Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “CURRENT”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,207 records · Page 67
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Efficient Modeling of Floating Wind Arrays Including Current Loads and Seabed Bathymetry: Preprint

Capabilities for modeling the effects of seabed bathymetry and current drag loads on a floating wind farm are now available in an open-source model for quasi-static analysis. In this model, mooring lines and dynamic cables are represented by a quasistatic solver that can quickly represent complex mooring/cabling arrangements and arrays of floating bodies. To account for seabed bathymetry, we expand the model to include a surface mesh that captures changes in water depth over a rectangular grid. We formulate modifications to the catenary equations that capture a mooring line's profile and tensions when contacting a slope seabed. To account for current drag loads on mooring lines and dynamic cables, we formulate a novel technique that rotates the reference frame so that the vector sum of the the weight and the current force are used in the catenary equations, while accounting for the seabed orientation. To complete the system, current drag loads on floating substructures are handled by inclusion of strip-theory drag calculations. These new capabilities are verified by comparing with results from the established offshore dynamics models MoorDyn and OrcaFlex in equivalent steady-state scenarios. The results show very good agreement for both sloped seabeds and current loads. With computation times of the quasi-static model typically under one second, the model additions are a useful capability toward rapidly evaluating a floating wind array's response to environmental loads under realistic site conditions.

bathymetry↗
DOE OSTI2011

Current-induced domain wall motion in permalloy nanowires with a rectangular cross-section

We performed micromagnetic simulations of the current-induced domain wall motion in permalloy nanowires with rectangular cross-section. In the absence of the nonadiabatic spin-transfer term, a threshold current, J{sub c} is required to drive the domain wall moving continuously. We find that J{sub c} is proportional to the maximum cross product of the demagnetization field and magnetization orientation of the domain wall and the domain wall width. With varying both the wire thickness and width, a minimum threshold current in the order of 10{sup 6} A/cm{sup 2} is obtained when the thickness is equivalent to the wire width. With the nonadiabatic spin-transfer term, the calculated domain wall velocity {nu} equals to the adiabatic spin transfer velocity u when the current is far above the Walker limit J{sub w}. Below J{sub w}, {nu}=({beta}/{alpha})u, where {beta} is the nonadiabatic parameter and {alpha} is the damping factor. For different {beta}, we find the Walker limit can be scaled as J{sub w}=({alpha}/{beta}-{alpha})J{sub c}. Our simulations agree well with the one dimensional analytical calculation, suggesting the findings are the general behaviors of the systems in this particular geometry.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2011

Electron Cyclotron / Bernstein Wave Heating and Current Drive Experiments using Phased-array Antenna in QUEST

The phased-array antenna system for Electron Cyclotron/Bernstein Wave Heating and Current Drive experiments has been developed in the QUEST. The antenna was designed to excite a pure O-mode wave in the oblique injection for the O-X-B mode conversion experiments, and its good performances were confirmed at a low power level. The plasma current (<{approx}15 kA) with an aspect ratio of 1.5 was started up and sustained by only RF injection in the low-density operations. The long pulse discharge of 10 kA was also attained for 37 s. The new density window to sustain the plasma current was observed in the high-density plasmas. The single-null divertor configuration with the high plasma current (<{approx}25 kA) was attained in the 17 s plasma sustainment.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

Penetration of lower hybrid current drive waves in tokamaks

Lower hybrid (LH) ray propagation in toroidal plasma is shown to be controlled by combination of the azimuthal spectrum launched by the antenna, the poloidal variation of the magnetic field, and the scattering of the waves by the drift wave fluctuations. The width of the poloidal and radial radio frequency wave spectrum increases rapidly as the rays penetrate into higher density and scatter from the drift waves. The electron temperature gradient (ETG) spectrum is particularly effective in scattering the LH waves due to its comparable wavelengths and phase velocities. ETG turbulence is also driven by the radial gradient of the electron current profile giving rise to an anomalous viscosity spreading the LH driven plasma currents. The LH wave scattering is derived from a Fokker-Planck equation for the distribution of the ray trajectories with diffusivities derived from the drift wave fluctuations. The condition for chaotic diffusion for the rays is derived. The evolution of the poloidal and radial mode number spectrum of the lower hybrid waves are both on the antenna spectrum and the spectrum of the drift waves. Antennas launching higher poloidal mode number spectra drive off-axis current density profiles producing negative central shear [RS] plasmas with improved thermal confinement from ETG transport. Core plasma current drive requires antennas with low azimuthal mode spectra peaked at m = 0 azimuthal mode numbers.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

Investigation of helium ion production in constricted direct current plasma ion source with layered-glows

Generation of helium ions is experimentally investigated with a constricted direct current (DC) plasma ion source operated at layered-glow mode, in which electrons could be accelerated through multiple potential structures so as to generate helium ions including He{sup 2+} by successive ionization collisions in front of an extraction aperture. The helium discharge is sustained with the formation of a couple of stable layers and the plasma ball with high density is created near the extraction aperture at the operational pressure down to 0.6 Torr with concave cathodes. The ion beam current extracted with an extraction voltage of 5 kV is observed to be proportional to the discharge current and inversely proportional to the operating pressure, showing high current density of 130 mA/cm{sup 2} and power density of 0.52 mA/cm{sup 2}/W. He{sup 2+} ions, which were predicted to be able to exist due to multiple-layer potential structure, are not observed. Simple calculation on production of He{sup 2+} ions inside the plasma ball reveals that reduced operating pressure and increased cathode area will help to generate He{sup 2+} ions with the layered-glow DC discharge.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Compact 3D Copper with Uniform Porous Structure Derived by Electrochemical Dealloying as Dendrite-Free Lithium Metal Anode Current Collector

Here, the development of lithium (Li) metal anodes Li metal batteries faces huge challenges such as uncontrolled Li dendrite growth and large volume change during Li plating/stripping, resulting in severe capacity decay and high safety hazards. A 3D porous copper (Cu) current collector as a host for Li deposition can effectively settle these problems. However, constructing a uniform and compact 3D porous Cu structure is still an enormous challenge. Herein, an electrochemical etching method for Cu–Zinc (Zn) alloy is reported to precisely engrave a 3D Cu structure with uniform, smooth, and compact porous network. Such a continuous structure endows 3D Cu excellent mechanical properties and high electrical conductivity. The uniform and smooth pores with a large internal surface area ensures well dispersed current density for homogeneous Li metal deposition and accommodation. A smooth and stable solid electrolyte interphase is formed and meanwhile Li dendrites and dead Li are effectively suppressed. The Li metal anode conceived 3D Cu current collector can stably cycle for 400 h under an Li plating/stripping capacity of 1 mA h cm –2 and a current density of 1 mA cm –2 . The Li@3D Cu||LiFePO 4 full cells present excellent cycling and rate performances. The electrochemical dealloying is a robust method to construct 3D Cu current collectors for dendrite–free Li metal anodes.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Current‐Dependent Lithium Metal Growth Modes in “Anode‐Free” Solid‐State Batteries at the Cu|LLZO Interface

Abstract Controlling the lithium growth morphology in lithium reservoir‐free cells (RFCs), so‐called “anode‐free” solid‐state batteries, is of key interest to ensure stable battery operation. Despite several benefits of RFCs like improved energy density and easier fabrication, issues during the charging of the cell hinder the transition from lithium metal batteries with a lithium reservoir layer to RFCs. In RFCs, the lithium metal anode is plated during the first charging step at the interface between a metal current collector and the solid electrolyte, which is prone to highly heterogeneous growth instead of the desired homogeneous film‐like growth. Herein, the lithium morphology during the first charging step in RFCs is explored as a function of current density and current collector thickness. Using operando scanning electron microscopy, an increase in the lithium particle density is observed with increasing current density at the Cu|Li 6.25 Al 0.25 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 interface. This observation is then applied to improve the area coverage of lithium by pulsed plating. It is also shown that thin current collectors ( d = 100 nm) are unsuited for RFCs, as lithium whiskers penetrate them, resulting in highly heterogeneous interfaces. This suggests the use of thicker metal layers (several µm) to mitigate whisker penetration and facilitate homogeneous lithium plating.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

A Hydrogen Iron Flow Battery with High Current Density and Long Cyclability Enabled Through Circular Water Management

The hydrogen‐iron (HyFe) flow cell has great potential for long‐duration energy storage by capitalizing on the advantages of both electrolyzers and flow batteries. However, its operation at high current density (high power) and over continuous cycling testing has yet to be demonstrated. In this paper, we discuss our design and demonstration of a water management strategy that supports high current and long cycling performance of a HyFe flow cell. Water molecules associated with the movement of protons from the iron electrode to the hydrogen electrode are sufficient to hydrate the membrane and electrode at a low current density of 100 mA cm −2 during the charge process. At higher charge current density, more aggressive measures must be taken to counter back‐diffusion driven by the acid concentration gradient between the iron and hydrogen electrodes. Our water management approach is based on water vapor feeding in the hydrogen electrode, and water evaporation in the iron electrode, thus enabling the high current density operation of 300 mA cm −2 .

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

A Hydrogen Iron Flow Battery with High Current Density and Long Cyclability Enabled Through Circular Water Management

The hydrogen‐iron (HyFe) flow cell has great potential for long‐duration energy storage by capitalizing on the advantages of both electrolyzers and flow batteries. However, its operation at high current density (high power) and over continuous cycling testing has yet to be demonstrated. In this article, we discuss our design and demonstration of a water‐management strategy that supports high current and long‐cycling performance of a HyFe flow cell. Water molecules associated with the movement of protons from the iron electrode to the hydrogen electrode are sufficient to hydrate the membrane and electrode at a low current density of 100 mA cm −2 during the charge process. At higher charge current density, more aggressive measures must be taken to counter back‐diffusion driven by the acid concentration gradient between the iron and hydrogen electrodes. Our water‐management approach is based on water vapor feeding in the hydrogen electrode and water evaporation in the iron electrode, thus enabling high current density operation of 300 mA cm −2 .

Yan, Litao↗
DOE OSTI2025

Constraining non-standard neutrino interactions with neutral current events at long-baseline oscillation experiments

We explore, for the first time, neutral-curren t events at long-baseline experiments to constrain vector and axial-vector neutrino non-standard interactions (NSI) with quarks. We leverage the flavor dependence of NSIs to perform an oscillation analysis in the neutral- current channel. We first introduce a framework to parametrize the effect of NSI on the cross section. Then, as an example, we analyze NOvA neutral-current data which provides significantly improved constraints on the axial-vector NSI parameters ${\varepsilon}_{\mu \mu}^A$, ${\varepsilon}_{\tau \tau}^A$ and ${\varepsilon}_{e\mu}^A$. This is highly complementary to constraints from SNO data, which, differently from long-baseline neutral current data, is not sensitive to isospin conserving NSIs ${\varepsilon}_u^A$ = ${\varepsilon}_d^A$. Additionally, we disfavor large values of the diagonal vectorial NSI ${\varepsilon}_{\mu \mu}^{VV}$ and ${\varepsilon}_{\tau \tau}^V$ which originate from the LMA-Dark solution. We also highlight the complementarity between NSI searches at oscillation experiments using charged current and neutral current channels.

neutrino interactions↗
DOE OSTI2017

Boundary Current Response in Ba{sub 0.34}K{sub 0.64}Fe{sub 2}As{sub 2} Single Crystal Probed by Non-resonant Microwave Absorption

Non-resonant microwave absorption (NRMA) in superconducting materials has become a new experimental technique to probe and understand superconducting materials. For example, cuprate superconductors are well studied with this technique. At the same time, the technique is also evolving. This NRMA technique has been used to study magnetic shielding effects/boundary current in Ba{sub 0}.{sub 34}K{sub 0}.{sub 64}Fe{sub 2}As{sub 2} (BaK122) single crystals of iron pnictide superconducting sample measured at 9.4 GHz below T{sub c} (4.2–32 K). It has been observed that a small modulation field used in NRMA experiment yields the boundary current response. We have established that the boundary current response depends on both the modulation amplitude and the temperature. At high modulation field amplitudes and temperatures close to T{sub c}, the boundary current response gets suppressed and the flux-modulated response dominates. At low temperatures far away from T{sub c}, only the boundary current response dominates.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2017

Plasma Radiation Source on the Basis of the Gas Puff with Outer Plasma Shell in the Circuit of a Mega-Ampere Load Current Doubler

Characteristics of Z-pinch plasma radiation in the form of a double shell neon gas puff with outer plasma shell are investigated in the microsecond implosion mode. Experiments are performed using a GIT-12 mega-joule generator with load current doubler having a ferromagnetic core at implosion currents up to 5 MA. Conditions for matching of the nonlinear load with the mega-ampere current multiplier circuit are determined. The load parameters (plasma shell characteristics and mass and geometry of gas puff shells) are optimized on the energy supplied to the gas puff and n energy characteristics of radiation. It is established that the best modes of K-shell radiation in neon are realized for such radial distribution of the gas-puff material at which the compression velocity of the shell is close to a constant and amounts to 27–30 cm/μs. In these modes, up to 40% of energy supplied to the gas puff is converted into K-shell radiation. The reasons limiting the efficiency of the radiation source with increasing implosion current are analyzed. A modernized version of the energy supply from the current doubler to the Z-pinch is proposed.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Fault Detection and Diagnosis In Hall–Héroult Cells Based on Individual Anode Current Measurements Using Dynamic Kernel PCA

Individual anode current signals in aluminum reduction cells provide localized cell conditions in the vicinity of each anode, which contain more information than the conventionally measured cell voltage and line current. One common use of this measurement is to identify process faults that can cause significant changes in the anode current signals. While this method is simple and direct, it ignores the interactions between anode currents and other important process variables. This paper presents an approach that applies multivariate statistical analysis techniques to individual anode currents and other process operating data, for the detection and diagnosis of local process abnormalities in aluminum reduction cells. Specifically, since the Hall–Héroult process is time-varying with its process variables dynamically and nonlinearly correlated, dynamic kernel principal component analysis with moving windows is used. The cell is discretized into a number of subsystems, with each subsystem representing one anode and cell conditions in its vicinity. The fault associated with each subsystem is identified based on multivariate statistical control charts. The results show that the proposed approach is able to not only effectively pinpoint the problematic areas in the cell, but also assess the effect of the fault on different parts of the cell.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Effects of Remelting Current on Structure, Composition, Microsegregation, and Inclusions in Inconel 718 Electroslag Remelting Ingots

The macro- and microstructures, chemical compositions, microsegregations, and nonmetallic inclusion characteristics at different positions of the as-cast IN718 ingots produced by a laboratory-scale electroslag remelting (ESR) furnace under four remelting currents (150, 200, 250, and 300 A) were compared and investigated comprehensively. The results indicate that the average melting rate increases with the increasing remelting current, and the molten pool tends to be deeper. Thus, at the same position of the ESR ingots, the volume fraction of the segregated phase, the degree of elemental segregation, and the secondary dendrite arm spacing have the same tendency to increase with the increasing remelting current and show an increasing trend from the bottom to the top along the height of each ingot. If the current is set relatively low, the oxygen and nitrogen levels in the ingots increase, the conditions that make the contents and distributions of Al and Ti become unstable. In addition, the major nonmetallic inclusions in the IN718 ESR ingots are MgO·Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} complex oxide inclusions with a three-layer structure and (Nb,Ti)N nitrides. The volume fractions and mean equivalent diameters display a downward trend with the increasing remelting current. The size and quantity of these inclusions are always larger in the upper portions of the ingots than those in the lower portions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

A High Voltage Power Supply That Mitigates Current Reversals in Capillary Zone Electrophoresis-Electrospray Mass Spectrometry

Capillary electrophoresis coupled with electrospray ionization typically employs two power supplies, one at each end of the capillary. One power supply is located at the proximal (injection) end of the capillary. The power supply located at the distal (detector) end of the capillary drives the electrospray. Electrophoresis is driven by the difference in potential between these power supplies. Separations that employ large capillary inner diameter, high conductivity background electrolyte, and high separation potentials generate higher current than that produced by the electrospray. Excess current flows through the electrospray power supply. Most power supplies are not designed to sink current, and the excess current will cause the electrospray voltage to deviate from its set point. We report a simple circuit to handle this excess current, allowing separations under a wide range of electrophoretic conditions. .

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2016

Maxwell–Dirac stress–energy tensor in terms of Fierz bilinear currents

We analyse the stress–energy tensor for the self-coupled Maxwell–Dirac system in the bilinear current formalism, using two independent approaches. The first method used is that attributed to Belinfante: starting from the spinor form of the action, the well-known canonical stress–energy tensor is augmented, by extending the Noether symmetry current to include contributions from the Lorentz group, to a manifestly symmetric form. This form admits a transcription to bilinear current form. The second method used is the variational derivation based on the covariant coupling to general relativity. The starting point here at the outset is the transcription of the action using, as independent field variables, both the bilinear currents, together with a gauge invariant vector field (a proxy for the electromagnetic vector potential). A central feature of the two constructions is that they both involve the mapping of the Dirac contribution to the stress–energy from the spinor fields to the equivalent set of bilinear tensor currents, through the use of appropriate Fierz identities. Although this mapping is done at quite different stages, nonetheless we find that the two forms of the bilinear stress–energy tensor agree. Finally, as an application, we consider the reduction of the obtained stress–energy tensor in bilinear form, under the assumption of spherical symmetry. -- Highlights: •Maxwell–Dirac stress–energy tensor derived in manifestly gauge invariant bilinear form. •Dirac spinor Belinfante tensor transcribed to bilinear fields via Fierz mapping. •Variational stress–energy obtained via bilinearized action, in contrast to Belinfante case. •Independent derivations via the Belinfante and variational methods agree, as required. •Spherical symmetry reduction given as a working example for wider applications.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2017

Non-local currents and the structure of eigenstates in planar discrete systems with local symmetries

Local symmetries are spatial symmetries present in a subdomain of a complex system. By using and extending a framework of so-called non-local currents that has been established recently, we show that one can gain knowledge about the structure of eigenstates in locally symmetric setups through a Kirchhoff-type law for the non-local currents. The framework is applicable to all discrete planar Schrödinger setups, including those with non-uniform connectivity. Conditions for spatially constant non-local currents are derived and we explore two types of locally symmetric subsystems in detail, closed-loops and one-dimensional open ended chains. We find these systems to support locally similar or even locally symmetric eigenstates. - Highlights: • We extend the framework of non-local currents to discrete planar systems. • Structural information about the eigenstates is gained. • Conditions for the constancy of non-local currents are derived. • We use the framework to design two types of example systems featuring locally symmetric eigenstates.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2012

Molecular Dynamics Investigation of the ω-Current in the Kv1.2 Voltage Sensor Domains

Voltage sensor domains (VSD) are transmembrane proteins that respond to changes in membrane voltage and modulate the activity of ion channels, enzymes, or in the case of proton channels allow permeation of protons across the cell membrane. VSDs consist of four transmembrane segments, S1–S4, forming an antiparallel helical bundle. The S4 segment contains several positively charged residues, mainly arginines, located at every third position along the helix. In the voltage-gated Shaker K + channel, the mutation of the first arginine of S4 to a smaller uncharged amino acid allows permeation of cations through the VSD. These currents, known as ω-currents, pass through the VSD and are distinct from K + currents passing through the main ion conduction pore. Here we report molecular dynamics simulations of the ω-current in the resting-state conformation for Kv1.2 and for four of its mutants. The four tested mutants exhibit various degrees of conductivity for K + and Cl - ions, with a slight selectivity for K + over Cl - . Analysis of the ion permeation pathway, in the case of a highly conductive mutant, reveals a negatively charged constriction region near the center of the membrane that might act as a selectivity filter to prevent permeation of anions through the pore. The residues R1 in S4 and E1 in S2 are located at the narrowest region of the ω-pore for the resting state conformation of the VSD, in agreement with experiments showing that the largest increase in current is produced by the double mutation E1D and R1S.

Biophysics↗