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At least 1,207 records · Page 67

Effect of Hydrogenation on Magnetostriction and Magnetocaloric Effect in Gadolinium Single Crystal

The gadolinium single crystal obtained by the Czochralski method was hydrogenated to the composition GdH{sub 0.15}, which corresponds to a metal–hydrogen solid solution (α phase). The magnetostriction and magnetocaloric effect were measured for both the initial and hydrogenated samples. It is found that the hydrogen atoms in the hexagonal lattice of gadolinium can affect the magnitude and sign of the magnetostriction constants and cause the anisotropy of the magnetocaloric effect. The main mechanisms responsible for the observed effects are discussed.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Confined Ultrathin Pd-Ce Nanowires with Outstanding Moisture and SO 2 Tolerance in Methane Combustion

Here, an efficient strategy (enhanced metal oxide interaction and core–shell confinement to inhibit the sintering of noble metal) is presented confined ultrathin Pd-CeO x nanowire (2.4 nm) catalysts for methane combustion, which enable CH 4 total oxidation at a low temperature of 350 °C, much lower than that of a commercial Pd/Al 2 O 3 catalyst (425 °C). Importantly, unexpected stability was observed even under harsh conditions (800 °C, water vapor, and SO 2 ), owing to the confinement and shielding effect of the porous silica shell together with the promotion of CeO 2 . Pd-CeO x solid solution nanowires (Pd-Ce NW) as cores and porous silica as shells (Pd-CeNW@SiO 2 ) were rationally prepared by a facile and direct self-assembly strategy for the first time. Finally, this strategy is expected to inspire more active and stable catalysts for use under severe conditions (vehicle emissions control, reforming, and water–gas shift reaction).

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Deformation-induced nanoscale mixing reactions in Cu/Ni and Ag/Pd multilayers

During the repeated cold rolling of Cu/Ni and Ag/Pd multilayers, a solid solution forms at the interfaces as nanoscale layer structure with a composition that replicates the overall multilayer composition. The interfacial mixing behavior was investigated by means of X-ray diffraction and scanning transmission electron microscopy. During deformation induced reaction, the intermixing behavior of the Cu/Ni and Ag/Pd multilayers is in contrast to thermally activated diffusion behavior. This distinct behavior can provide new kinetic pathways and offer opportunities for microstructure control that cannot be achieved by thermal processing.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Interface composition between Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanoparticles and GaAs for spintronic applications

Recent interest in spintronic applications has necessitated the study of magnetic materials in contact with semiconductor substrates; importantly, the structure and composition of these interfaces can influence both device functionality and the magnetic properties. Nanoscale ferromagnet/semiconductor structures are of particular interest. In this study, the interface structure between a monolayer of ferromagnetic magnetite (Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}) nanoparticles and a GaAs substrate was studied using cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy techniques. It was found that a continuous amorphous oxide interface layer separates the nanoparticles from the GaAs substrate, and that iron diffused into the interface layer forming a compositional gradient. Electron energy-loss near-edge fine structures of the O K absorption edge revealed that the amorphous oxide is composed of γ-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} directly underneath the Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanoparticles, followed by a solid solution of Ga{sub 2}O{sub 3} and FeO and mostly Ga{sub 2}O{sub 3} when approaching the buckled oxide/substrate interface. Real-space density functional theory calculations of the dynamical form factor confirmed the experimental observations. The implication of the findings on the optimization of these structures for spin injection is discussed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Synthesis and properties of Fe/Ni nanotubes

Fe/Ni nanotubes were formed in pores of polyethylenterephtalate-based template matrices by electrochemical deposition. The inner diameter, wall height, and thickness of the nanostructures, as well as the elemental and phase compositions, can be controlled by varying the deposition conditions. The volume deposition rate constants have been determined for each potential difference, due to which the nanostructure growth could be controlled. An X-ray diffraction analysis of the samples obtained at a potential difference of 1-1.6 V has revealed their composition to correspond to the substitutional solid solution, with an iron atom replaced by a nickel atom and dominance of the bcc a-Fe phase. The samples obtained at a potential difference of 1.8–2 V contain the bcc a-Fe phase and fcc Ni phase; the fcc phase dominates in the sample obtained at a potential difference of 2 V, which can be related to the high Ni content in nanotubes.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

X-Ray Diffraction of Slag-Based Sodium Salt Waste Forms - 15513

Cementitious materials are used to solidify and stabilize aqueous based radioactive waste containing sodium salts. The types and proportions of cementitious ingredients used to treat aqueous radioactive waste streams containing sodium salts depend on the performance objectives for the waste forms and the compositions of the waste streams. This paper documents sample preparation and x-ray diffraction results for a series of materials made with water or highly alkaline sodium salt simulated waste water and cementitious binders. The objective of this study was to: 1) generate a base line for the evolution of the waste form as a function of time and conditions, 2) design new binders based on mineralogy of the binder, 3) understand and predict anion and cation leaching behavior of contaminants of concern, and 4) predict performance of the waste forms for which phase solubility and thermodynamic data are available. Characterization of the mineralogy is also important for understanding the buffering effects that the waste form has on infiltrating water / leachates. In summary, mixtures of Type II portland cement, Grade 100 ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and carbon burn-out (CBO) Class F Fly ash which were hydrated with water contained hydrated phase assemblages typical of those reported in the literature. The calcium silicate hydrate phase assemblage in samples hydrated with the alkaline 4.4 M sodium salt simulated waste solution was found to be a function of the (CaO + MgO) / (SiO{sub 2} + Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}) ratio of the samples characterized. No significant differences were detected in samples cured 2 months and 14 months in sealed containers at ambient indoor temperatures. Slag and a blend of slag and cement hydrated with caustic 4.4 M Na salt solution resulted in the most crystalline matrix. In addition to poorly ordered C-S-H, these samples contained fairly well ordered C-S-H I (a precursor of 14A tobermorite) and 11 A Al-substituted tobermorite. These crystalline C-S-H phases did not form or were present in only trace amounts in slag blends containing about 45 to 62 mass percent fly ash. These slag-Class F fly ash blends had a higher silica plus alumina content relative to lime and magnesia than the blends that produced C-S-H I and Al-substituted tobermorite. The calcium silicate binder in the 10:45:45 mixture of cement: slag: fly ash was made up of poorly ordered C-S-H. The sample cured for 14 months may contain a small amount of the more crystalline calcium silicate hydrate phases. Layered double hydroxides in the hydrotalcite (magnesium-aluminum carbonate hydroxide) and hydrocalumite / AFm phases (calcium aluminum hydroxide) were present in mixtures containing slag. The specific phase(s) were not identified because these phases form solid solutions and have a considerable amount of overlap in their x-ray patterns. Sodium nitrate was the only sodium salt phase identified in x-ray diffraction patterns of the samples hydrated with salt solution. Drying during x-ray diffraction sample preparation may have resulted in precipitation of the sodium nitrate or it may have been present in the samples prior to x-ray sample preparation. Sodium sulfate, aluminate, and carbonate may have been incorporated in the structures of the layered double hydroxide (AFm) type phases. These mixed metal layered double hydroxides make up an important fraction of the matrix in the slag containing blends hydrated with caustic salt solution. They are among the few oxide-based phases that exhibit substantial, permanent anion exchange capacity [Kirkpatrick, et al. 1999, Plamer, et al., 2009, and Zhang and Reardon, 2003]. They also contribute to the structural properties of cementitious matrices [Taylor, 1997]. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Crystal Phases Formed in a CaO-Fe 2 O 3 System Under a High Cooling Rate in Air

A CaO-Fe 2 O 3 system is a fundamental binary system for the iron ore sintering process. Although the basic reactions have been investigated since the 1960s, melting and solidification caused by the combustion of coke results in an unstable state owing to extreme temperature variations. In this study, using a hot thermocouple method, samples of 10 pct CaO-90 pct Fe 2 O 3 and 20 pct CaO-80 pct Fe 2 O 3 were melted on a thermocouple and quenched with several techniques. The obtained samples were precisely examined by XRD. It was found that the sample containing 10 pct CaO-90 pct Fe 2 O 3 changed to 10 pct CaO-13 pct FeO-77 pct Fe 2 O 3 under an oxygen partial pressure (P O 2 ) of 0.21 during melting. For the 10 pct CaO sample, the crystal phases found at a low cooling rate (509 K/s) were WF ss , C 4 WF 8 (C: CaO, W: FeO, F: Fe 2 O 3 ), and C 2 W 4 F 9 . When the sample composition was 20 pct CaO, the precipitated crystal phases were C 4 WF 4 , C 4 F 7 , and C 4 WF 8 . On the other hand, the crystal phases for high cooling rates (1590 and 7900 K/s) with 10 pct CaO were WF ss (solid solution of WF and F), F, and C 2 W 4 F 9 . The formation of the equilibrium phases WF ss , F, C 4 WF 4 , and C 4 WF 8 can be understood by examining the isothermal section of the phase diagrams, while the unstable phases C 2 W 4 F 9 and C 4 F 7 are discussed on the basis of the reactions under an equilibrium state.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

On the high characteristic temperature of an InAs/GaAs/InGaAsP QD laser with an emission wavelength of ~1.5 μm on an InP substrate

We report on a study of lasers with an emission wavelength of about 1.5 μm and high temperature stability, synthesized on an InP (001) substrate. Self-organized InAs quantum dots capped with a thin GaAs layer are used as the active region of the laser. A quaternary InGaAsP solid solution with a band-gap width of 1.15 eV serves as the waveguide/matrix layer. A high characteristic temperature of the threshold current, T{sub 0} = 205 K, is reached in the temperature range 20–50°C in ridge-waveguide laser diodes. A correlation between the values of T{sub 0} and the band-gap width of the waveguide layers is found.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Electrical and dielectric properties of ZnO and CeO{sub 2} doped ZrTi{sub 2}O{sub 6} ceramic

Zirconium oxide (ZrO{sub 2}) and titanium dioxide (TiO{sub 2}) are the important catalyst supports, since it has acidic and basic properties. The intermediate phase zirconium titanate ZrTi{sub 2}O{sub 6}, which is a solid solution with Zr:Ti ratio 1:2 has outstanding dielectric properties. The effects of doping of ZnO and CeO{sub 2} on the dielectric and electrical properties of ZrTi{sub 2}O{sub 6} ceramic are investigated. On adding 0.5 wt% ZnO, the dielectric constant is increased but, on adding CeO{sub 2}, the dielectric constant is decreased. The bulk density of pure sample sintered at 1530 °C is 91% of theoretical density while that of the doped samples sintered at 1450 °C is more than 94% of theoretical density. Scanning electron micrographs reveal that the samples are well sintered with minimum porosity. The semicircle behavior in the Cole-Cole plots at room temperature reveals that the samples are good ionic conductor. The induced impedance is reduced for doped samples and this can be used as a material for electrolyte in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Magnetocaloric properties of distilled gadolinium: Effects of structural inhomogeneity and hydrogen impurity

High-purity Gd prepared by distillation is a structurally inhomogeneous system consisting of needle-shaped crystals of cross section 0.5–2.5 μm with near-c-axis orientation embedded in a matrix of nanosized (30–100 nm) grains. By measuring the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) directly, we find that the MCE values differ markedly for the plate-shaped samples cut out of a distillate along and perpendicular to the crystals. The effect of small controlled amounts of impurity (hydrogen) on the properties of distilled Gd is further studied. We observe opposite trends in the MCE response to hydrogen charging with respect to the crystal's orientation within the samples and discuss mechanisms interrelating the unique structural morphology with the impurity behavior. As an overall assessment, the Curie temperatures of α-GdH{sub x} solid solutions increase from 291 K up to 294 K when increasing hydrogen concentration x from 0 to 0.15. Hydrogenation is found to broaden the ferromagnetic-to-paramagnetic phase transition. Hydrogen-containing specimens demonstrate reversibility of MCE at these temperatures.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Characterization of Laser-Welded Ti Alloy and Stainless Steel Joint Using Cu Interlayer

In this study, Cu was used as an interlayer to restrain the formation of brittle Ti-Fe intermetallics when joining Ti alloy to SS. Microstructures of the joint were analyzed using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. Besides, the tensile strength of the joint was also measured. The melting amount of base materials was controlled by changing thickness of Cu interlayer to control the melting proportion in weld. The melting amount of base materials in weld decreased with the thickness of Cu interlayer. The content of Cu solid solution in weld increased with the thickness of Cu interlayer. Ti-Cu compound layer was formed on the Ti alloy side. The width of the Ti-Cu compound layer increased with the increase in heat input. The tensile strength of joint was largely impacted by Ti-Cu compound layer. The tensile strength of joint first increased and then decreased with the increase in width of the Ti-Cu compound layer.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Effect of rare earth Ce on the far infrared radiation property of iron ore tailings ceramics

Highlights: • Detailed process proposed for preparation of iron ore tailings ceramics. • Replace natural minerals with iron ore tailings as raw materials for preparing functional ceramics. • Impact mechanism of Ce on far infrared ceramics, as well as its optimum addition amounts can be obtained. • Propose a new perspective on considering the mechanism of far infrared radiation. - Abstract: A kind of far infrared radiation ceramics was prepared by using iron ore tailings, CaCO{sub 3} and SiO{sub 2} as main raw materials, and Ce as additive. The result of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the sample exhibits excellent radiation value of 0.914 when doping 7 wt.% Ce. Ce{sup 4+} dissolved into iron diopside and formed interstitial solid solution with it sintered at 1150 °C. The oxidation of Fe{sup 2+} to Fe{sup 3+} caused by Ce{sup 4+} led to a decrease of crystallite sizes and enhancement of Mg–O and Fe–O vibration in iron diopside, which consequently improved the far infrared radiation properties of iron ore tailings ceramics.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Optical properties of CdS-PbS films and the possibility of the photoeffect in the mid-infrared range

The possibility of using the plasma resonance in semiconductors to excite exoelectron photoemission in the mid-infrared spectral range without special cooling is discussed. Optical reflection spectra in the mid-infrared range of vacuum-deposited radiation-resistant films of limited CdS-PbS solid solutions containing a minimum associated with the plasma resonance are presented. The plasma resonance of secondary-electron emission is compared with the secondary-ion photoeffect and a conclusion is made concerning the possibility of the influence of the plasma resonance in the mid-infrared range on the escape of electrons from the semiconductor photocathode at room temperature.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Correlation of the Optical and Magnetic Properties of Bi{sub 2}Te{sub 3}–Sb{sub 2}Te{sub 3} Crystals

The magnetic and optical properties of Bi{sub 2}Te{sub 3}–Sb{sub 2}Te{sub 3} crystals are investigated depending on the ratio of Bi{sub 2}Te{sub 3} and Sb{sub 2}Te{sub 3} components in the solid-solution composition and temperature. The results make it possible to affirm that an abrupt decrease in the magnetic-susceptibility anisotropy at T = 293 K is observed for samples, in which the electron–plasmon interaction is observed according to the data of optical studies. This is caused by the approaching energies of the plasmon and band-to-band transition which form the fundamental-absorption edge.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Dimensionality effects on multicomponent ionic transport and surface complexation in porous media

Coulombic interactions between charged species in pore water and at surface/solution interfaces are of pivotal importance for multicomponent reactive transport in porous media. In this study, we investigate the impact of domain dimensionality on electrostatically coupled dispersion and surface-solution reactions during transport of acidic plumes and major ions in porous media. Column and quasi two-dimensional flow-through experiments were performed, with identical silica porous media and under the same advection-dominated conditions. Equal mass fluxes of different electrolyte solutions (i.e., HCl - pH ~ 2.8, NaBr - 100 mM, HCl - pH ~ 2.8 plus NaBr - 100 mM) were continuously injected in the 1-D and 2-D experiments and breakthrough curves of pH and major ions were measured at the outlet of the domains. The presence of pronounced ionic strength gradients in the transverse direction in the 2-D setup caused distinct retardation and transport behaviors of protons and major ions which were not observed in the one-dimensional column experiments. Furthermore, in the cases of salt electrolytes injection, considerably enhanced release of H + (>61%) from the quartz surface was observed in the multidimensional system compared to the one-dimensional setup. Reactive transport modeling was performed to reproduce the experimental outcomes and to analyse the coupling between transport processes, based on the Nernst-Planck formulation of diffusive/dispersive fluxes and on surface complexation reactions at the solid-solution interface. Electrostatic interactions between Na + , B – , and H + , and deprotonation of the quartz surface upon the formation of sodium outer-sphere complexes, are the primary controllers of the spatial and temporal features displayed by the pH and major ions measurements. The reactive transport simulations allowed us to interpret the experimental observations, to visualize the distribution and spatio-temporal evolution of dissolved and solid species, to identify a spatially heterogeneous zonation of Coulombic interactions with distinct behavior at the fringe and core of the injected plumes in the multidimensional setup, and to quantify the different components of the Nerst-Planck fluxes of the charged solutes. This study demonstrates that the domain dimensionality directly affects electrostatic interactions between charged aqueous species in the pore water and surface complexation reactions at the solid-solution interface. The non-trivial effects of dimensionality on multicomponent ionic transport result in a significantly different behavior in 1-D and 2-D systems.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

Thermal and galvanomagnetic properties of monocrystals CuInGa{sub 2}Te{sub 5}

By the methods of the physic-chemical analysis, determination of density and by measurement of micro hardness the character of chemical interaction in the In{sub 2}Te{sub 3}-Cu{sub 2}Ga{sub 4}Te{sub 7} system has been investigated and its faze diagram has been plotted. It is established that the system is quasibinary, of eutectic type. In the system the chemical combination of CuGa{sub 2}InTe{sub 5} composition melting congruently at 855°C is generated. There have been revealed solid solutions boundary of which based on In{sub 2}Te{sub 3} reach 5mol% at room temperatures. Temperature dependences of electric conductivity, the coefficient of thermo-emf, general heat conductivity, the Hall mobility of charge carriers.The mechanisms of electron-phonon diffusion in crystals of its compound have been revealed.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

ORNL_AISD_NiNb

This dataset describes the nickel-niobium solid solution binary alloy, where the two constituent elements nickel (Ni) and niobium (Nb) are randomly placed on an underlying crystal lattice. This dataset for nickel-niobium (Ni-Nb) alloys available includes the formation energy and bulk modulus for each crystal structure. Each atomic sample has a disordered phase which is obtained starting from an initial regular crystal structure of type body-centered cubic (BCC), face-centered cubic (FCC), or hexagonal compact packed (HCP). The geometry optimization ensures that all the alloy samples reached the equilibrium with negative formation energy. We perform geometry optimizations using the LAMMPS simulation package [1], a flexible simulation tool for particle-based materials modeling at the atomic, meso, and continuum scales. We utilized the embedded atom model (EAM) potential for Ni and Nb developed in a previous study [2]. The potential could describe behaviors of the liquid and solid phases of Ni-Nb alloy. The structural factors and angular distributions of three atoms are well-matched with X-ray and ab initio-based molecular dynamics data. We prepared the three different crystals with different initial lattice parameters (3.52 Ã… for FCC, 3.32 Ã… for BCC, and 3.5 Ã… for HCP). We performed energy minimization in two steps. Firstly, we minimized the structures with an isotropic unit cell to minimize the side effects from our arbitrary lattice parameters for all other compositions. Then, we applied geometry optimization with a triclinic (non-orthogonal) unit cell to fully minimize the stress components to calculate the elastic constants. In this procedure, we chose 10,000 as the maximum number of allowable steps aimed at obtaining fully relaxed atomic geometries. The dataset consists of three sets of crystal structures. The first set contains 46,086 irregular crystal structures, each of them with 54 atoms, obtained through optimization starting from a regular BCC crystal structure. The second set contains 24,543 irregular crystal structures, each of them with 32 atoms, obtained through optimization starting from a regular FCC crystal structure. The third set contains 39,303 irregular crystal structures, each of them with 48 atoms, obtained through optimization starting from a regular HCP crystal structure. The atomic configurations within each set span the possible compositional range. The three sets have been unified in a global dataset, which is extremely heterogeneous in terms of crystal structures, lattice volumes, and atomic configurations. Organization of files inside the dataset: the dataset contains three subdirectories called • BCC_opt • FCC_opt • HCP_opt based on the type of initial regular structure used to start the geometry optimization. Inside each of these folders, every atomic structure is identified by a string “A_B_Câ€, where A denotes the number of Nb in the system, B denotes index of structure with a given Nb number, and C denotes the total number of structures generated with a given Nb number. For each optimized crystal structure identified by the unique string of characters “A_B_Câ€, three files are provided: • A_B_C_opt.xyz: The optimized geometries in xyz format • A_B_C_opt.cfg: The optimized geometries in cfg format. It includes cell information and atomic energy, and forces calculated from LAMMPS. • A_B_C.elastic: Raw data of 21 elastic constants from LAMMPS output. • A_B_C.bulk: Calculated upper and lower bounds of bulk modulus and averaged one based on Voigt-Reuss-Hill approach from *.elastic. References: [1] A. P. Thompson, H. M. Aktulga, R. Berger, D. S. Bolintineanu, W. M. Brown, P. S. Crozier, P. J. in 't Veld, A. Kohlmeyer, S. G. Moore, T. D. Nguyen, R. Shan, M. J. Stevens, J. Tranchida, C. Trott, and S. J. Plimpton. LAMMPS - a flexible simulation tool for particle-based materials modeling at the atomic, meso, and continuum scales. Comp. Phys. Comm., 271:108171, 2022. [2] Y Zhang, R Ashcraft, MI Mendelev, CZ Wang, and KF Kelton. Experimental and molecular dynamics simulation study of structure of liquid and amorphous ni62nb38 alloy. The Journal of chemical physics, 145(20):204505, 2016.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Multiphase FeCrCuMnNi High-Entropy Alloy

A FeCrCuMnNi high-entropy alloy was produced using vacuum induction melting, starting from high-purity raw materials. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the as-cast FeCrCuMnNi alloy were studied, considering x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, and hardness and tensile tests. XRD results revealed the existence of two FCC phases and one BCC phase. Microstructural evaluation illustrated that the as-cast alloy has a typical cast dendritic structure, where dendrite regions (BCC) were enriched in Cr and Fe. Interdendritic regions were saturated with Cu and Ni and revealed G/B(T) {110} 〈111〉 and Brass {110} 〈112〉 as the major texture components. The produced alloy revealed an excellent compromise in mechanical properties due to the mixture of solid solution phases with different structures: 300 HV hardness, 950 MPa ultimate tensile strength and 14% elongation. Microhardness test results also revealed that the BCC phase was the hardest phase. The fracture surface evidenced a typical ductile failure. Furthermore, heat treatment results revealed that phase composition remained stable after annealing up to 650 °C. Phase transformation occurred at higher temperatures in order to form more stable phases; therefore, FCC2 phase grew at the expense of the BCC phase.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗