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At least 1,207 records · Page 67

Tribological Properties of Structural Ceramics

Paper discusses tribological properties of structural ceramics. Function of tribological research is to bring about reduction in adhesion, friction, and wear of mechanical components; to prevent failures; and to provide long, reliable component life, through judicious selection of materials, operating parameters, and lubricants. Paper reviews adhesion, friction, wear, and lubrication of ceramics; anisotropic friction and wear behavior; and effects of surface films and interactions between ceramics and metals. Analogies with metals are made. Both oxide and nonoxide ceramics, including ceramics used as high temperature lubricants, are dicussed.

Buckley, Donald H.↗

Integrated analysis and applications

A select overview is provided of ongoing research focusing on the development and verification of integrated structural analysis and optimal design capabilities for advanced aerospace propulsion and power systems. Subjects discussed include the following: (1) Composites - analytical models (composite mechanics), integrated computational methods, and characterization of composite structural response and durability for resin-, metal-, and ceramic-matrix systems; (2) Advanced inelastic analysis - algorithm/numerical methods for more accurate and efficient analysis; (3) Constitutive modeling - theoretical formulation and characterization of thermoviscoplastic material behavior; (4) Computational simulation - engine structures from components to assembly, and up to an entire engine system subjected to simulated test-stand and mission load histories; (5) Probabilistic structural analysis - quantification of the effects of uncertainty in geometry, material, loads, and boundary conditions on structural response for true reliability assessment; and (6) Interdisciplinary optimization - incorporation of mathematical optimization and multidisciplinary analyses to provide streamlined, autonomous optimal design systems.

Hopkins, Dale A.↗

Resistor Extends Life Of Battery In Clocked CMOS Circuit

Addition of fixed resistor between battery and clocked complementary metal oxide/semiconductor (CMOS) circuit reduces current drawn from battery. Basic idea to minimize current drawn from battery by operating CMOS circuit at lowest possible current consistent with use of simple, fixed off-the-shelf components. Prolongs lives of batteries in such low-power CMOS circuits as watches and calculators.

Wells, George H., Jr.↗

A Winning Cast

Howmet Research Corporation was the first to commercialize an innovative cast metal technology developed at Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama. With funding assistance from NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, Auburn University's Solidification Design Center (a NASA Commercial Space Center), developed accurate nickel-based superalloy data for casting molten metals. Through a contract agreement, Howmet used the data to develop computer model predictions of molten metals and molding materials in cast metal manufacturing. Howmet Metal Mold (HMM), part of Howmet Corporation Specialty Products, of Whitehall, Michigan, utilizes metal molds to manufacture net shape castings in various alloys and amorphous metal (metallic glass). By implementing the thermophysical property data from by Auburn researchers, Howmet employs its newly developed computer model predictions to offer customers high-quality, low-cost, products with significantly improved mechanical properties. Components fabricated with this new process replace components originally made from forgings or billet. Compared with products manufactured through traditional casting methods, Howmet's computer-modeled castings come out on top.

Source record↗

Characterization of 2219 Aluminum Produced by Electron Beam Freeform Fabrication

Researchers at NASA Langley Research Center are developing a new electron beam freeform fabrication (EB F(sup 3)) technique to fabricate metal parts. This process introduces metal wire into a molten pool created by a focused electron beam. Potential aerospace applications for this technology include ground-based fabrication of airframe structures and on-orbit construction and repair of space components and structures. Processing windows for reliably producing high quality 2219 aluminum parts using the EB F(sup 3) technique are being defined. The effects of translation speed, wire feed rate, and beam power on the resulting microstructures and mechanical properties are explored. Tensile properties (ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation) show little effect over the range of processing conditions tested. Basic processing-microstructure-property correlations are drawn for the EB F(sup 3) process.

Taminger, Karen M. B.↗

Development and Characterization of the Bonding and Integration Technologies Needed for Fabricating Silicon Carbide Based Injector Components

Advanced ceramic bonding and integration technologies play a critical role in the fabrication and application of silicon carbide based components for a number of aerospace and ground based applications. One such application is a lean direct injector for a turbine engine to achieve low NOx emissions. Ceramic to ceramic diffusion bonding and ceramic to metal brazing technologies are being developed for this injector application. For the diffusion bonding technology, titanium interlayers (coatings and foils) were used to aid in the joining of silicon carbide (SiC) substrates. The influence of such variables as surface finish, interlayer thickness, and processing time were investigated. Electron microprobe analysis was used to identify the reaction formed phases. In the diffusion bonds, an intermediate phase, Ti5Si3Cx, formed that is thermally incompatible in its thermal expansion and caused thermal stresses and cracking during the processing cool-down. Thinner interlayers of pure titanium and/or longer processing times resulted in an optimized microstructure. Tensile tests on the joined materials resulted in strengths of 13-28 MPa depending on the SiC substrate material. Nondestructive evaluation using ultrasonic immersion showed well formed bonds. For the joining technology of brazing Kovar fuel tubes to silicon carbide, preliminary development of the joining approach has begun. Various technical issues and requirements for the injector application are addressed.

Halbig,Michael C.↗

Bonding and Integration Technologies for Silicon Carbide Based Injector Components

Advanced ceramic bonding and integration technologies play a critical role in the fabrication and application of silicon carbide based components for a number of aerospace and ground based applications. One such application is a lean direct injector for a turbine engine to achieve low NOx emissions. Ceramic to ceramic diffusion bonding and ceramic to metal brazing technologies are being developed for this injector application. For the diffusion bonding, titanium interlayers (PVD and foils) were used to aid in the joining of silicon carbide (SiC) substrates. The influence of such variables as surface finish, interlayer thickness (10, 20, and 50 microns), processing time and temperature, and cooling rates were investigated. Microprobe analysis was used to identify the phases in the bonded region. For bonds that were not fully reacted an intermediate phase, Ti5Si3Cx, formed that is thermally incompatible in its thermal expansion and caused thermal stresses and cracking during the processing cool-down. Thinner titanium interlayers and/or longer processing times resulted in stable and compatible phases that did not contribute to microcracking and resulted in an optimized microstructure. Tensile tests on the joined materials resulted in strengths of 13-28 MPa depending on the SiC substrate material. Non-destructive evaluation using ultrasonic immersion showed well formed bonds. For the joining technology of brazing Kovar fuel tubes to silicon carbide, preliminary development of the joining approach has begun. Various technical issues and requirements for the injector application are addressed.

Halbig, Michael C.↗

Improved Mo-Re VPS Alloys for High-Temperature Uses

Dispersion-strengthened molybdenum- rhenium alloys for vacuum plasma spraying (VPS) fabrication of high-temperature-resistant components are undergoing development. In comparison with otherwise equivalent non-dispersion-strengthened Mo-Re alloys, these alloys have improved high-temperature properties. Examples of VPS-fabricated high-temperature-resistant components for which these alloys are expected to be suitable include parts of aircraft and spacecraft engines, furnaces, and nuclear power plants; wear coatings; sputtering targets; x-ray targets; heat pipes in which liquid metals are used as working fluids; and heat exchangers in general. These alloys could also be useful as coating materials in some biomedical applications. The alloys consist of 60 weight percent Mo with 40 weight percent Re made from (1) blends of elemental Mo and Re powders or (2) Re-coated Mo particles that have been subjected to a proprietary powder-alloying-and-spheroidization process. For most of the dispersion- strengthening experiments performed thus far in this development effort, 0.4 volume percent of transition-metal ceramic dispersoids were mixed into the feedstock powders. For one experiment, the proportion of dispersoid was 1 volume percent. In each case, the dispersoid consisted of either ZrN particles having sizes <45 m, ZrO2 particles having sizes of about 1 m, HfO2 particles having sizes <45 m, or HfN particles having sizes <1 m. These materials were chosen for evaluation on the basis of previously published thermodynamic stability data. For comparison, Mo-Re feedstock powders without dispersoids were also prepared.

Hickman, Robert↗

Elevated Temperature, Notched Compression Performance of Out of Autoclave Processed Composites

Curved honeycomb sandwich panels composed of carbon fiber reinforced toughened-epoxy polymer facesheets are being evaluated for potential use as payload fairing components on the NASA heavy-lift space launch system (HL-SLS). These proposed composite sandwich panels provide the most efficient aerospace launch structures, and offer mass and thermal advantages when compared with existing metallic payload fairing structures. NASA and industry are investigating recently developed carbon fiber epoxy prepreg systems which can be fabricated using out-of autoclave (OOA) processes. Specifically, OOA processes using vacuum pressure in an oven and thereby significantly reducing the cost associated with manufacturing large (up to 10 m diameter) composite structures when compared with autoclave. One of these OOA composite material systems, CYCOM(R) 5320-1, was selected for manufacture of a 1/16th scale barrel portion of the payload fairing; such that, the system could be compared with the well-characterized prepreg system, CYCOM(R) 977-3, typically processed in an autoclave. Notched compression coupons for each material were obtained from the minimum-gauge flat laminate [60/-60/0]S witness panels produced in this manufacturing study. The coupons were also conditioned to an effective moisture equilibrium point and tested according to ASTM D6484M-09 at temperatures ranging from 25 C up to 177 C. The results of this elevated temperature mechanical characterization study demonstrate that, for thin coupons, the OHC strength of the OOA laminate was equivalent to the flight certified autoclave processed composite laminates; the limitations on the elevated temperature range are hot-wet conditions up to 163 C and are only within the margins of testing error. At 25 C, both the wet and dry OOA material coupons demonstrated greater OHC failure strengths than the autoclave processed material laminates. These results indicate a substantial improvement in OOA material development and processing since previous studies have consistently reported OOA material strengths on par or below those of autoclave processed composite laminates.

Grimsley, Brian W.↗

Electrodynamic Dust Shield Housing for RASSOR Redesign and Fabrication

Abstract—An Electrodynamic Dust Shield (EDS) was to be mounted over the cameras of the Regolith Advanced Surface Systems Operations Robot (RASSOR) to mitigate the clouding effects and abrasive properties of lunar dust. This report discusses the redesign process and physical fabrication of the housing unit planned to attach the EDS to the RASSOR camera. The two-piece 3D-Printed design consists of a holder and cover unit. The EDS Holder seats the EDS near two live copper contacts that are to be wired into the main electronics housing. The EDS Cover seats two metal leaf spring tabs to bridge the connections between the copper contacts and EDS electrodes, as well as a centralized O-ring that is pressed flush against the EDS to mitigate dust intrusion. All components were modeled, printed, and checked for proper electrical contact and mechanical fit. The built-up assembly was subsequently tested in the Electrostatics and Surface Physics Laboratory (ESPL) and demonstrated good dust clearing performance.

Alexander Lacerna↗

Nitrogen X-ray absorption in the local ISM

Nitrogen is one of the most abundant metals in the interstellar medium (ISM), and thus it constitutes an excellent test to study a variety of astrophysical environments, ranging from nova to active galactic nuclei. We present a detailed analysis of the gaseous component of the N K-edge using high-resolution XMM–Newton spectra of 12 Galactic and 40 extragalactic sources. For each source, we have estimated column densities for N I, N II, N III, N V, N VI, and N VII ionic species, which trace the cold, warm, and hot phases of the local Galactic ISM. We have found that the cold-warm component column densities decrease with the Galactic latitude, while the hot component does not. Moreover, the cold column density distribution is in good agreement with UV measurements. This is the first detailed analysis of the nitrogen K-edge absorption due to ISM using high-resolution X-ray spectra.

Efrain Gatuzz↗

Switching and Rectification in Carbon-Nanotube Junctions

Multi-terminal carbon-nanotube junctions are under investigation as candidate components of nanoscale electronic devices and circuits. Three-terminal "Y" junctions of carbon nanotubes (see Figure 1) have proven to be especially interesting because (1) it is now possible to synthesize them in high yield in a controlled manner and (2) results of preliminary experimental and theoretical studies suggest that such junctions could exhibit switching and rectification properties. Following the preliminary studies, current-versus-voltage characteristics of a number of different "Y" junctions of single-wall carbon nanotubes connected to metal wires were computed. Both semiconducting and metallic nanotubes of various chiralities were considered. Most of the junctions considered were symmetric. These computations involved modeling of the quantum electrical conductivity of the carbon nanotubes and junctions, taking account of such complicating factors as the topological defects (pentagons, heptagons, and octagons) present in the hexagonal molecular structures at the junctions, and the effects of the nanotube/wire interfaces. A major component of the computational approach was the use of an efficient Green s function embedding scheme. The results of these computations showed that symmetric junctions could be expected to support both rectification and switching. The results also showed that rectification and switching properties of a junction could be expected to depend strongly on its symmetry and, to a lesser degree, on the chirality of the nanotubes. In particular, it was found that a zigzag nanotube branching at a symmetric "Y" junction could exhibit either perfect rectification or partial rectification (asymmetric current-versus-voltage characteristic, as in the example of Figure 2). It was also found that an asymmetric "Y" junction would not exhibit rectification.

Srivastava, Deepak↗

Metallic Wall Hall Thrusters

A Hall thruster apparatus having walls constructed from a conductive material, such as graphite, and having magnetic shielding of the walls from the ionized plasma has been demonstrated to operate with nearly the same efficiency as a conventional non-magnetically shielded design using insulators as wall components. The new design is believed to provide the potential of higher power and uniform operation over the operating life of a thruster device.

Goebel, Dan Michael↗

Volatiles on the surface of Apollo 15 green glass and trace-element distributions among Apollo 15 soils

Zn, Ge, Cd, In, and Au have been detected in surficial deposits on Apollo 15 green-glass spherules, and it is suggested that these deposits are condensates from the magmatic gas phase which was responsible for the pneumatic expulsion of the green glass from the lunar interior. Thermodynamic data indicate that chlorides and fluorides were the dominant forms of the volatile metals. The Ar-40x content of a nongreen-glass soil fraction is greater than that found in green-glass. Mare and low-K Fra Mauro basalts seem to be the most prominent components of Apollo 15 soil. The correlation of Zn with Ar-40x and with Pb-204 is studied, and the distribution of quartz-normative and olivine-normative basalts is considered.

Chou, C.-L.↗

Importance and Definition of Materials in Tribology. Status of Understanding

In general, tribological systems consist of three basic components: the material surfaces in contact, the lubricant, and the environment. The materials in contact and the influence of both bulk and surface properties, indicating the importance of material characterization, on tribological behavior are addressed. Since metals and metallic alloys are the most widely used class of materials in practical devices, attention is focused principally on them. With respect to surface behavior, the effect of contaminants both from within the material and from the environment on adhesive behavior is addressed. The various surface events that alter adhesion, friction, and wear are discussed. These include surface reconstruction, segregation, chemisorption, and compound formation. Examples of these events are presented. Minor nuances in the structure of the outermost layers of solids have a pronounced effect on tribological properties. The importance of characterizing the materials of solids in contact in order to achieve a fundamental understanding of adhesion, friction, and wear and accordingly of methods for their control are addressed.

Buckley, D. H.↗

Primary magmatic carbon in ureilites - Evidence from cohenite-bearing metallic spherules

The compositions and mineralogy of metal-sulfide spherules trapped in ureilites are studied. Electron microprobe analyses of metallic phases and sulfides in spherules were conducted and backscattered electron images of metallic spherules in olivine and in ureilites are presented. It is observed that the spherules are composed of cohenite, Fe-Ni metal, troilite, and rare phosphorus-bearing minerals. The intergranular metal and graphite in the ureilites are analyzed. The phase relations of cohenite-bearing spherules are considered. Spherules represent Fe-Ni-C-S alloys that exist as immiscible metallic liquid droplets in the silicate magma from which ureilite olivine and pigeonite crystallized. The data reveal that graphite crystals occur as inclusions in olivine and ureilites and therefore graphite in ureilites is a primary magnetic component. It is hypothesized that graphite is a residue from the solid source materials that melted to produce the ureilite parent magma or crystallized from the magma.

Goodrich, C. A.↗

Thermal stress in high temperature cylindrical fasteners

Uninsulated structures fabricated from carbon or silicon-based materials, which are allowed to become hot during flight, are attractive for the design of some components of hypersonic vehicles. They have the potential to reduce weight and increase vehicle efficiency. Because of manufacturing contraints, these structures will consist of parts which must be fastened together. The thermal expansion mismatch between conventional metal fasteners and carbon or silicon-based structural materials may make it difficult to design a structural joint which is tight over the operational temperature range without exceeding allowable stress limits. In this study, algebraic, closed-form solutions for calculating the thermal stresses resulting from radial thermal expansion mismatch around a cylindrical fastener are developed. These solutions permit a designer to quickly evaluate many combinations of materials for the fastener and the structure. Using the algebraic equations developed, material properties and joint geometry were varied to determine their effect on thermal stresses. Finite element analyses were used to verify that the closed-form solutions derived give the correct thermal stress distribution around a cylindrical fastener and to investigate the effect of some of the simplifying assumptions made in developing the closed-form solutions for thermal stresses.

Blosser, Max L.↗

Phase compatibilities of YBa2Cu3O(9-delta) type structure in quintenary systems Y-Ba-Cu-O-X (impurity)

Electrical transport properties of the oxidic high T(sub c) superconductors are significantly affected by the presence of minor amounts of various elements adventing as impurities, e.g., from the chemical environment during manufacturing. YBa2Cu3O(9-delta) is prone to an extinction of the superconductivity on (partial) substitution of all four elemental components. E.g., Pr (for Y), La (for Ba), Zn (for Cu) or peroxygroup (for O) substituents will alter some of the superconductivity preconditions, like mixed valence state in Cu3O7/O(9-delta) network or structural distortion of the network. Although various pseudoternary chemical equilibrium phase diagrams of the Y(O)-Ba(O)-Cu(O) system now are available, no consensus is generally shown, however, this is partly due to lack of compatible definitions of the equilibrium conditions. Less information is available about the phase compatibilities in the appropriate quaternary phase diagram (including oxygen) and virtually no information exists about any pentenary phase diagrams (including one impurity). Unfortunately, complexity of such systems, stemming both from number of quaternary or pentenary compounds and from visualizing the five-component phase system, limits this presentation to more or less close surroundings of the YBa2Cu3O(9-delta) type phase in appropriate pseudoquaternary or pseudopseudoternary diagrams, involving Y-Ba-Cu and O, O-CO2, alkaline metals, Mg and alkaline earths, and Sc and most of the 3-d and 4-f elements. The systems were investigated by means of x ray diffraction, neutron diffraction and chemical analytical methods on samples prepared by sol-gel technique from citrates. The superconductivity was characterized by measuring the diamagnetic susceptibility by SQUID.

Karen, P.↗