developed here could potentially be adopted for rank ordering of various antisoiling coatings developed by researchers and industry stakeholders.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Microwave Sensing of Yeast Cell Species and Viability

We report the development of a simple interferometer-based microwave sensing system for multiple frequency characterization and differentiation of in-flow yeast cells. The interferometer uses a simple microstrip line, integrated with a microfluidic channel, for single-cell measurement. An algorithm was developed and verified with high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) for complex permittivity, ε*( f ) = ε'( f ) - jε"(f), extraction from measured scattering parameters. The sensing system and the algorithm were evaluated by measuring polystyrene particles of different diameters and at different interferometer operating frequencies. Viable and nonviable Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces pastorianus cells were measured at those frequencies. The results showed frequency-dependent permittivity values for each species of yeast and viability as well as frequency-dependent permittivity differences between different yeast types. The differences at some frequency points are significant and enable the differentiation of cells in mixed suspension, which is also demonstrated with a prediction model developed in this work.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

The effect of blood viscosity on shear‐induced hemolysis using a magnetically levitated shearing device

Abstract Introduction Blood contacting medical devices, including rotary blood pumps, can cause shear‐induced blood damage that may lead to adverse effects in patients. Due in part to an inadequate understanding of how cell‐scale fluid mechanics impact red blood cell membrane deformation and damage, there is currently not a uniformly accepted engineering model for predicting blood damage caused by complex flow fields within ventricular assist devices (VADs). Methods We empirically investigated hemolysis in a magnetically levitated axial Couette flow device typical of a rotary VAD. The device is able to accurately control the shear rate and exposure time experienced by blood and to minimize the effects of other uncharacterized stresses. Using this device, we explored the effects of both hematocrit and plasma viscosity on shear‐induced hemolysis to characterize blood damage based on the viscosity‐independent shear rate, rather than on shear stress. Results Over a shear rate range of 20 000 – 80 000 1/s, the Index of Hemolysis (IH) was found to be dependent upon and well‐predicted by the shear rate alone. IH was independent of hematocrit, bulk viscosity, or the suspension media viscosity and less correlated to shear stress (MSE = 0.46–0.75) than to shear rate (MSE = 0.06–0.09). Conclusion This study recommends that future investigations of shear‐induced blood damage report findings with respect to the viscosity‐neutral term of shear rate, in addition to the bulk whole blood viscosity measured at an appropriate shear rate relevant to the flow conditions of the device.

Krisher, James A.↗