Living Filter Designs for In-Line Recovery and Sorting of Critical materials
This project explored “bio-mining” of critical materials from electronic waste (E-waste) streams by developing living filters arrays capable of recovering these materials, focusing on the platinum group metals (PGMs) and rare earth elements (REEs). While highly toxic, E-waste is considered a valuable “urban mine” as it contains critical materials such as PGMs and REEs with orders of magnitude higher purity than the richest ores. The aim of the project was to: (1) develop mechanically robust, silk-based biomaterial filtration membranes that can capture REEs from dilute aqueous waste; (2) design and build 3D bioprinted living filters containing encapsulated electrochemically active bacteria (EAB) capable of bio-reducing PGMs and recovering them from waste streams; and (3) constructing combined living filter arrays using both components to efficiently capture REE and PGM from the same waste stream. The developed silk-based filtration membranes were self-assembled using silk-nanofibrils (SNFs) derived from silkworm (Bombyx mori) cocoons in conjunction with recombinant silk-elastin-like proteins (SELPs), which contained lanthanide-binding peptide tags (LBTs) with a high affinity and specificity towards REEs. These 100% biodegradable protein-based membranes were capable of recovering up to 85% of model REE ions (Tb 3+ ) filtered through the membrane, with ~50% recovery achieved in the presence of high concentrations (100X) of common interfering metals (Ca 2+ , Cu 2+ , Fe 3+ , Zn 2+ ). REE captured by the membranes were easily recovered by applying a low pH desorption buffer. The membranes also demonstrated substantial reusability, with only a 30% loss in binding capacity after 4 cycles of REE binding and recovery. To recover the PGMs, we created a bottom-up assembling strategy to construct a living hydrogel composed of a seamlessly integrated living catalyst, Shewanella loihica PV-4 (PV-4), for metal reduction, and their structural and functional linkers, bio-reduced graphene oxide (B-rGO). This hydrogel demonstrated a close to 90% recovery of model metal ions, Pd, from a simulated e-waste leaching stream with minimum-to-no biomass production. It’s also worth noting that the Pd recovery is initiated immediately after the introduction of living hydrogel, compared to conventional biocarriers that required start-up times within hours to days. Overall, these living hydrogels demonstrated superior bioactivity, structural integrity, and agility over existing biocarriers, which offers extensive opportunities to advance the biological metal recovery with unparallel efficiency, reduced energy/material consumption, and minimal environmental impact.