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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,225 records · Page 68
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Hotspot formation due to shock-induced pore collapse in 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazoctane (HMX): Role of pore shape and shock strength in collapse mechanism and temperature

The shock to detonation transition in heterogeneous high energy density solids starts with the spatial localization of mechanical energy into so-called hotspots that form due to the interaction between the leading wave and microstructural features and defects. We used large-scale molecular dynamics to characterize the hotspots resulting from the shock-induced collapse of cylindrical voids and elongated cracks focusing on the effect of shock strength, defect shape, and size. The temperature fields resulting from the collapse of cracks elongated along the shock direction show significantly higher sensitivity to both shock strength and size than cylindrical voids. Cracks 80 nm in length result in temperatures almost three times higher than voids 80 nm in diameter, reaching values corresponding to the ideal case of isentropic recompression of a gas. The molecular dynamics trajectories reveal the atomic origin of this contrasting behavior. While circular voids undergo a transition from viscoelastic pore collapse to a hydrodynamic regime with increasing shock strength, shock focusing in elongated cracks results in jetting and vaporization which, upon recompression, leads to increased heating.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Modelling the complex evaporated gas flow and its impact on particle spattering during laser powder bed fusion

The additive manufacturing (AM) of metals is becoming an increasingly important production process with the potential to replace traditional techniques such as casting. Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) is used in many applications to print metal parts from powder. The metal powder is heated locally with sufficient laser radiation that the liquid melt easily reaches its boiling temperature, which leads to a metallic vapour jet that can entrain both powder bed particles and molten droplets. The small size of laser-matter interaction site makes a detailed experimental analysis of the process challenging. Synchrotron X-ray imaging experiments are one of the few methods which can capture the dynamic melting and solidification processes. Comparing such experiments with computer simulations of the process is an important approach in order to better understand the manufacturing process and to analyse the influence of process parameters on the evaporated gas jet and the subsequent impact on particle ejection, leading to potentially reduced AM component quality. The melting and solidification of the metal powder is simulated using an Eulerian multiphase approach based on a control volume discretization of powder bed and substrate and a volume of liquid separation from melt and gas phase. The gas phase modelled as an ideal gas reaches velocities up to 100 m/s. Lagrangian particle tracking in the simulation demonstrates that the velocity fields calculated by the Eulerian multi-phase approach in combination with a standard drag-force model lead to particle accelerations in good agreement with those measured experimentally. In order to avoid numerical laborious Lagrangian calculations, a direct method to compare an Eulerian multiphase simulation with synchrotron X-ray experiments was introduced and validated. This approach is used to analyse the influence of process parameters including laser power and laser speed on the maximal acceleration of particles from the melt pool area. While the particle acceleration increases linearly with line energy in the conduction mode, a linear decrease of the acceleration with increasing line energy can be found in the transition mode before the accel-eration increases again with line energy in the keyhole mode.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Phase transitions in HfO2 probed by first-principles computations

Ever since ferroelectricity was discovered in HfO2, the question of its origin remains controversial. Here, we probe this question using a combination of Landau theory of phase transitions and first-principles computations. In such an approach, the energy landscape associated with the phase transition between cubic and different experimentally demonstrated phases of HfO2 (tetragonal, monoclinic, orthorhombic Pbca, orthorhombic Pnma, and orthorhombic Pca21) is explored using density functional theory calculations. Computations revealed that stabilization of all but orthorhombic Pbca phase is driven by a single unstable zone-boundary antipolar mode X2−. When coupled with zone-center modes (Γ1+ and Γ3+), it stabilizes the tetragonal phase. Coupling with four additional modes (Γ5+, X3−, X5−, X5+) results in the monoclinic phase, which is the ground state of the material. If, however, Γ5+ mode is replaced with Γ4− mode, orthorhombic polar phase Pca21 is stabilized. The application of this framework to examine the effect of electric field on the ferroelectric phase of hafnia reveals that the field of 5 MV/cm is capable of stabilizing ferroelectric phase over the monoclinic one at 0 K.

Physics↗
DOE OSTI2022

The Energy in Modular (EMOD) Buildings Method: A Guide to Energy-Efficient Design for Industrialized Construction of Modular Buildings

Industrialized construction has immense potential to address the growing need globally to build and upgrade the building stock to be affordable, energy-efficient, and resilient. It can also help achieve the United States' goal of a 50% reduction in U.S. greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030. Despite this potential, and the ever-increasing push for electrification and decarbonization of households in the United States, industrialized construction has not yet been leveraged specifically to help address these challenges and accelerate the pathway to meet these goals. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) aims to claim this missed opportunity by focusing on delivering affordable, grid-efficient net-zero energy (NZE) modular buildings for underserved communities to ensure an equitable transition to the future of clean energy, accelerate decarbonization of the built environment, and support the development of a high-productivity construction and energy efficiency workforce. The Energy in Modular (EMOD) method is our approach to designing, producing, and delivering affordable, net-zero energy, low-carbon, and healthier buildings at scale. The following energy efficiency strategies are part of the scope of this guide: envelope thermal control, envelope infiltration control, mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems, smart controls, and solar plus storage. We draw synergies between design for manufacturing and assembly, process optimization, retrofit technologies, and digitization. Our goal is to influence the improvement and production of buildings to increase performance, enhance energy efficiency, and reduce GHG emissions. This guide documents the research and development efforts initiated by a set of design objectives to "modularize" a set of energy efficiency and low-carbon strategies into a housing unit while preserving and enhancing energy efficiency benefits and decarbonization pathways. This guide is intended to serve as a framework for housing developers, housing agencies, architects, energy experts, and process engineers or factory operator personnel who are critical to today's modular builder teams. This guide focuses on specific energy efficiency strategies, decarbonization pathways, and associated processes as part of NREL's research efforts. Stakeholders may substitute other means, methods, and technologies for the ones evaluated in this study.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Power Grid Planning with Higher Renewable Share

Power grid planning with a higher renewable share got worldwide attention since the declining cost of renewable energy technologies and greenhouse gas reduction goals continue to drive a transition to a cleaner power grid. Energy professionals from developing countries working to achieve renewable power goals want to learn about NREL's state-of-the-art research efforts in renewable power and power grid planning. Supporting these efforts, the United States Energy Association, Female Leaders in Energy initiative facilitates mid-career female energy professionals from South East Asia to learn from energy professionals from the USA. This presentation gives an overview of NREL scientific research studies on power grid planning with a high renewable share to mid-career female energy professionals.

ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY,POWER TRANSMI↗
DOE OSTI2023

Effects of anisotropy and disorder on the superconducting properties of niobium

We report results for the superconducting transition temperature and anisotropic energy gap for pure niobium based on Eliashberg’s equations and electron and phonon band structures computed from density functional theory. The electronic band structure is used to construct the Fermi surface and calculate the Fermi velocity at each point on the Fermi surface. The phonon bands are in excellent agreement with inelastic neutron scattering data. The corresponding phonon density of states and electron–phonon coupling define the electron–phonon spectral function, α 2 F(p, p'; ω), and the corresponding electron–phonon pairing interaction, which is the basis for computing the superconducting properties. The electron–phonon spectral function is in good agreement with existing tunneling spectroscopy data except for the spectral weight of the longitudinal phonon peak at ℏω LO = 23 meV. We obtain an electron–phonon coupling constant of λ = 1.057, renormalized Coulomb interaction μ* = 0.218, and transition temperature T c = 9.33 K. The corresponding strong-coupling gap at T = 0 is modestly enhanced, Δ 0 = 1.55 meV, compared to the weak-coupling BCS value $Δ^{\text {wc}}_{0}$ = 1.78 k B T c = 1.43 meV. The superconducting gap function exhibits substantial anisotropy on the Fermi surface. We analyze the distribution of gap anisotropy and compute the suppression of the superconducting transition temperature using a self-consistent T-matrix theory for quasiparticle-impurity scattering to describe niobium doped with non-magnetic impurities. We compare these results with experimental results on niobium SRF cavities doped with nitrogen impurities.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2022

Transferability of data-driven, many-body models for CO 2 simulations in the vapor and liquid phases

Here, extending on the previous work by Riera et al. [J. Chem. Theory Comput. 16, 2246–2257 (2020)], we introduce a second generation family of data-driven many-body MB-nrg models for CO 2 and systematically assess how the strength and anisotropy of the CO 2 –CO 2 interactions affect the models’ ability to predict vapor, liquid, and vapor–liquid equilibrium properties. Building upon the many-body expansion formalism, we construct a series of MB-nrg models by fitting one-body and two-body reference energies calculated at the coupled cluster level of theory for large monomer and dimer training sets. Advancing from the first generation models, we employ the charge model 5 scheme to determine the atomic charges and systematically scale the two-body energies to obtain more accurate descriptions of vapor, liquid, and vapor–liquid equilibrium properties. Challenges in model construction arise due to the anisotropic nature and small magnitude of the interaction energies in CO 2 , calling for the necessity of highly accurate descriptions of the multidimensional energy landscape of liquid CO 2 . These findings emphasize the key role played by the training set quality in the development of transferable, data-driven models, which, accurately representing high-dimensional many-body effects, can enable predictive computer simulations of molecular fluids across the entire phase diagram.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Progress in Constraining Nuclear Symmetry Energy Using Neutron Star Observables Since GW170817

The density dependence of nuclear symmetry energy is among the most uncertain parts of the Equation of State (EOS) of dense neutron-rich nuclear matter. It is currently poorly known especially at suprasaturation densities partially because of our poor knowledge about isovector nuclear interactions at short distances. Because of its broad impacts on many interesting issues, pinning down the density dependence of nuclear symmetry energy has been a longstanding and shared goal of both astrophysics and nuclear physics. New observational data of neutron stars including their masses, radii, and tidal deformations since GW170817 have helped improve our knowledge about nuclear symmetry energy, especially at high densities. Based on various model analyses of these new data by many people in the nuclear astrophysics community, while our brief review might be incomplete and biased unintentionally, we learned in particular the following: (1) The slope parameter L of nuclear symmetry energy at saturation density ρ0 of nuclear matter from 24 new analyses of neutron star observables was about L≈57.7±19 MeV at a 68% confidence level, consistent with its fiducial value from surveys of over 50 earlier analyses of both terrestrial and astrophysical data within error bars. (2) The curvature Ksym of nuclear symmetry energy at ρ0 from 16 new analyses of neutron star observables was about Ksym≈−107±88 MeV at a 68% confidence level, in very good agreement with the systematics of earlier analyses. (3) The magnitude of nuclear symmetry energy at 2ρ0, i.e., Esym(2ρ0)≈51±13 MeV at a 68% confidence level, was extracted from nine new analyses of neutron star observables, consistent with the results from earlier analyses of heavy-ion reactions and the latest predictions of the state-of-the-art nuclear many-body theories. (4) While the available data from canonical neutron stars did not provide tight constraints on nuclear symmetry energy at densities above about 2ρ0, the lower radius boundary R2.01=12.2 km from NICER’s very recent observation of PSR J0740+6620 of mass 2.08±0.07M⊙ and radius R=12.2–16.3 km at a 68% confidence level set a tight lower limit for nuclear symmetry energy at densities above 2ρ0. (5) Bayesian inferences of nuclear symmetry energy using models encapsulating a first-order hadron–quark phase transition from observables of canonical neutron stars indicated that the phase transition shifted appreciably both L and Ksym to higher values, but with larger uncertainties compared to analyses assuming no such phase transition. (6) The high-density behavior of nuclear symmetry energy significantly affected the minimum frequency necessary to rotationally support GW190814’s secondary component of mass (2.50–2.67) M⊙ as the fastest and most massive pulsar discovered so far. Overall, thanks to the hard work of many people in the astrophysics and nuclear physics community, new data of neutron star observations since the discovery of GW170817 have significantly enriched our knowledge about the symmetry energy of dense neutron-rich nuclear matter.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

EverGREEN 2045: An Energy Mix to Decarbonize Washington State

Washington State’s future resource mix is likely to be comprised of intermittent renewables and carbon-free generation including hydropower by 2045. Generation will likely be comprised of wind, solar photovoltaic (PV), batteries, pumped storage hydropower (PSH), existing nuclear power plants, and potentially enhanced geothermal systems and advanced nuclear reactor technologies. To assess the cost and stability of the future resource mix, we partner with X-energy (advanced reactor design) and AltaRock Energy (enhanced geothermal system) for proprietary cost data. After estimating the costs of these two new technologies, we design plausible future resource mix scenarios to meet Washington State’s Clean Energy Transformation Act which transitions the state to carbon-free generation by 2045. We assess the cost and stability of the future resource mix with power system analysis tools, finding revenues are sufficient to cover variable operating and maintenance costs for most technologies providing power in 2030 and 2045, but capacity payments or power purchase agreements will likely be necessary for flexible resources, including enhanced geothermal systems and advanced nuclear reactors, to participate in the future resource mix.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Quantum kinetics of anomalous and nonlinear Hall effects in topological semimetals

Highlights: • Linear and photogalvanic anomalous Hall responses are systematically derived. • Extrinsic mechanisms of AHE include Gaussian, diffractive, hybrid skew scattering. • Diagrammatic calculations are matched to semiclassical picture of AHE. • The Pancharatnam phase of multifold fermions determines the skew scattering amplitude. • Photon-induced interband scattering are accompanied by coordinate shifts. We present a systematic microscopic derivation of the semiclassical Boltzmann equation for band structures with the finite Berry curvature based on Keldysh technique of nonequilibrium systems. In the analysis, an AC electrical driving field is kept up to quadratic order, and both cases of small and large frequencies corresponding to intra- and interband transitions are considered. In particular, this formulation is suitable for the study of nonlinear Hall effect and photogalvanic phenomena. The role of impurity scattering is carefully addressed. Specifically, in addition to previously studied side-jump and skew-scattering processes, quantum interference diffractive contributions are now explicitly incorporated within the developed framework. This theory is applied to multifold fermions in topological semimetals, for which the generic formula for the skew scattering rate from the Pancharatnam phase is obtained along with the corresponding anomalous Hall conductivity.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

On the origin of ground-state vacuum-field catalysis: Equilibrium consideration

Recent experiments suggest that vibrational strong coupling (VSC) may significantly modify ground-state chemical reactions and their rates even without external pumping. The intrinsic mechanism of this “vacuum-field catalysis” remains largely unclear. Generally, modifications of thermal reactions in the ground electronic states can be caused by equilibrium or non-equilibrium effects. The former are associated with modifications of the reactant equilibrium distribution as expressed by the transition state theory of chemical reaction rates, while the latter stem from the dynamics of reaching and leaving transition state configurations. In this work, we examine how VSC can affect chemical reactions rates in a cavity environment according to transition state theory. Our approach is to examine the effect of coupling to cavity mode(s) on the potential of mean force (PMF) associated with the reaction coordinate. Within the context of classical nuclei and classical photons and also assuming no charge overlap between molecules, we find that while the PMF can be affected by the cavity environment, this effect is negligible for the usual micron-length cavities used to examine VSC situations.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Surface Energies of LaMnO 3 High-Index Surfaces Obtained from Density-Functional Theory

Here, the first six cubic LaMnO 3 high-index surfaces, (210), (211), (221), (310), (311), and (320), are examined for the first time. The unrelaxed and relaxed surface energies of the surfaces are computed as a function of surface model thickness using unrelaxed and relaxed surface models, respectively. The (210), (320), (211), and (221) surfaces are found to be more stable than the low-index (011) and (111) surfaces. Helping to explain this result, the surface terminations of the (210), (320), (211), or (221) surface are seen to exhibit a rotational relaxation of the MnO 6 or oxygen octahedra extending from the surface into the bulk. By contrast, the relaxed surface energies of the (310) and (311) surfaces are concluded to be difficult to determine due to a structural transformation or phase change in the surface models of the surfaces away from cubic LaMnO 3 . The finding of a phase change is important. It indicates that a phase change in the surface models of a surface for another material could occur if the surface is relatively open and a different phase of the material is stable at low temperature. When modeling such a surface, two steps are suggested to be taken.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Interlayer magnetophononic coupling in MnBi2Te4

Abstract The emergence of magnetism in quantum materials creates a platform to realize spin-based applications in spintronics, magnetic memory, and quantum information science. A key to unlocking new functionalities in these materials is the discovery of tunable coupling between spins and other microscopic degrees of freedom. We present evidence for interlayer magnetophononic coupling in the layered magnetic topological insulator MnBi 2 Te 4 . Employing magneto-Raman spectroscopy, we observe anomalies in phonon scattering intensities across magnetic field-driven phase transitions, despite the absence of discernible static structural changes. This behavior is a consequence of a magnetophononic wave-mixing process that allows for the excitation of zone-boundary phonons that are otherwise ‘forbidden’ by momentum conservation. Our microscopic model based on density functional theory calculations reveals that this phenomenon can be attributed to phonons modulating the interlayer exchange coupling. Moreover, signatures of magnetophononic coupling are also observed in the time domain through the ultrafast excitation and detection of coherent phonons across magnetic transitions. In light of the intimate connection between magnetism and topology in MnBi 2 Te 4 , the magnetophononic coupling represents an important step towards coherent on-demand manipulation of magnetic topological phases.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Impacts of Electric Space Heating in Multifamily Apartments in Juneau, Alaska [Slides]

The study objective was to understand the change in electrical consumption and cost after the addition of a ductless mini-split air-source heat pump (ASHP) across rental apartments heated by electrical resistance heating systems in multifamily buildings in Juneau, Alaska. Alaska Electric Light and Power Company (AELP), the utility in Juneau, Alaska, funded installation of 19 heat pumps across four buildings. Using electrical meter interval data, including the total apartment consumption and submeter data for each heating appliance (electric resistance baseboard and heat pump), the National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR) calculated energy use metrics before and after heat pump installation and visualized results. Through this research, NLR compares electrical use (total and specific to heating appliances), adjusted for weather and apartment size, and electrical demand in the year before and after installation of an ASHP across study units. The results will inform the utility and residents of documented energy and cost savings from transitioning building heating systems to a higher-efficiency electricity-based appliance, deliver a basis for building energy modeling across other multifamily housing dwellings, and enable estimates of potential electricity savings to AELP grid under widespread adoption scenarios.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2025

Stability, electronic quantum states, and magnetic interactions of Er 3+ ions in Ga 2 ⁢O 3

Here, we report an ab initio study of phase stability, defect formation, electronic structure, and multiple magnetic, Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya, optical, hyperfine, and crystal field interactions in erbium (Er)-doped wide band gap 𝛼- and 𝛽-gallium oxides (Ga 2 ⁢O 3 ), critically important to make a foundation for both optoelectronic and quantum information applications. The chemical, structural, mechanical, and dynamical stabilities of the pristine phases are confirmed from respective negative formation energies, negative cohesive energies, favorable elastic constants, and positive phonon frequencies. The phonon dispersions indicate that the Ga-O bonds are uniform in the 𝛼-phase, while they vary in the 𝛽-phase due to the anisotropic polyhedral movement. The defect formation energy analysis confirms that both Er-doped 𝛼- and 𝛽−Ga 2 ⁢O 3 prefer Er 3+ (neutral) state. The underestimated band gaps of the pristine phases from standard density functional theory (DFT) calculations as compared to experimental values are corrected by employing the hybrid functional calculations, resulting in the indirect band gaps of 5.21 eV in 𝛼−Ga 2 ⁢O 3 and 4.94 eV in 𝛽−Ga 2 ⁢O 3 . The site preference energy analysis indicates partial occupation of Er in the octahedral site of Ga. The anisotropic nature of hyperfine tensor coefficients of Er is similar in both phases, which may be due to the occupation of Er in the same octahedral Ga site. On the other hand, the calculated magnetic exchange interaction between two Er dopants is negative for 𝛼 and positive for 𝛽, indicating an antiferromagnetic (AFM) ground state in the former and a ferromagnetic (FM) ground state in the latter. Large values of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions (DMIs) are obtained along the 𝑥 direction in the 𝛼 and along the 𝑦 direction in the 𝛽. The large DMI may support exotic magnetic textures, a promising direction for spintronic applications. The analysis of dielectric constants and refractive indices of both pristine and Er-doped phases shows a good agreement with available experimental values. The calculated optical anisotropy is slightly higher in 𝛽 than those in 𝛼, which is due to the involvement of lower symmetry in 𝛽. The crystal field coefficients (CFCs) calculated from DFT are used to analyze 4⁢𝑓 multiplets and 4⁢𝑓 −4⁢𝑓 transitions. Thus calculated lowest energy level of the first excited state to the lowest energy level of the ground state is about 1.53 µ⁢m, which is in a good agreement with available experiments, and it falls within the quantum telecommunication wavelength range.

3-dimensional systems↗
DOE OSTI2023

Engineering the fracture resistance of 2H-transition metal dichalcogenides using vacancies: An in-silico investigation based on HRTEM images

Vacancy engineering of 2H-transition metal dichalcogenides (2H-TMDs) has recently attracted great attention due to its potential to fine-tune the phonon and opto-electric properties of these materials. From a mechanical perspective, this symmetry-breaking process typically reduces the overall crack resistance of the material and adversely affects its reliability. However, vacancies can trigger the formation of heterogeneous phases that synergistically improve fracture properties. In this study, using MoSe2 as an example, we characterize the types and density of vacancies that can emerge under electron irradiation and quantify their effect on fracture. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations, employing a re-parameterized Tersoff potential capable of accurately capturing bond dissociation and structural phase changes, reveal that isolated transition metal monovacancies or chalcogenide divacancies tend to arrest the crack tip and hence enhance the monolayer toughness. In contrast, isolated chalcogenide monovacancies do not significantly affect toughness. The investigation further reveals that selenium vacancy lines, formed by high electron dose rates, alter the crack propagating direction and lead to multiple crack kinking. Using atomic displacements and virial stresses together with a continuum mapping, displacement, strain, and stress fields are computed to extract mechanistic information, e.g., conditions for crack kinking and size effects in fracture events. The study also reveals the potential of specific defect patterns, “vacancy engineering,” to improve the toughness of 2H-TMDs materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Technical Assistance 101 - How Can the Joint Office Support You?

The Joint Office of Energy and Transportation (Joint Office), in partnership with the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), the Federal Transit Administration (FTA), and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), provides free technical assistance on the planning, deployment, operation, and maintenance of a national network of electric vehicle chargers, zero-emission fueling infrastructure, and zero-emission transit and school buses. This help sheet shares how technical assistance can support stakeholders.

ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS,ENERGY PLANNING, POLIC↗
DOE OSTI2026

Plasmon-Induced Resonance Energy Transfer in Hybrid Nanomaterials

Plasmon-induced resonance energy transfer (PIRET) has emerged as a powerful mechanism for harnessing and redirecting plasmon energy before it dissipates into hot carriers or heat. By matching plasmon resonance frequencies with acceptor absorption bands, PIRET extends plasmon-driven processes beyond the charge transfer pathway, enabling selective energy flow into excitonic transitions. Here, this review highlights important progress in elucidating the fundamental plasmon decay processes and transitioning them into hybrid nanomaterials under PIRET. Employing specialized single-particle spectroscopic techniques based on scattering, extinction, and emission enables demonstration of PIRET in the face of competing mechanisms, such as interfacial charge transfer and thermalization. Finally, we complete this review by addressing strategies for active modulation of PIRET and present applications, ranging from plasmon photocatalysis to intracellular biochemical sensing.

Energy transfer↗