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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2026

CMB Lensing Reconstruction Using Two Years of Temperature Data from the SPT-3G Summer Survey

We present the first reconstruction of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) lensing potential from the SPT-3G Summer survey using two years of temperature data. The Summer survey has a total area of approximately 2640 deg$^2$, split into three fields covering 1210, 570, and 860 deg$^2$, respectively. A joint analysis of the three Summer fields yields a lensing amplitude of $A^{\rm comb} = 1.015 \pm 0.053$ relative to a fiducial Planck 2018 $Λ$CDM cosmology for the multipole range $50 < L < 2000$. These early results from the SPT-3G Summer survey highlight the potential for increasing the signal-to-noise ratio when combining the Summer fields with the SPT-3G Main and Wide fields for a total SPT-3G survey area of $\sim$ 10,000 deg$^2$.

Levy, K. [Melbourne U.]↗
DOE OSTI2026

Alleviating prior dependencies for DESI DR1 clustering fits through reparameterization

Bayesian analyses of the full-shape clustering of Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Data Release 1 (DR1) exhibit prior-volume projection effects, whereby weakly constrained nuisance parameters of the Effective Field Theory of Large Scale Structure (EFTofLSS) shift marginalized cosmological posteriors away from the posterior maximum. We reanalyze DESI DR1 power spectrum multipoles using two complementary mitigation strategies: (i) nonlinear orthogonalization to decorrelate nuisance and cosmological parameter priors, and (ii) a fully reparameterization-invariant Jeffreys prior over all EFTofLSS coefficients, evaluated on-the-fly via closed-form Jacobians. Including data from DESI, Big-Bang Nuclesynthesis and a constraint on $n_{\mathrm{s}}$, baseline priors lead to multi-$σ$ projection in the Hubble parameter $H_{0}$ and dark energy equation of state parameters $w_{0}$ and $w_{a}$; the Jeffreys prior successfully recenters these posteriors to enclose the maximum a posteriori estimate within the 68% credible regions, demonstrating clear mitigation of projection effects for these late-time expansion parameters. A hybrid Jeffreys+baseline-Gaussian configuration controls residual over-broad tails in the physical cold dark matter density $ω_{\mathrm{c}}$ while preserving the volume correction, and is our favoured approach. We compare the credible intervals derived using our methodology to those obtained using Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD)-informed priors and to confidence intervals derived using frequentist profile likelihood analyses, finding agreement in both central values and degeneracy directions in the $w_{0}$--$w_{a}$ plane. This demonstrates that, once projection effects are properly controlled, we can make robust inferences about the late-time cosmological expansion independent of the statistical framework adopted.

Bonici, M. [Waterloo U.; Perimeter Inst. Theor. Ph↗
DOE OSTI2026

Sensitivity of Next-Generation CMB Surveys to Neutrinos and Other Light Relics

Neutrinos and other light relics leave characteristic imprints in the cosmic microwave background anisotropies, making their observation a sensitive probe of the particle content and thermal history of the early universe. The energy density in these relativistic species is parameterized by their effective number $N_\mathrm{eff}$. Measuring this parameter at the percent level, which is a long-standing science goal of CMB-S4 and other experiments, would test a wide range of well-motivated physics within and beyond the Standard Model of particle physics. In this paper, we present Fisher-matrix forecasts of the projected sensitivity to $N_\mathrm{eff}$ of several CMB-S4 survey configurations considered during its extensive design phase. The conceptual design reaches $σ(N_\mathrm{eff}) < 0.03$ over its seven-year observing period, while the revised configuration achieves the same precision over a longer timescale. We complement these results with a cosmic-variance-limited survey over the same multipole range to quantify the room for improvement accessible with additional instrumental, observational, and theoretical efforts. Finally, we discuss the broad implications of precise $N_\mathrm{eff}$ measurements for the radiation sector, big bang nucleosynthesis, light thermal relics, and other early-universe physics. The forecasts presented in this work are performed with the publicly released DRAFT (Dark Radiation Anisotropy Flowdown Team) tool. It provides an end-to-end pipeline from simulated foreground maps and component separation to delensing and projected sensitivities for any cosmological parameter, and it can be directly applied to other cosmic microwave background survey designs.

Trendafilova, Cynthia [Case Western Reserve U., CE↗
DOE OSTI2026

The Challenge of Observing Patchy Reionization with CMB Optical-Depth Fluctuations

Spatial fluctuations in the Thomson optical depth encode information about the inhomogeneous nature of cosmic reionization. We compute the optical-depth angular power spectrum, $C_\ell^{ττ}$, using past lightcones constructed from five Cosmic Reionization on Computers (CROC) radiation-hydrodynamical simulations. By decomposing the electron-density field into patchy and density components, we quantify the separate contributions of ionization-fraction and baryon-density fluctuations to the optical-depth anisotropy. Because the simulations end at $z\approx5$, we supplement the reionization-era signal with an analytic estimate of the fully ionized low-redshift contribution. We find that baryon-density fluctuations dominate the high-redshift signal over most angular scales, while the accumulated low-redshift contribution exceeds the high-redshift signal across the full multipole range considered. Our results demonstrate that a significant fraction of the optical-depth power is not uniquely associated with reionization morphology, implying that future interpretations of $C_\ell^{ττ}$ must account for the density contribution in addition to patchy ionization.

Takoudes, Nick [Chicago U., Astron. Astrophys. Ctr↗
DOE OSTI2010

Fast time variations of supernova neutrino fluxes and their detectability

In the delayed explosion scenario of core-collapse supernovae, the accretion phase shows pronounced convective overturns and a low-multipole hydrodynamic instability, the standing accretion shock instability. These effects imprint detectable fast time variations on the emerging neutrino flux. Among existing detectors, IceCube is best suited to this task, providing an event rate of {approx}1000 ms{sup -1} during the accretion phase for a fiducial SN distance of 10 kpc, comparable to what could be achieved with a megaton water Cherenkov detector. If the standing accretion shock instability activity lasts for several hundred ms, a Fourier component with an amplitude of 1% of the average signal clearly sticks out from the shot noise. We analyze in detail the output of axially symmetric hydrodynamical simulations that predict much larger amplitudes up to frequencies of a few hundred Hz. If these models are roughly representative for realistic SNe, fast time variations of the neutrino signal are easily detectable in IceCube or future megaton-class instruments. We also discuss the information that could be deduced from such a measurement about the physics in the SN core and the explosion mechanism of the SN.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2011

Energies, E1, M1, and E2 transition rates, hyperfine structures, and Lande g{sub J} factors for states of the 2s{sup 2}2p{sup 2}, 2s2p{sup 3}, and 2p{sup 4} configurations in carbon-like ions between F IV and Ni XXIII

Energies, electric dipole, magnetic dipole, and electric quadrupole transition rates, hyperfine structures, and Lande g{sub J} factors from relativistic configuration interaction calculations are reported for the states of the (1s{sup 2})2s{sup 2}2p{sup 2}, 2s2p{sup 3}, and 2p{sup 4} configurations in all carbon-like ions between F IV and Ni XXIII. Valence, core-valence, and core-core correlation effects were accounted for through single/double-excitation-multireference expansions to increasing sets of active orbitals. The calculated energy levels generally agree within a few hundred cm{sup -1} with the experimentally compiled results, and the Babushkin (length), and Coulomb (velocity) forms of transition rates agree within less than 1% for a majority of the allowed transitions.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2010

Systematic calculation of E1 strength with fully self-consistent Skyrme-HF plus RPA

Systematic calculation of the electric dipole strength in even-even nuclei are performed employing a Hartree-Fock plus RPA approach. For an easy implementation of the fully self-consistent calculation, a finite amplitude method which we proposed recently is employed. We show an importance of low-angular momentum orbit for emergence of low-lying dipole resonances which have a substantial influence on the r-process in supernovae.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Splitting of the Pygmy Dipole Resonance

In recent years investigations have been made to study the electric Pygmy Dipole Resonance (PDR) systematically, mainly in semi-magic nuclei. For this purpose the well understood high resolution ({gamma},{gamma}') photon scattering method is used. In complementary ({alpha},{alpha}'{gamma}) coincidence experiments at E{sub {alpha}} = 136 MeV a similar {gamma}-energy resolution and a high selectivity to E1 transitions can be obtained at the Big-Bite Spectrometer (BBS) at KVI, Groningen. In comparison to the ({gamma},{gamma}') method a structural splitting of the PDR is observed in the N = 82 nuclei {sup 138}Ba and {sup 140}Ce and in the Z = 50 nucleus {sup 124}Sn. The low energy part is excited in ({gamma},{gamma}') as well as in ({alpha},{alpha}'{gamma}) while the high energy part is observed in ({gamma},{gamma}') only. The experimental results together with theoretical QPM and RQTBA calculations on {sup 124}Sn which are able to reproduce the splitting of the PDR qualitatively are presented. The low-lying group of J{sup {pi}} = 1{sup -} states seem to represent the more isoscalar neutron-skin oscillation of the PDR while the energetically higher-lying states seemingly belong to the transitional region between the PDR and the isovector Giant Dipole Resonance (IVGDR).

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

DETECTION OF NONPOLAR IONS IN {sup 2}{Pi}{sub 3/2} STATES BY RADIOASTRONOMY VIA MAGNETIC DIPOLE TRANSITIONS

The possibility of magnetic dipole-induced pure rotational transitions in the interstellar medium is investi- gated for symmetric Hund's case (a) linear molecules, such as H-C{identical_to}C-H{sup +} (X-tilde {sup 2}{Pi}{sub 3/2u}), CO{sub 2} {sup +} (X-tilde {sup 2}{Pi}{sub 3/2g}), H-C{identical_to}C-C{identical_to}C-H{sup +} (X-tilde {sup 2}{Pi}{sub 3/2g}), and N{sub 3} (X-tilde {sup 2}{Pi}{sub 3/2g}). These species lack an electric dipole moment and therefore cannot undergo pure rotational electric dipole transitions. These species can undergo pure rotational transitions via the parallel component of the magnetic dipole operator, however. The transition moments and Einstein A coefficients for the allowed pure rotational transitions are derived for a general Hund's case (a) linear molecule, and tabulated for the examples of H-C{identical_to}C-H{sup +} ({sup 2}{Pi}{sub 3/2u}) and H-C{identical_to}C-C{identical_to}C-H{sup +} ({sup 2}{Pi}{sub 3/2g}). It is found that the rates of emission are comparable to collision rates in interstellar clouds, suggesting that this decay mechanism may be important in simulating rotational population distributions in diffuse clouds and for detecting these molecules by radioastronomy. Expected line positions for the magnetic dipole-allowed R{sub ef} (J) and R{sub fe} (J) transitions of H-C{identical_to}C-H{sup +} ({sup 2}{Pi}{sub 3/2u}), H-C{identical_to}C-C{identical_to}C-H{sup +} ({sup 2}{Pi}{sub 3/2g}), CO{sub 2}{sup +} ({sup 2}{Pi}{sub 3/2g}), and N{sub 3} ({sup 2}{Pi}{sub 3/2g}) are tabulated to assist in their observation by radioastronomy or in the laboratory.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Evidence for triaxial shape coexistence in 74 Ge

The deformation properties of the low-lying states in 74 Ge have been investigated using multistep Coulomb excitation. The measurements were carried out with the advanced 𝛾-ray tracking array, GRETINA, and the CHICO2 particle detector. A comprehensive set of 𝐸⁢2 transition and diagonal matrix elements was deduced following an analysis with the semiclassical coupled-channels code GOSIA. The data were compared with results of calculations carried out within the framework of the generalized triaxial rotor model as well as with the configuration interaction shell model and the symmetric rotor model. Results from calculations with covariant density functional theory were used to construct a five-dimensional collective Hamiltonian for further comparisons with the data. Collectively, the calculations provide an accurate reproduction of the experimental matrix elements and further support an understanding in terms of the coexistence of two axially asymmetric shapes. In conclusion, this leads to an overall interpretation of the underlying structure of 74 Ge requiring triaxiality, as is also the case in the neighboring even-mass Ge isotopes.

59 ≤ A ≤ 89↗
DOE OSTI2011

Radiative decay probabilities of the (2s{sup 2}2p{sub 1/2}{sup 5}3s{sub 1/2}){sub J=0} level in neonlike ions

The radiative decay rates of the (2s{sup 2}2p{sub 1/2}{sup 5}3s{sub 1/2}){sub J=0} level in neonlike ions have been calculated for nuclear charges ranging from Z=10 to Z=110. The calculations include the magnetic dipole decay to the (2s{sup 2}2p{sub 3/2}{sup 5}3s{sub 1/2}){sub J=1} level, which is shown to be the dominant decay branch in low-Z and very-high-Z ions, as well as the two-electron, one-photon decays to the (2s{sup 2}2p{sub 3/2}{sup 5}3p{sub 1/2}){sub J=1} and (2s{sup 2}2p{sub 3/2}{sup 5}3p{sub 3/2}){sub J=1} levels, which dominate near Z=50. We also take into account a small magnetic quadrupole decay branch to the (2s{sup 2}2p{sub 3/2}{sup 5}3s{sub 1/2}){sub J=2} level and calculate the total radiative lifetime of the (2s{sup 2}2p{sub 1/2}{sup 5}3s{sub 1/2}){sub J=0} level. The resulting values span over 15 orders of magnitude, and much of this range is accessible with modern atomic lifetime measurement techniques. In particular, we calculate a value of 1.6x10{sup 4} s{sup -1} for the radiative decay rate of the (2s{sup 2}2p{sub 1/2}{sup 5}3s{sub 1/2}){sub J=0} level in Fe XVII and show that the corresponding magnetic dipole transition has a measurable spectral intensity for electron densities below about 1x10{sup 13} cm{sup -3}.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Spectroscopy of diagnostically important magnetic-dipole lines in highly charged 3d{sup n} ions of tungsten

An electron-beam ion trap (EBIT) is used to measure extreme ultraviolet spectra between 10 and 25 nm from highly charged ions of tungsten with an open 3d shell (W xlviii through W lvi). We found that almost all strong lines are due to the forbidden magnetic-dipole (M1) transitions within 3d{sup n} ground configurations. A total of 37 previously unknown spectral lines are identified using detailed collisional-radiative (CR) modeling of the EBIT spectra. A level-merging scheme for compactification of rate equations is described. The CR simulations for Maxwellian plasmas show that several line ratios involving these M1 lines can be used to reliably diagnose temperature and density in hot fusion devices.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2011

Potential of electric quadrupole transitions in radium isotopes for single-ion optical frequency standards

We explore the potential of the electric quadrupole transitions 7s {sup 2}S{sub 1/2}-6d {sup 2}D{sub 3/2}, 6d {sup 2}D{sub 5/2} in radium isotopes as single-ion optical frequency standards. The frequency shifts of the clock transitions due to external fields and the corresponding uncertainties are calculated. Several competitive {sup A}Ra{sup +} candidates, with A= 223-229, are identified. In particular, we show that the transition 7s {sup 2}S{sub 1/2} (F=2,m{sub F}=0)-6d {sup 2}D{sub 3/2} (F=0,m{sub F}=0) at 828 nm in {sup 223}Ra{sup +}, with no linear Zeeman and electric quadrupole shifts, stands out as a relatively simple case, which could be exploited as a compact, robust, and low-cost atomic clock operating at a fractional frequency uncertainty of 10{sup -17}. With more experimental effort, the {sup 223,225,226}Ra{sup +} clocks could be pushed to a projected performance reaching the 10{sup -18} level.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2010

Enhanced E1 transitions and {alpha}+{sup 208}Pb(3{sup -}) clustering in {sup 212}Po

We formulate a model for {sup 212}Po, based on the coupled-channels of {alpha}+{sup 208}Pb(0{sup +}) and {alpha}+{sup 208}Pb(3{sup -}) in which the {alpha}-Pb interaction contains scalar, quadrupole, and octupole terms. The model reproduces the recently observed enhanced E1 transitions from the several new negative-parity levels to the yrast states. Because these data are hard to understand in the shell model, this success gives a strong support for a unique role of {alpha}+{sup 208}Pb(3{sup -}) clustering in {sup 212}Po.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Excited states in {sup 99}Pd

Excited states in the {sup 99}Pd nucleus populated in the {sup 75}As({sup 28}Si, p3n) fusion-evaporation reaction at E{sub lab}=120 MeV have been investigated through in-beam {gamma}-ray spectroscopic techniques using an array of Compton-suppressed clover detectors. The level scheme is established up to excitation energy {approx}11.5 MeV and spin {approx}25({h_bar}/2{pi}) with the addition of about 60 new transitions. The level structures observed in {sup 99}Pd have been interpreted in the framework of a microscopic theory based on the deformed Hartree-Fock and angular momentum projection techniques. Band structures at lower spins are based on the low-{Omega} {nu}g{sub 7/2} and {nu}d{sub 5/2} orbitals, and those at higher spins are reproduced for the {pi}(g{sub 9/2}){sup 5} x {pi}(g{sub 7/2}) x {nu}(g{sub 7/2}){sup 2} x {nu}(h{sub 11/2}){sup 2} x {nu}(g{sub 9/2}){sup -1} and {pi}(g{sub 9/2}){sup 6} x {nu}(g{sub 9/2}){sup 10} x {nu}(g{sub 7/2}){sup 2} x {nu}(h{sub 11/2}) configurations. The octupole correlations in {sup 99}Pd have been inferred from new interband E1 transitions linking the {Delta}I=1 states of the bands based on the {nu}h{sub 11/2} and {nu}d{sub 5/2} orbitals ({Delta}l=3, {Delta}j=3, and {Delta}{pi}=-1) with the deduced B(E1) values {approx}10{sup -6} W.u.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Investigation of low-lying electric dipole strength in the semimagic nucleus {sup 44}Ca

The dipole-strength distribution in the semimagic nucleus {sup 44}Ca has been measured up to 10 MeV excitation energy in photon-scattering experiments using bremsstrahlung and monoenergetic 100% linearly polarized photon beams. The combination of both measurements allows a clear determination of spin and parity quantum numbers of the excited states as well as absolute cross sections and transition probabilities. The results show that the majority of the dipole strength in {sup 44}Ca below 10 MeV is due to E1 transitions while M1 strength plays only a minor role. The experimental results are compared to the strength in the neighboring doubly magic nuclei {sup 40,48}Ca and to microscopic calculations within the extended theory of finite Fermi systems in order to investigate the evolution of the low-lying E1 strength in this isotopic chain. Both, experiment and calculations, show a nontrivial dependence of the total E1 strength as a function of the neutron number.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Properties of the rotational bands in {sup 161}Er

High-spin states in {sup 161}Er have been studied experimentally using the {sup 150}Nd({sup 16}O,5n) reaction at a beam energy of 86 MeV. The 5/2{sup +}[642], 3/2{sup -}[521], and 11/2{sup -}[505] bands are extended up to high-spin states, and particularly the {alpha}=-1/2 branch of the ground state 3/2{sup -}[521] band is revised significantly. The relatively enhanced E1 transitions from the 3/2{sup -}[521] band to the 5/2{sup +}[642] band are observed. The band properties are analyzed within the framework of a triaxial particle-rotor model, and near-prolate shape and triaxial deformation are proposed to the 3/2{sup -}[521] and 5/2{sup +}[642] bands, respectively. Signature inversion occurs in the 3/2{sup -}[521] band after the band crossing in {sup 161}Er, and the systematics of the signature inversion associated with the 3/2{sup -}[521] configuration are discussed. By analyzing the properties of the relatively enhanced E1 transitions, it is found that the R(E1/E2) values show angular momentum dependence before the band crossing, and these enhanced E1 transitions could be attributed to octupole softness.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗