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NASA NTRS2018

Considerations for Implementing Voice-Controlled Spacecraft Systems Through a Human-Centered Design Approach

As computational power and speech recognition algorithms improve, the consumer market will see better-performing speech recognition applications. The cell phone and Internet-related service industry have further enhanced speech recognition applications using artificial intelligence and statistical data-mining techniques. These improvements to speech recognition technology (SRT) may one day help astronauts on future deep space human missions that require control of complex spacecraft systems or spacesuit applications by voice. Though SRT and more advanced speech recognition techniques show promise, use of this technology for a space application such as vehicle/habitat/spacesuit requires careful considerations. There are still recognition challenges to overcome such as background noise, human speech variability, and task loading. However, implemented correctly, a voice-controlled spacecraft system (VCSS) can provide a useful, natural and efficient form of human-machine communications during complex tasks such as when the hands and eyes are busy or as an aid for vehicle situational awareness inquiries or collaborative human-robot tasks. This document provides considerations and guidance for the use of SRT in VCSS applications for space missions, specifically in command-and-control (C2) applications where the commanding is user-initiated. First, current SRT limitations as known at the time of this report are given. Then, highlights of SRT used in the space program provide the reader with a history of some of the human spaceflight applications and research. Next, an overview of the speech production process and the intrinsic variations of speech are provided. Finally, general guidance and considerations are given for development of a VCSS using a human-centered design approach for space applications that includes vocabulary selection and performance testing, as well as VCSS considerations for C2 dialogue management design, feedback, error handling, and evaluation/usability testing. Available from

Salazar, George A.↗

NASA NTRS2018

Initial Implementation and Operational Use of TASAR in Alaska Airlines Flight Operations

NASA has been developing and testing the Traffic Aware Strategic Aircrew Requests (TASAR) concept for aircraft operations featuring a NASA-developed cockpit automation tool, the Traffic Aware Planner (TAP), which computes route changes compatible with nearby traffic and airspace constraints to improve flight efficiency. The TAP technology is anticipated to save fuel, flight time, and operating costs and thereby provide immediate and pervasive benefits to the aircraft operator. Alaska Airlines is partnered with NASA to implement and evaluate TASAR in revenue service. This paper will describe activities undertaken to achieve TASAR operational status at Alaska Airlines, and it will present preliminary results from initial flight operations.

Wing, David J.↗

NASA NTRS2018

Systems and Methods for Implementing Tailored Metallic Glass-Based Strain Wave Gears and Strain Wave Gear Components

Systems and methods in accordance with embodiments of the invention implement tailored metallic glass-based strain wave gears and strain wave gear components. In one embodiment, a method of fabricating a flexspline of a strain wave gear includes: forming a MG-based composition into a flexspline using one of a thermoplastic forming technique and a casting technique; where the forming of the MG-based composition results in a formed MG-based material; where the formed flexspline is characterized by: a minimum thickness of greater than approximately 1 mm and a major diameter of less than approximately 4 inches.

Hofmann, Douglas C.↗

NASA NTRS2018

Systems and Methods for Implementing Flexible Members Including Integrated Tools Made from Metallic Glass-Based Materials

Systems and methods in accordance with embodiments of the invention implement flexible members that include integrated tools made from metallic glass-based materials. In one embodiment, a structure includes: a flexible member characterized by an elongated geometry and an integrated tool disposed at one end of the elongated geometry; where the flexible member includes a metallic glass-based material.

Parness, Aaron↗

NASA NTRS2018

Verifying Implementation of the Dryden Turbulence Model and MIL-F-8785 Gust Gradient

Turbulence modeling in human-in-the-loop simulation is important to assessing aircraft handling qualities and pilot performance and to provide additional realism for pilot training. In the simulation community, the Dryden turbulence spectra is a popular choice for modeling the linear turbulent gusts because its rational form is efficiently reproduced by passing white noise through linear filters. The MIL-F-8785 gust gradients similarly use additional linear filters to model the gradient of the turbulent gust over the wing, and it represents the gust gradients as perturbations to the air-relative rotational rates. The Cockpit Motion Facility at NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) models continuous random turbulence using the Dryden one-dimensional spectra and MIL-F-8785 gust gradient. The facility recently reviewed and updated its verification of these models as part of an initiative to improve motion cueing under turbulence. This exercise introduced improved methods for verifying the turbulence models and led to rediscovery of model assumptions that informed improvements to implementation.

Madden, Michael M.↗

NASA NTRS2014

A Comparison of Thruster Implementation Strategies for a Deep Space Nanosatellite

Attitude control for very small spacecraft, commonly referred to as nanosatellites or CubeSats, has traditionally been carried out using reaction wheels and magnetic torquers as the primary actuators. However, as these spacecraft begin to be considered for a broader range of scientific applications, including some beyond low Earth orbit, it has become necessary to also consider thruster systems for actuation. In recent years a number of thruster designs that conform to the mass, volume, and power constraints of nanosatellites have become commercially available, including cold gas systems, pulsed plasma thrusters (PPTs), and micro-electrospray propulsion (MEP) systems. The challenge now facing the nanosatellite community is to determine which thruster solutions are appropriate for a particular application, and what the best method of control might be. This paper will compare the implementation of a cold gas system with that of an MEP or PPT system for an upcoming nanosatellite mission using a previously reported saturation-restricted control law. Results are presented for this controller both with and without a fuel-optimal thruster allocation scheme, and an assessment on incorporating these technologies in an upcoming NASA mission is offered.

Nehrenz, Matt↗

NASA NTRS2018

Design, Implementation, and Performance of the Astro-H Soft X-Ray Spectrometer Aperture Assembly and Blocking Filters

The calorimeter array of the JAXA Astro-H (renamed Hitomi) soft x-ray spectrometer (SXS) was designed to provide unprecedented spectral resolution of spatially extended cosmic x-ray sources and of all cosmic x-ray sources in the Fe-K band around 6 keV. The properties that made the SXS array a powerful x-ray spectrometer also made it sensitive to photons from the entire electromagnetic band as well as particles. If characterized as a bolometer, it would have had a noise equivalent power of <4 × 10(exp −18) W/((Hz)(exp 0.5)). Thus, it was imperative to shield the detector from thermal radiation from the instrument and optical and UV photons from the sky. In addition, it was necessary to shield the coldest stages of the instrument from the thermal radiation emanating from the warmer stages. These needs were addressed by a series of five thin-film radiation-blocking filters, anchored to the nested temperature stages, that blocked long-wavelength radiation while minimizing x-ray attenuation. The aperture assembly was a system of barriers, baffles, filter carriers, and filter mounts that supported the filters and inhibited their potential contamination. The three outer filters also had been equipped with thermometers and heaters for decontamination. We present the requirements, design, implementation, and performance of the SXS aperture assembly and blocking filters.

Kilbourne, Caroline A.↗

NASA NTRS2019

Challenges of Implementing Speech Control in a Spacecraft System

This presentation provides the audience with an overview of the challenges for implementation of voice control in space applications that include the hardware, software, environment, and, more importantly, the astronaut. Past voice control applications in space are given as well as a brief overview of NASA's new roadmap.

Salazar, George A.↗

NASA NTRS2016

Electromagnetic Compatibility Design, Implementation and Test of the SMAP Spacecraft to Meet Stringent L-Band Radiated Emissions Requirements

This paper describes the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements on the NASA SMAP mission, the implementation of EMC best practices at various levels of development in subsystems packaging and system level cabling harnesses, and the testing and result s of flight hardware at the sub system and spacecraft system levels.

Huang, Chi-Chien Nelson↗

NASA NTRS2016

Electromagnetic Compatibility Design, Implementation and Test of the SMAP Spacecraft to Meet Stringent L-Band Radiated Emissions Requirements

This paper describes the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements on the NASA SMAP mission, the implementation of EMC best practices at various levels of development in system level cabling harnesses and subsystems packaging, and the testing and results of flight hardware at the subsystem and spacecraft system levels.

Huang, Chi-Chien Nelson↗

NASA NTRS2019

Implementing a Sleep Health Education and Sleep Disorders Screening Program in Fire Departments

The lost productivity from fatigue adds something like $2,000 per worker per year to an organization's overall costs. The human and financial burden of fatigue has prompted specialists to develop fatigue risk management plans, which have been implemented with success in industries like aviation, manufacturing, and first responders. We'll explore the common risk factors for fatigue and delve into successful programs from major players in the American marketplace, and provide actionable recommendations for change within your organization to prevent fatigue and encourage greater holistic wellness among your workers. Learning Objectives - Explain the causes and effects of the fatigue problem - Illustrate the difference between physical and chronic sleep-related fatigue - Explore fatigue management case studies from aviation, manufacturing, and warehousing - Demonstrate fatigue conclusions from research conducted at NASA - Answer common questions on fatigue management - Share recommendations from our experts on creating a fatigue management plan.

alertness↗

NASA NTRS2019

Implementation Recommendations and Usage Boundaries for the Two-Dimensional Probability of Collision Calculation

The two-dimensional (2D) probability of collision (𝑃𝑐) estimation method relies on several assumptions that must be satisfied for accurate results. Monte Carlo analysis of ~44,000 conjunctions indicates that 2D-𝑃(sub 𝑐) pro-vides accurate estimates for most typical conjunctions, but occasionally underestimates 𝑃(sub 𝑐) significantly, indicating an assumption violation. A test to detect large-amplitude underestimation inaccuracies can be based on how much “offset-from-TCA” 2D-𝑃(sub 𝑐) values vary during a well-defined time interval bracketing closest approach. The test successfully detects all large-amplitude 2D-𝑃(sub 𝑐) underestimations found to date, but with a high false-alarm rate. The analysis also provides implementation recommendations and usage boundaries for the 2D-𝑃(sub 𝑐) method.

Hall, Doyle T.↗

NASA NTRS2019

Implementation Recommendations and Usage Boundaries for the Two-Dimensional Probability of Collision Calculation

Hall, Doyle T.↗

NASA NTRS2016

Electromagnetic Compatibility Design, Implementation and Test of the SMAP Spacecraft to Meet Stringent L-Band Radiated Emissions Requirements

This paper describes the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements on the NASA SMAP mission, the implementation of EMC best practices at various levels of development in system level cabling harnesses and subsystems packaging, and the testing and results of flight hardware at the subsystem and spacecraft system levels.

Huang, Nelson↗

NASA NTRS2019

Implementing Polar Projections with OGC Services for the Enhancement of AIRS NRT Visualization in LANCE

The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) NRT product is one important element in the Land, Atmosphere Near real-time Capability for EOS (LANCE). The LANCE processing of AIRS NRT products and the image generation are performed at the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC). The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) services are being utilized to access AIRS NRT images. The ongoing AIRS NRT imagery enhancement work includes adding a new set of the images in polar projections. Polar projections are commonly used for mapping Antarctica and Arctic regions. We have implemented more precise south polar (EPSG:3031) projection and north polar (EPSG:3413) projection making our OGC service instances more useful and interoperable. Thus, AIRS NRT data can be easily accessed and integrated with other applications. It greatly increases the impact of our data on researches in polar regions.In this presentation, we will introduce the optimized processing workflow for OGC services from data access with spatial-temporal index to data visualization with different SLD, and demonstrate how to use open source software to provide more precise map images in polar projections.

Zhao, Peisheng↗

NASA NTRS2020

Space Flight LiDARs, Navigation & Science Instrument Implementations: Lasers, Optoelectronics, Integrated Photonics, Fiber Optic Subsystems and Components

For the past 25 years, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center's Photonics Group in the Engineering Directorate has been substantially contributing to the flight design, development, production, testing and integration of many science and navigational instruments. The Moon to Mars initiative will rely heavily upon utilizing commercial technologies for instrumentation with aggressive schedule deadlines. The group has an extensive background in screening, qualifying, development and integration of commercial components for spaceflight applications. By remaining adaptable and employing a rigorous approach to component and instrument development, they have forged and fostered relationships with industry partners. They have been willing to communicate lessons learned in packaging, part construction, materials selection, testing, and other facets of the design and production process critical to implementation for high-reliability systems. As a result, this successful collaboration with industry vendors and component suppliers has enabled a history of mission success from the Moon to Mars (and beyond) while balancing cost, schedule, and risk postures. In cases where no commercial components exist, the group works closely with other teams at Goddard Space Flight Center and other NASA field centers to fabricate and produce flight hardware for science, remote sensing, and navigation applications. Summarized here is the last ten years of instrumentation development lessons learned and data collected from the subsystems down to the optoelectronic component level.

Detectors↗

NASA NTRS2019

Implementation of a Pulsed-Laser Measurement System in the National Transonic Facility

A remotely-adjustable laser transmission and imaging system has been developed for use in a high-pressure, cryogenic wind tunnel. Implementation in the National Transonic Facility has proven the system suitable for velocity and signal lifetime measurements over a range of operating conditions. The measurement system allows for the delivery of high-powered laser pulses through the outer pressure shell and into the test section interior from a mezzanine where the laser is free from environmental disturbances (such as vibrations and excessive condensation) associated with operation of the wind tunnel. Femtosecond laser electronic excitation tagging (FLEET) was utilized to provide freestream velocity measurements, and first results show typical data that may be obtained using the system herein described.

Reese, Daniel T.↗

NASA NTRS2020

Implementation of Acceleration Source Term in FUN3D

Implementation of the acceleration source term in FUN3D is described. The method is evaluated using analytical and idealized test cases in two and three dimensions. It is also compared with results obtained from the moving mesh and six-degree-of-freedom simulations. The method shows promise in simulating the flight of accelerating vehicles as they make their ascent through varying reference conditions.

Nash’at N Ahmad↗