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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,207 records · Page 67
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2026

DER Cybersecurity Standards: Assessment and Gap Analysis

The purpose of this report is to share the comprehensive gap analysis of existing cybersecurity standards applicable to Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) within the electric power sector. This analysis aims to identify critical deficiencies in current standards, assess their alignment with industry needs, and provide actionable recommendations for enhancing cybersecurity measures. The scope encompasses various DER technologies, including solar, wind, energy storage, and hydrogen fuel cells, and emphasizes the significance of establishing robust cybersecurity frameworks and standards to safeguard these increasingly integrated systems. The report provides valuable insights for stakeholders in the DER ecosystem, including manufacturers, utilities, and regulators. It underscores the importance of continued development and refinement of cybersecurity standards to keep up with the technical advances in DERs and associated cybersecurity challenges. The analysis evaluated IEC, IEEE, ISA, ISO, and UL standards relevant to DER cybersecurity. Standards were assessed on their coverage of key requirements including data availability, integrity, confidentiality, access control, authentication, encryption, and system hardening. For each standard, the analysis assessed its alignment with current industry practices, regulatory compliance, effectiveness in addressing known risks, coverage of emerging risks, and how it promotes interoperability. The evaluation also considered potential integration challenges and barriers to adoption.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Design and evaluation of a cyber‐physical testbed for improving attack resilience of power systems

Abstract A power system is a complex cyber‐physical system whose security is critical to its function. A major challenge is to model, analyse and visualise the communication backbone of the power systems concerning cyber threats. To achieve this, the design and evaluation of a cyber‐physical power system (CPPS) testbed called Resilient Energy Systems Lab (RESLab) are presented to capture realistic cyber, physical, and protection system features. RESLab is architected to be a fundamental platform for studying and improving the resilience of complex CPPS to cyber threats. The cyber network is emulated using Common Open Research Emulator (CORE), which acts as a gateway for the physical and protection devices to communicate. The physical grid is simulated in the dynamic time frame using Power World Dynamic Studio (PWDS). The protection components are modelled with both PWDS and physical devices including the SEL Real‐Time Automation Controller (RTAC). Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3) is used to monitor and control the grid. Then, the design is exemplified and the tools are validated. This work presents four case studies on cyberattack and defence using RESLab, where we demonstrate false data and command injection using Man‐in‐the‐Middle and Denial of Service attacks and validate them on a large‐scale synthetic electric grid.

Sahu, Abhijeet↗
DOE OSTI2020

Low-lying level structure of the neutron-unbound $\textit{N}$ = 7 isotones

This article reports on results of an experimental search for ground state shell inversion in the neutron-unbound $\textit{N}$ = 7 isotones 9 He and 10 Li. Two different radioactive ion beams ( 11 Be, E lab = 44 MeV/u and 12 B, E lab = 45 MeV/u) impinging on a beryllium target were used to directly and selectively populate unbound states of a given ℓ in the nuclides of interest. Be( 11 Be, 8 He + $\textit{n}$) and Be( 12 B, 8 He + $\textit{n}$) reactions populated unbound states in 9 He. Fragments and neutrons were detected in coincidence to reconstruct the decay energy of 9 He using invariant mass spectroscopy. Similarly, Be( 11 Be, 9 Li + $\textit{n}$) and Be( 12 B, 9 Li + $\textit{n}$) reactions were used to populate unbound states in 10 Li, and the time-of-flight method was used to determine the relative velocity of the 9 Li fragments and neutrons in coincidence. Various states in both 9 He and 10 Li were observed and characterized. Here, the data indicate possible ground state shell inversion in both cases.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Extraction of the neutron F 2 structure function from inclusive proton and deuteron deep-inelastic scattering data

The available world deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) data on proton and deuteron structure functions F 2 p , F 2 d , and their ratios are leveraged to extract the free neutron F 2 n structure function, the F 2 n / F 2 p ratio, and associated uncertainties using the latest nuclear effect calculations in the deuteron. Special attention is devoted to the normalization of the proton and deuteron experimental datasets and to the treatment of correlated systematic errors, as well as the quantification of procedural and theoretical uncertainties. The extracted F 2 n dataset is utilized to evaluate the Q 2 dependence of the Gottfried sum rule and the nonsinglet F 2 p − F 2 n moments. To facilitate replication of our study, as well as for general applications, we provide a comprehensive DIS database including all recent Jefferson Lab 6 GeV measurements, the extracted F n 2 , a modified CTEQ-JLab global parton distribution function fit named CJ15nlo_mod, and grids with calculated proton, neutron, and deuteron DIS structure functions. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Effect of CLIQ on training of HL-LHC quadrupole magnets

The high-luminosity LHC upgrade requires stronger than LHC low-beta magnets to reach the luminosity goals of the project. The project is well advanced and HL-LHC quadrupole magnets are currently being commissioned in US Labs (MQXFA magnets) and CERN (MQXFB magnets). Those are the first Nb3Sn magnets to be used in any large particle accelerator. At development stages, many Nb3Sn accelerator sub-scale models showed relatively slow training and MQXFA magnets were projected to have low tens of quenches before reaching operational field. Recently it was shown that dedicated capacitor-based devices can affect Nb3Sn magnet training, and it was suggested that CLIQ, a capacitor-based device intended for quench protection, can do too. The present paper investigates effects on training induced by CLIQ, using the base fact that only half the coils in a quadrupole experience upward current modulation because of the capacitor discharge. The study encompasses all MQXFA production magnets trained at BNL to date. No other high-statistics data from identical magnets (series) with CLIQ protection exists so far. Implications and opportunities stemming from data analysis are discussed and conclusions drawn.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

AEcroscopy: A Software–Hardware Framework Empowering Microscopy Toward Automated and Autonomous Experimentation

Microscopy has been pivotal in improving the understanding of structure-function relationships at the nanoscale and is by now ubiquitous in most characterization labs. However, traditional microscopy operations are still limited largely by a human-centric click-and-go paradigm utilizing vendor-provided software, which limits the scope, utility, efficiency, effectiveness, and at times reproducibility of microscopy experiments. Here, in this work, a coupled software–hardware platform is developed that consists of a software package termed AEcroscopy (short for Automated Experiments in Microscopy), along with a field-programmable-gate-array device with LabView-built customized acquisition scripts, which overcome these limitations and provide the necessary abstractions toward full automation of microscopy platforms. The platform works across multiple vendor devices on scanning probe microscopes and electron microscopes. It enables customized scan trajectories, processing functions that can be triggered locally or remotely on processing servers, user-defined excitation waveforms, standardization of data models, and completely seamless operation through simple Python commands to enable a plethora of microscopy experiments to be performed in a reproducible, automated manner. This platform can be readily coupled with existing machine-learning libraries and simulations, to provide automated decision-making and active theory-experiment optimization to turn microscopes from characterization tools to instruments capable of autonomous model refinement and physics discovery.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Deep Generative Models in Energy System Applications: Review, Challenges, and Future Directions

In recent years, with the advent of mature machine learning products like ChatGPT, Stable Diffusion, and Sora, the world has witnessed tremendous changes driven by the rapid development of generative artificial intelligence (GAI). Beyond applications in text, speech, image, and video creation, deep generative models (DGMs) underpinning these cutting-edge technologies have also been employed by domain researchers to address scientific and engineering challenges. This paper aims to fill a gap in the research community by providing a systematic review of how DGMs have been utilized in energy system applications. After introducing four most popular DGMs, we review and categorize 196 research articles into five focus areas: data generation, forecasting, situational awareness, modeling, and optimal decision-making. Through this classification, we uncover trends in how DGMs are employed for each type of problem, highlighting GAI techniques that contribute to breakthroughs over traditional methods. We discuss limitations in existing literature, engineering challenges, and propose future directions, all tailored to the unique nature of problems in energy system engineering. Our goal is to offer insights for energy system domain researchers, providing a comprehensive view of existing studies and potential future opportunities.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2025

Ground calibration and in-flight commissioning of the Gamma-Ray and Neutron Spectrometer (GRNS) for NASA’s Psyche mission

NASA's Psyche spacecraft is currently enroute to the asteroid 16 Psyche, where it will perform an orbital investigation focused on determining the nature of the asteroid. A key part of this investigation is measurements of elemental composition to determine if the asteroid is rich in iron-nickel metal. To that end, the Psyche spacecraft payload includes a Gamma-Ray and Neutron Spectrometer (GRNS). GRNS is composed of two subsystems; a Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (GRS) with a high-purity germanium γ-ray sensor surrounded by a borated plastic scintillator Anti-Coincidence Shield (ACS), and a Neutron Spectrometer (NS) with three 3 He-filled gas proportional counters that are sensitive to different neutron energy regimes. We describe results from the pre-launch calibration campaign, along with early in-flight results from post-launch instrument commissioning. The information detailed here is focused on providing future users of GRNS data with the information needed to properly interpret the observations from the instrument.

Peplowski, Patrick N. [Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltim↗
DOE OSTI2025

A Roadmap for the Future of Systems Biology in Cancer Research

Cancer systems biology seeks to understand how cancer arises as a system of interconnected molecules, cells, and tissues, with the goal of understanding, predicting, and controlling the disease. In the last decade, the field has rapidly grown as advances in experimental, computational, and analytic technologies have improved our ability to capture and recapitulate the complexities of cancer at multiple scales. However, the field’s promise to understand how specific molecular changes give rise to altered cancer outcomes remains incompletely fulfilled. Fortunately, an opportunity exists to accelerate progress by better coordinating modeling and data-gathering efforts across the cancer systems biology community. This will create the foundation for building accurate, multiscale cancer models that can better predict and identify improved therapeutic interventions. Here, in this study, we outline some of the current challenges in cancer systems biology research, how they can be addressed, and actions that the community can take to accelerate progress in the field.

Modeling & Simulation↗
DOE OSTI2020

Contaminant Transport Modeling for Technology Evaluation and Long-Term Monitoring in the Tims Branch Testbed, SC - 20343

Studies conducted at U.S. DOE sites have shown the presence of heavy metals, radionuclides, and volatile organic compounds in surface water, groundwater, and soil as a result of nuclear activity in the Cold War era. Since the 1990's, innovative cleanup methods have been implemented in the Tims Branch watershed at Savannah River Site (SRS) to limit the contaminant flux to the stream that have reduced the contaminant concentrations to acceptable regulatory levels in the dissolved phase. A tin-based treatment which effectively eliminated all local anthropogenic mercury inputs to this ecosystem resulted in a known step function addition of inert tin oxide particles which now serve as a potential tracer for sedimentation and particle transport processes in the stream. The long-term effectiveness of this and other remediation techniques and the potential for remobilization of adsorbed contaminant in sediment during extreme hydrologic conditions however remains unclear. It is therefore important to understand not only the fate and transport of dissolved contaminants, but also the movement of sediment and the relevant interactions with dissolved contaminant. To narrow this knowledge gap, a study is being conducted using the Tims Branch watershed as a stream-scale ecosystem test-bed to identify the primary transport processes of major contaminants of concern (such as mercury, nickel and uranium) with an emphasis on interactions with sediment transport. This involves the development of a fully distributed hydrologic watershed model of the Tims Branch watershed to predict streamflow under extreme weather conditions, as well as the development of a comprehensive contaminant transport model that can properly account for coupled contaminant and sediment transport. Review of relevant research reports and peer-reviewed journals revealed that aside from advection-dispersion transport of dissolved contaminants, adsorption and desorption with suspended solids and bed sediment also play an important role in the transport of those contaminants of concern. To develop the fully distributed hydrologic watershed model, the MIKE SHE 2-dimensional (2D) land surface/3D groundwater model that simulates surface/subsurface hydrologic processes (such as overland flow, evapotranspiration, and infiltration) was coupled with a 1D streamflow model that accounts for stream water hydraulics (such as hydraulic structures, cross-sections, and network). To model contaminant transport, the MIKE 11 streamflow component was coupled with the MIKE 11 AD module that simulates solute transport through advection and dispersion, and MIKE ECO Lab module that accounts for both sediment transport and interactions with dissolved contaminant. At this stage, the development and optimization of the fully distributed hydrologic model has been completed, achieving satisfactory statistical results between observed and predicted discharge as indicated by a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.039 cms and a Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) of 0.764. The ongoing development of the contaminant transport model has also yielded realistic results from preliminary tests. Results from this study are a key to evaluating the effectiveness of tin (II)-based mercury treatment of wetlands at the SRS site, and are also relevant to evaluating the potential of using this type of novel remediation technology in other mercury-contaminated stream systems. Knowledge acquired from this research will also support interpretation of historical data on the trends of contaminant concentration distribution in Tims Branch, particularly considering the effect of extreme hydrological events on the stream flow and pollutant transport. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2025

TalkPipe

SAND2025-11168O TalkPipe is a software tool to help users create and manage complex data analysis tasks involving Large Language Models. Its easy-to-use interface allows users to combine different analytical processes. TalkPipe includes a Python library, a scripting language, and can be run in a Docker container, making it simple to customize and extend. Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525.

Bauer, Travis [Sandia National Lab. (SNL-CA), Live↗
DOE OSTI2025

Regional Source-Type Discrimination Using Nonlinear Alignment Algorithms

The discrimination problem in seismology aims to accurately classify different underground source types based on local, regional, and/or teleseismic observations of ground motion. Typical discriminant approaches are rooted in fundamental, physics-based differences in radiation pattern or wave excitation, which can be frequency-dependent and may not make use of the full waveform. In this article, we explore whether phase and amplitude distances derived from dynamic time warping (DTW) and elastic shape analysis (ESA) can inform event discrimination. We demonstrate the ability to distinguish underground point sources using synthetic waveforms calculated for a 1D Earth model and various source mechanisms. We then apply the method to recorded data from events in the Korean Peninsula, which includes declared nuclear explosions, a collapse event, and naturally occurring earthquakes. Phase and amplitude distances derived from DTW and ESA are then used to classify the event types via dendrogram and k-nearest-neighbor clustering analyses. Using information from the full waveform, we show how different underground sources can be distinguished at regional distances. We highlight the potential of these nonlinear alignment algorithms for discrimination and comment on ways we can extend the framework presented here.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Baryon–Antibaryon Photoproduction off the Proton

The GlueX Experiment at Jefferson Lab uses linearly polarized photon beam to study the photoproduction of light mesons and baryons off a proton target with unprecedented precision. We have observed p¯p photoproduction and, for the first time, ?¯? photoproduction from thresholds up to E = 11.6 GeV. We reproduce the observed kinematic distributions with a phenomenological model that includes t-channel Regge exchange and double Regge exchange. The model uses few parameters to match all the kinematic spectra via an optimization algorithm developed specifically for this purpose. We report the total cross sections of the two reactions, as well as differential cross sections with respect to various momentum transfers and invariant mass spectra of p¯p, ?¯?, p¯? systems which show enhancements right above production thresholds. Furthermore, the beam asymmetries of the p¯p system are extracted from the GlueX data to further probe the nature of the t-channel Regge exchanges. We also report preliminary measurements of the spin polarizations of the individual hyperons. No prominent resonance structure was found in these reaction channels, but the angular distributions and the correlation of longitudinal momenta indicate the existence of multiple production mechanisms. Besides a dominant forward peak in the polar angle of the baryon-antibaryon pair in t-channel production, we see wide-angle antibaryon distributions different from that of the baryon. In the hyperon channel, we see a clear separation between the photoproduction of the ?¯?, p¯? systems.

Li, Hao↗
DOE OSTI2025

Wide‐Field Bond Quality Evaluation Using Frequency Domain Thermoreflectance with Deep Neural Network Feature Reconstruction

Heterogeneous integration of microelectronic components provides a pathway to improve circuit/component performance; however, this comes with assembly challenges, in particular due to complex interfaces via subsurface bump bonds. The ability of these bonds to transmit electrical signals and conduct heat to the carrier substrate limits component performance. In this work, hyperspectral frequency‐domain thermoreflectance (FDTR) imaging is demonstrated as a robust technique for evaluating the quality of subsurface indium bump bonds in a surrogate microelectronic sample. By performing microscale FDTR imaging with coarse motion image stitching, thermal phase maps that cover a 4 mm by 4 mm field‐of‐view with subsurface feature sensitivity at depths greater than 50 µm are obtained. The resulting FDTR hyperspectral data contains more than three million pixels and reveal the quality of subsurface microbump arrays. Wide‐field analysis of bonded versus gap regions is enabled by deep neural network feature reconstruction, that after training, rapidly provides an interpretable representation of bond quality. Utility of noisy higher frequency FDTR phase maps, i.e., near the computationally predicted sensing depth limit, results in an average prediction error of 11%. Taken together, FDTR with neural network‐based analysis demonstrates subsurface bond monitoring at length scales relevant for heterogeneously integrated microelectronics.

FDTR↗
DOE OSTI2025

Developing a robust strength model using physically-informed genetic programming

The strength of materials is influenced by a range of external conditions, such as temperature and deformation rate. Consequently, materials that demonstrate substantial variations in their mechanical behavior due to fluctuations in temperature and strain rate require complex strength models to accurately predict material performance in real-world applications. To predict such complex behavior, a robust and flexible strength model is necessary. In this work, we utilize genetic programming-based symbolic regression (GPSR) to develop data-driven strength models that accurately represent the measured stress–strain responses of tin across a wide range of strain, strain rate and temperature regimes. The GPSR models are constrained by physically-informed conditions, which leads to significant improvement in extrapolation. The best model is integrated into a multi-physics code to perform Taylor impact simulations, validating the model’s accuracy and robustness. In conclusion, the model predictions showed excellent agreement with experimental results, particularly when compared to predictions using traditional strength models.

Genetic programming↗
DOE OSTI2025

Chemist: A Domain-Specific Language by Chemists for Chemists

Managing the complexity of quantum chemistry (QC) software is key to ensuring it remains accessible, maintainable, and reusable. Noticeably missing from the QC ecosystem are modules targeting bottleneck routines. Here we argue that this is likely due to the difficulty in defining interfaces for such modules. To that end, we introduce the open-source, publicly available Chemist library https://github.com/NWChemEx/Chemist. Chemist is a domain-specific language targeting the QC domain. Chemist has been developed focusing on performance and user-friendliness. Using Chemist, QC tasks are defined using familiar domain concepts such as molecules, wave functions, and operators. The domain objects are hierarchical to ensure a systematic encapsulation of information. Key features of Chemist include: extensibility, the ability to alias existing data, and the ability to succinctly define many common QC tasks. The usefulness of Chemist is demonstrated by discussing the interface of NWChemEx’s Fock build module and by showcasing a proof-of-concept self-consistent field algorithm containing uncertainty propagation.

Algorithms↗
DOE OSTI2021

JLab eta Factory Experiment in Hall D

The new experiment, JLab Eta Factory (JEF), in the experimental Hall-D at Jefferson Lab will extend the physics potential of the GlueX beyond the main spectroscopy program and study rare decays of eta mesons. Among various physics topics, the experiment will focus on decays of eta mesons to the eta -> pi0 gamma gamma final state. This decay mode provides an important information for higher-order calculations in chiral perturbation theory. The final state is ideal for the search of the leptophobic dark B-boson in the reactions eta -> B gamma, B -> pi0 gamma; and the scaler dark matter mediator S in the channel eta -> pi0 S, S -> gamma gamma. The experiment requires to upgrade the inner part of the forward lead glass calorimeter of the GlueX detector with high-granularity, high-resolution lead tungstate PbWO4 scintillating crystals. The detector will be ready to take data in 2023. I will give an overview of the JEF project.

Somov, Alexander↗
DOE OSTI2021

Photoproduction of the b 1 (1235) Meson off the proton at E gamma = 6-12 GeV

The GlueX Experiment at Jefferson Lab directs a linearly polarized photon beam on a liquid hydrogen target surrounded by an almost hermetic detector. The experiment aims to study the meson spectrum in the light-quark sector and search for exotic spin-parity states predicted by lattice QCD calculations. The lightest exotic candidate is the π 1 meson, which is predicted to decay dominantly to b 1 π. In this thesis, we present efforts to characterize the ωπ 0 decay channel of the b 1 meson as precursor to an analysis of the sought-after π 1 exotic state. We present an introduction to the physics involved and an overview of the detector subsystems with a focus on the Barrel Calorimeter gain monitoring system, as part of the service work expected by the GlueX Collaboration. We discuss the data analysis method used and present two frameworks, for angular moments and partial waves analyses. Details of the simulation used to calculate the detector acceptance. A proof of concept partial wave analysis is presented along with experimental angular moments as first step to a full analysis of the angular distribution Our partial wave analysis indicates that both S- and D-waves are needed, in qualitative agreement with theoretical expectations. The cross-section of the omega π 0 channel is extracted to be of the scale of 1 μb in agreement with previous measurements. The differential cross-section indicates the presence of two production processes with p 1 = -5:24 ± 0:04 for 0:25 < -t < 0:95 GeV 2 ~c 2 and p 2 = -1:24 ± 0:05 for 0:95 < -t < 2:0 GeV 2 ~c 2 , which does not agree with results from previous experiments. The s-channel helicity conservation and helicity amplitudes of the b 1 meson are presented as additional experimental observables. Our results confirm that the b1 photoproduction process does not conserve s-channel helicity though they do not align with previous measurements. The helicity amplitude of the omega are extracted to be |F 1 | 2 = 0:3037 ± 0:0003 which does not agree with the expected value of a b 1 decay or results from a previous experiment. Future steps in all these analyses will be continued by a new graduate student in the group, culminating in a publication.

Foda, Ahmed↗