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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,225 records · Page 68
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2017

Laser control over the ultrafast Coulomb explosion of N 2 2 + after Auger decay: A quantum-dynamics investigation

By theoretical calculation, we show the possibility to control and partially suppress the Coulomb explosion of N 2 molecules after core-level photoionization by an x-ray laser and subsequent Auger decay. This is achieved by means of a femtosecond infrared laser pulse interacting with the N 2 2 + dication produced by the x-ray pulse. Suppression of molecular fragmentation requires few-femtosecond IR pulses interacting with the system either during or shortly after the arrival of the x-ray pulse. The IR pulse suppresses fragmentation mostly by optically coupling the electronic routes to ultrafast molecular dissociation with electronic channels able to support long-lived vibrational resonances. The effect is strongly dependent on the orientation of the molecule with respect to the polarization axis of the IR field. These calculations are motivated by x-ray pump–IR probe experiments performed at an x-ray free-electron laser [J. M. Glownia et al. , Opt. Express 18 , 17620 (2010) ], where only enhancement of N 2 2 + fragmentation as a function of the pump-probe delay time was reported. The opposite effect reported here becomes apparent when the various electronic channels are considered separately. In practice, this corresponds to a coincident measurement of the energy of the ejected Auger electron

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Nonunique and nonuniform mapping in few-body Coulomb-explosion imaging

Much of our knowledge of molecular geometry and interaction dynamics comes from indirect measurements of the molecular fragments following breakup. This technique—Coulomb-explosion imaging (CEI), i.e., determining the initial molecular configuration of a system from the momenta of the resulting fragments using knowledge of the particle interactions—is one of the fundamental tools of molecular physics. Moreover, CEI has been a staple of molecular studies for decades. Here we show that one often cannot assign a unique initial configuration to the few-body breakup of a polyatomic molecule given the measurement of the resulting fragments' momenta. Specifically, multiple initial configurations can result in identical momenta for a molecule breaking into three or more parts. Finally, the nonunique and nonuniform mapping from the initial configuration to the measured momenta also significantly complicates the determination of molecular alignment at the time of breakup.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Bond rearrangement during Coulomb explosion of water molecules

Bond rearrangement, namely the dissociation of water ions into H 2 + + (q – 1)+ (q = 1–4) following fast ion-impact ionization, unexpectedly occurs following multiple ionization of water in spite of the presumably fast “Coulomb explosion” of the transient molecular ion. Furthermore, the branching ratio of bond rearrangement is found to be nearly equal for each level of ionization, q. In addition, formation of H 2 + is more than twice as likely to occur from the lighter water isotopologue H 2 O + than D 2 + from D 2 O + . Furthermore, these findings are consistent with the ground state dissociation mechanism in which a fast projection of the ground state nuclear wave function onto the vibrational continuum of the cation potential energy surface is sometimes followed by H 2 + formation.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Gravitational-wave signal of a core-collapse supernova explosion of a 15M ⊙ star

In this paper we report on the gravitational-wave signal computed in the context of a three-dimensional simulation of a core-collapse supernova explosion of a 15 M ⊙ star. The simulation was performed with our neutrino hydrodynamics code chimera . We detail the gravitational wave strains as a function of time, for both polarizations, and discuss their physical origins. We also present the corresponding spectral signatures. Gravitational wave emission in our model has two key features: low-frequency emission (less than 200 Hz) emanates from the gain layer as a result of neutrino-driven convection and the standing accretion shock instability (SASI), and high-frequency emission (greater than 600 Hz) emanates from the proto–neutron star due to Ledoux convection within it. The high-frequency emission dominates the gravitational wave emission in our model and emanates largely from the convective layer itself, not from the convectively stable layer above it, due to convective overshoot. Moreover, the low-frequency emission emanates from the gain layer itself, not from the proto–neutron star, due to accretion onto it. We provide evidence of the SASI in our model and demonstrate that the peak of our low-frequency gravitational wave emission spectrum corresponds to it. Given its origin in the gain layer, we classify the SASI emission in our model as p-mode emission and assign a purely acoustic origin, not a vortical–acoustic origin, to it. We compare the results of our three-dimensional model analysis with those obtained from the model’s two-dimensional counterpart and find a significant reduction in the strain amplitudes in the former case, as well as significant reductions in all related quantities. Our dominant proto–neutron star gravitational wave emission is not well characterized by emission from surface g modes, complicating the relationship between peak frequencies observed and the mass and radius of the proto–neutron star expressed by analytic estimates under the assumption of surface g-mode emission. We present our frequency normalized characteristic strain along with the sensitivity curves of current- and next-generation gravitational wave detectors. This simple analysis indicates that the spectrum of gravitational wave emission between approximately 20 Hz and approximately 1 kHz, stemming from neutrino-driven convection, the SASI, accretion onto the proto–neutron star, and proto–neutron star convection, will be accessible for a Galactic event.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Gravitational wave signatures of ab initio two-dimensional core collapse supernova explosion models for 12 – 25 M ⊙ stars

Here, we present the gravitational waveforms computed in ab initio two-dimensional core collapse supernova models evolved with the chimera code for progenitor masses between 12 and 25 M. For all models employ multifrequency neutrino transport in the ray-by-ray approximation, state-of-the-art weak interaction physics, relativistic transport corrections such as the gravitational redshift of neutrinos, two-dimensional hydrodynamics with the commensurate relativistic corrections, Newtonian self-gravity with a general-relativistic monopole correction, and the Lattimer-Swesty equation of state with 220 MeV compressibility, and begin with the most recent Woosley-Heger nonrotating progenitors in this mass range. All of our models exhibit robust explosions. Moreover, our waveforms capture all stages of supernova development: 1) a relatively short and weak prompt signal, 2) a quiescent stage, 3) a strong signal due to convection and standing accretion shock instability activity, 4) termination of active accretion onto the proto-neutron star, and 5) a slowly increasing tail that reaches a saturation value. Fourier decomposition shows that the gravitational wave signals we predict should be observable by AdvLIGO for Galactic events across the range of progenitors considered here. The fundamental limitation of these models is in their imposition of axisymmetry. Further progress will require counterpart three-dimensional models, which are underway.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Nonclassical “Explosive” nucleation in Pb/Si(111) at low temperatures

In this study, the onset of nucleation is defined in terms of a critical cluster of the condensed phase, which forms from the gradual aggregation of randomly diffusing adatoms. Experiments in Pb/Si(111) at low temperature have discovered a dramatically different type of nucleation, with perfect crystalline islands emerging “explosively” out of the compressed wetting layer after a critical coverage Θ c =1.22 ML is reached. The unexpectedly high island growth rates, the directional correlations in the growth of neighboring islands and the persistence in time of where mass is added in individual islands, suggest that nucleation is a result of the highly coherent motion of the wetting layer, over mesoscopic distances.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2017

Muon Creation in Supernova Matter Facilitates Neutrino-Driven Explosions

Muons can be created in nascent neutron stars (NSs) due to the high electron chemical potentials and the high temperatures. Because of their relatively lower abundance compared to electrons, their role has so far been ignored in numerical simulations of stellar core collapse and NS formation. However, the appearance of muons softens the NS equation of state, triggers faster NS contraction, and thus leads to higher luminosities and mean energies of the emitted neutrinos. This strengthens the postshock heating by neutrinos and can facilitate explosions by the neutrino-driven mechanism.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Tensorized Feature Spaces for Feature Explosion

In this paper 1 1 This manuscript has been authored by UT-Battelle, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC05-000R22725 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. The Department of Energy will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan (http://energy.gov/downloads/doe-public-access-plan) This research used resources of the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility, which is a DOE Office of Science User Facility supported under Contract DE-AC05-000R22725., we present a novel framework that uses tensor factorization to generate richer feature spaces for pixel classification in hyperspectral images. In particular, we assess the performance of different tensor rank decomposition methods as compared to the traditional kernel-based approaches for the hyperspectral image classification problem. We propose Orion, which takes as input a hyperspectral image tensor and a rank and outputs an enhanced feature space from the factor matrices of the decomposed tensor. Our method is a feature explosion technique that inherently maps low dimensional input space in $\mathbb{R}^{K}$ to high dimensional space in $\mathbb{R}^{R}$ , where $R\gg K$ , say in the order of 1000x, like a kernel. We show how the proposed method exploits the multi-linear structure of hyperspectral three dimensional tensor. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method with experiments on three publicly available hyperspectral datasets with labeled pixels and compare their classification performance against traditional linear and non-linear supervised learning methods such as SVM with Linear, Polynomial, RBF kernels, and the Multi-Layer Perceptron model. Finally, we explore the relationship between the rank of the tensor decomposition and the classification accuracy using several hyperspectral datasets with ground truth.

Pasricha, Ravdeep Singh↗
DOE OSTI2024

Deep Koopman Neural Network for Analyzing High-Energy-Density Simulations of Electrical Wire Explosions

Megaampere-scale electrical wire experiments (EWEs) provide a platform for studying magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instability growth in magneto-inertial fusion (MIF) devices. Even when nonlinear simulations of these experiments can digitally reproduce much of the experimentally observed instability growth, interpreting the results and understanding mode growth and evolution can be non-trivial. As a first step toward providing better interpretation of these simulation features, this work investigates the use of a deep neural network that uses Koopman operator theory to analyze the dynamics of pulsed-power-driven explosions of EWEs. This deep neural network is trained on 1-D resistive MHD simulations of EWEs. This neural network learns to transform the nonlinear data into a lower-dimensional representation where the time dynamics are linear. Layers of this neural network are shown to learn features of the simulations, including the locations of shock waves and different physical regimes of the simulation. Using the learned features, the network can compress a time state of the simulation consisting of 5120 data point into a 36-parameter lower-dimensional latent space embedding. Furthermore, these embeddings are shown to be clustered in the latent space by initial radius and time state.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Characterization and differentiation of aluminum powders used in improvised explosive devices. Part 2: Micromorphometric method refinement and preliminary statistical analysis

Abstract Aluminum (Al) powder is commonly encountered in improvised explosive devices (IEDs) as a metallic fuel due to its availability and low cost. Although available commercially in powder form, amateur bomb‐makers also produce their own Al powder via simple methods found online. In order to provide investigative leads and forensic intelligence, it is important to evaluate not only the composition of homemade devices, but also to distinguish between the various forms of Al powder they contain. To achieve this goal, a method using automated microscopy in combination with statistical techniques has been demonstrated to have the potential to provide source discrimination and investigative leads in source attribution of Al powders in IEDs. The present research refined this method and investigated 59 industrially and amateurly produced Al powder sources with seven subsamples per source using two traditional linear discriminant analyses (LDA), one with a standard data split for training and testing, and another using leave‐one‐out cross‐validation. Averaging the classification accuracies for the two LDA‐based analyses, LDA has the ability to correctly classify 59.26%, 83.35%, and 80.69% of the samples based on their powder source, type, and production method, respectively. This classification accuracy represents a 3407%, 317%, and 61.38% increase in accuracy from random class assignment, respectively. Further, in most instances of incorrect data attribution to a particular source, the subsample has been misidentified with another sample of the same powder type or production method.

Ommen, Danica M.↗
DOE OSTI2019

Early Time Evolution of Circumferential Perturbation of Initial Particle Volume Fraction in Explosive Cylindrical Multiphase Dispersion

When an annular bed of solid particles that surrounds a cylindrical high-energy explosive core gets radially dispersed after detonation, the expanding front of particles undergoes instabilities. One of the possible causes of the instabilities is an inhomogeneous initial distribution of particles. This study explores this possibility by introducing two-dimensional perturbations to the initial distribution of particles within the annular bed and quantifying the growth of these perturbations over time using two-dimensional simulations. The initial perturbations are in the form of superposition of up to three sinusoidal azimuthal modal variations in the initial particle volume fraction (PVF, ratio of particle to cell volume). These are observed to impact the particle distribution at later times through a channeling instability whose effects are: (i) to decrease the velocity in regions of larger particle volume (PV) and (ii) to facilitate circumferential particle migration into the slow moving high PV sectors. These departures from axisymmetry are quantified by introducing two metrics. The effect of varying the number of azimuthal modes contained in the initial PVF perturbation, along with their amplitudes, wavelengths, and relative phases is investigated. The proposed metrics do not vary substantially with the relative phases; however, there is a strong variation in the metrics due to changes in the wavenumber. Unimodal perturbations were found to amplify both metrics the most.

Engineering↗
DOE OSTI2013

Infrared Scattering Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy Using An External Cavity Quantum Cascade Laser For Nanoscale Chemical Imaging And Spectroscopy of Explosive Residues

Infrared scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) is an apertureless superfocusing technique that uses the antenna properties of a conducting atomic force microscope (AFM) tip to achieve infrared spatial resolution below the diffraction limit. The instrument can be used either in imaging mode, where a fixed wavelength light source is tuned to a molecular resonance and the AFM raster scans an image, or in spectroscopy mode where the AFM is held stationary over a feature of interest and the light frequency is varied to obtain a spectrum. In either case, a strong, stable, coherent infrared source is required. Here we demonstrate the integration of a broadly tunable external cavity quantum cascade laser (ECQCL) into an s-SNOM and use it to obtain infrared spectra of microcrystals of chemicals adsorbed onto gold substrates. Residues of the explosive compound tetryl was deposited onto gold substrates. s-SNOM experiments were performed in the 1260-1400 cm-1 tuning range of the ECQCL, corresponding to the NO2 symmetric stretch vibrational fingerprint region. Vibrational infrared spectra were collected on individual chemical domains with a collection area of *500nm2 and compared to ensemble averaged far-field reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) results.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2018

Simulations of the Stable Expansion of a Monoelement Three-Component Explosive-Emission Plasma

The results of numerical simulations of the stable expansion stage of a micro explosive plasma plume are presented. A three-liquid hydrodynamic model was used with corrections allowing its application to the consistent description of the transfer of particles in a monoelement plasma with ions with two different charges and of the electron transfer in a changing plasma–collector vacuum gap. The evolution of concentration profiles, the drift velocity, and electron and ion temperatures in plasma are analyzed depending on conditions of a collector. It is shown in the model that the velocity separation of ions with different charges occurs efficiently in the absence of an external electric field, whereas in a current-carrying plasma, the ions with different charges move with almost identical velocities.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2012

Magic ultramagnetized nuclei in explosive nucleosynthesis

Direct evidence of the presence of {sup 44}Ti and content of the isotope in the supernova remnant Cassiopeia A are obtained from the analysis of gamma-ray spectrum of the remnant. A significant excess of observational {sup 44}Ti volume on predictions of supernova models can be explained as the magnetization effect in the process of explosive nucleosynthesis. The formation of chemical elements is considered accounting for superstrong magnetic fields predicted for supernovae and neutron stars. Using the arguments of nuclear statistical equilibrium, a significant effect of magnetic field on the nuclear shell energy is demonstrated. The magnetic shift of the most tightly 'bound' nuclei from the transition metals of iron series to titanium leads to an exponential increase in the portion of {sup 44}Ti and, accordingly to a significant excess of the yield of these products of nucleosynthesis.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Supernova-Explosion Mechanism Involving Neutrinos

A major part of the energy released upon the gravitational collapse of massive-star cores is carried away by neutrinos. Neutrinos play a crucial role in collapsing supernovae (SNe). At the present time, mathematical models of core-collapse SNe are based on multidimensional gas dynamics and thermonuclear reactions, whereas the neutrino transport is frequently treated in simplified way. An accurate analysis of neutrinos in a spherically symmetric gravitational collapse is performed on the basis of Boltzmann kinetic equations including all weak-interaction reactions with exact quantum-mechanical matrix elements. The role of multidimensional effects is studied bymeans of multidimensional gas dynamics allowing for the neutrino transport via diffusion treated by employing flux limiters. The possibility of largescale convection, which is of interest both from the point of view of explaining a type II supernova (SN) and from the point of view of implementing an experiment aimed at detecting possible energetic (≳10 MeV) neutrinos from an SN, is discussed. Thermonuclear burning leads to the explosion of a type I SN. A hot central region and the subsequent large-scale convection may also play an important role in the SN mechanism. If neutrinos and convection play a key role for a type II SN, then, in order to explain gamma radiation from product radioactive elements, convection is of importance in the case of SNe belonging to both types. In addition, convection may be important for bright type I SNe. Original methods are presented for multidimensional gas dynamics involving thermonuclear burning and for multitemperature gas dynamics involving radiative transfer.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2019

Experimental Detection of the Signs of a Coulomb Explosion in Micropinch Plasma

A flow of ions with energies of about 3 MeV propagating in the direction perpendicular to the symmetry axis of discharge has been detected in high-current low inductance vacuum spark. Estimations show that the measured ion energies quite well correspond to the value that can be achieved as a result of “Coulomb explosion” of the waist of a plasma channel of discharge current at the stage preceding its radiation compression.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗