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At least 1,189 records · Page 66

JWST Observations of Starbursts: Dust Processing in the M82 Superwind

We present JWST MIRI and NIRCam imaging of the inner ∼5 kpc of the M82 superwind at ~ $0''_{.}05 - 0''_{.}375$(∼0.9–6.5 pc) resolution. Targeted filters probe emission from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; F335M, F360M, F770W, F1130W) and continuum (F250M, F360M) The images reveal a network of cool wind filaments traced by PAHs. PAH surface brightness declines with the inverse square of distance to the midplane, suggesting that the incident radiation field from the starburst drives the observed PAH intensity out to ±2.5 kpc. The 3.3/11.3 and 3.3/7.7 μm band ratios show uniformity with distance from the starburst, though comparisons with mid-IR dust emission models indicate a modest shift toward larger PAHs. Outside the disk, 11.3/7.7 μm increases moderately, reflecting that PAHs become more neutral with distance from the starburst as they are exposed to a declining radiation field and ionization parameter. Overall, PAHs in the wind are consistent with standard-to-large sizes and standard-to-high ionization states. Including Spitzer and Herschel data, PAH abundance (q PAH ) is set at ∼1% in the starburst and remains unchanging out to ±5 kpc off the disk. This flat q PAH profile suggests that PAHs are shielded from the hot wind, perhaps residing in the surface layers of cool clouds, with possible replenishment from cloud interiors and enrichment of the halo from previous bursts. In this picture, clouds are not dense enough to promote PAH growth, and they likely undergo radiative cooling and mixing with the hot phase to survive the gauntlet for at least ∼20 Myr.

Cronin, Serena A. [University of Maryland, College↗

dGen (Distributed Generation Market Demand) Model Data: Alpha Release

Open sourced data needed to run the basic alpha release version of the dGen model. Includes a pre-generated agent file of 100,000 agents in pickle file format along with the base schema and table data in parquet format that are needed to create a postgreSQL database for the model to interact with.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Nondetection of Helium in the Upper Atmospheres of Three Sub-Neptune Exoplanets

We present a search for helium in the upper atmospheres of three sub-Neptune-sized planets to investigate the origins of these ubiquitous objects. The detection of helium for a low-density planet would be strong evidence for the presence of a primary atmosphere accreted from the protoplanetary nebula because large amounts of helium are not expected in the secondary atmospheres of rocky planets. We used Keck+NIRSPEC to obtain high-resolution transit spectroscopy of the planets GJ 1214b, GJ 9827d, and HD 97658b around the 10833 Å He triplet feature. We did not detect helium absorption for any of the planets despite achieving a high level of sensitivity. We used the nondetections to set limits on the planets’ thermosphere temperatures and atmospheric loss rates by comparing grids of 1D models to the data. We also performed coupled interior structure and atmospheric loss calculations, which suggest that the bulk atmospheres (winds) of the planets would be at most modestly enhanced (depleted) in helium relative to their primordial composition. Our lack of detections of the helium triplet for GJ 1214b and GJ 9827d is highly inconsistent with the predictions of models for the present-day mass loss on these planets. Higher signal-to-noise data would be needed to detect the helium feature predicted for HD 97658b. We identify uncertainties in the extreme-ultraviolet fluxes of the host stars and the lack of detailed mass-loss models specifically for cool and metal-enhanced atmospheres as the main limitations to the interpretation of our results. Ultimately, our results suggest that the upper atmospheres of sub-Neptune planets are fundamentally different from those of gas giant planets.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Assessing Historical Variability of South Asian Monsoon Lows and Depressions With an Optimized Tracking Algorithm

Abstract Cyclonic low‐pressure systems (LPS) produce abundant rainfall in South Asia, where they are traditionally categorized as monsoon lows, monsoon depressions, and more intense cyclonic storms. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has tracked monsoon depressions for over a century, finding a large decline in their number in recent decades, but their methods have changed over time and do not include monsoon lows. This study presents a fast, objective algorithm for identifying monsoon LPS and uses it to assess interannual variability and trends in reanalyses. Variables and thresholds used in the algorithm are selected to best match a subjectively analyzed LPS data set while minimizing disagreement between four reanalyses in a training period. The stream function of 850 hPa horizontal wind is found to be optimal in this sense; it is less noisy than vorticity and represents the complete nondivergent wind, even when flow is not geostrophic. Using this algorithm, LPS statistics are computed for five reanalyses, and none show a detectable trend in monsoon depression counts since 1979. Both the Japanese 55‐year Reanalysis (JRA‐55) and the IMD data set show a step‐like reduction in depression counts when they began using geostationary satellite data, in 1979 and 1982, respectively; the 1958–2018 linear trend in JRA‐55, however, is smaller than in the IMD data set, and its error bar includes 0. There are more LPS in seasons with above‐average monsoon rainfall and in La Niña years, but few other large‐scale modes of interannual variability are found to modulate LPS counts, lifetimes, or track length consistently across reanalyses.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

First Observations of an Ion Vortex in a Magnetic Hole in the Solar Wind by MMS

The coronal heating region is able to generate mirror mode structures by ion mirror instabilities. Linear magnetic holes are believed to be the remnants of mirror mode structures, thus they are believed to be messengers from the coronal heating region. They can be convected to ∼9 au with the solar wind flow, indicating that a stabilizing mechanism is necessary to make the magnetic holes survive for such a long time. Here, we investigate a magnetic hole with a size of ∼6.7 ρ {sub i} in the solar wind based on observations by the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission. The unprecedented high-resolution data enable us to reveal the existence of the ion vortex inside the structure for the first time. Such an ion vortex forms a ring-like current, which is consistent with the magnetic field depression. The self-consistent structure of the magnetic hole contributed by the ion vortex can help to further shed light on the mechanism of the long-term survival of magnetic holes in the astrophysical plasma.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Vortex Structure of Head Bubble in Convective Cloud Starting Plume

Abstract A developing cumulus cloud (Cu) was modeled, and dynamic, thermodynamic, and microphysical properties of an ascending head bubble reproducing the upper part of a developing Cu were investigated. The data for analysis are taken from 10-m-resolution LES of trade wind Cu under BOMEX conditions. The detection of a rising bubble is carried out using wavelet filtering of the velocity fields and microphysical fields, while a low-frequency signal of the filtering is associated with the convective-scale structure of cloud. We substantiate and discuss the representation of the bubble as a vortex ring, and estimate the parameters of this vortex ring. The simplest Hill’s vortex was chosen as a model of a vortex ring inside cloud. Analytical approximations of the radial profiles of the vertical velocity and of conservative quantities (such as total water mixing ratio and liquid water potential temperature inside and outside the bubble) are obtained. The spatial structure of these quantities is investigated using analytical expressions. Analytical models for spatial distributions of liquid water content (LWC) and adiabatic fraction (AF) are also designed and analyzed. The results demonstrate the existence of a cloud core with high values of LWC and AF up to the height of 1800 m. The horizontally averaged value of the adiabatic fraction, calculated analytically using the Hill’s vortex concept, is evaluated as 0.39, which is the typical AF value in the upper parts of such Cu. The vertical profiles of different important quantities characterizing cloud structure are presented. The analysis performed in this study allows us to conclude that a rising vortex ring plays the dominating role in formation of the thermodynamic and microphysical structure of developing Cu. Significance Statement 1) Dynamic and thermodynamic fields of a developing cumulus cloud simulated by high-resolution LES with spectral bin microphysics are separated into convective and turbulent components by means of the wavelet technique. 2) The analysis of convective component of the cloud revealed the existence of a vortex ring at the developing stage of the cloud and evaluate its parameters. 3) The analysis performed in this study allows us to conclude that a rising vortex ring plays the important role in formation of the thermodynamic and microphysical structure of developing Cu. 4) The study provides a novel insight into the cloud–environment interaction. 5) The approximating equations describing the vortex ring can be usefully applied for developing new schemes of convective parameterization.

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences↗

Rapid and Temporary Deployment of Fiber-Optic Arrays to Measure Surface Chemical Explosion Series with Distributed Acoustic Sensing

Rapid and temporary distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) deployments are crucial for accurately capturing the seismic wavefield following major events, such as earthquakes, or in anticipation of known events of interest, such as chemical explosions. We provide an overview of two DAS campaigns conducted in May and October 2024 to record the seismoacoustic waves generated by two series of surface chemical explosions in New Mexico, United States, involving 1- and 10-ton trinitrotoluene-equivalent charges. In both campaigns, we deployed approximately 2 km of fiber-optic cables in a dry riverbed, about 12 km east of the explosion sites. For the October campaign, seven geophones and two anemometers were collocated with the fiber. We describe the field deployments and present preliminary results from the recorded signals. Specifically, we cross analyze the data recorded in May and October, validate the DAS data with geophone measurements, and highlight the benefits of burying fibers to reduce wind noise and improve signal-to-noise ratios. This study demonstrates the potential of DAS to record the seismoacoustic waves generated by surface chemical explosions of varying sizes at distances of approximately 10 km from the source.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

Gap Flows Along the Columbia River Observed During the WFIP2 Field Campaign

Data collected in the Columbia River Gorge and Basin Area during the second Wind Forecasting Improvement Project (WFIP2) was used to study gap flow events in the region. In particular, the relationship between 200 m zonal wind speed and the zonal mesoscale pressure gradient at Troutdale (West of the gorge), Wasco (east of the gorge), and Boardman (farther east of the gorge) sites was examined. An objective criterion was used to identify 169 (Troutdale), 161 (Wasco), and 113 (Boardman) gap flow days that had weak synoptic forcing. The 200 m zonal wind speed exhibited a linear relationship with the zonal pressure gradient at Wasco during both easterly and westerly gap flow days at daily timescales. Such a relationship was only observed during easterly gap flow days at Troutdale and was not observed at Boardman. The zonal wind speed exhibited a diurnal cycle at Wasco and Boardman, with greater changes in the nighttime winds than the daytime winds due to changes in pressure gradient. The root mean square differences (RMSDs) between the observed pressure gradient at Wasco and that simulated by the High Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) model in 3 km (HRRR-3km) and 750 m (HRRR-750m) horizontal resolution were 3.14 hPa and 0.57 hPa, respectively. However, the RMSDs for the 200 m zonal wind speed were 1.40 m s -1 for HRRR-3km and 1.20 m s -1 for HRRR- 750m. Improvement in simulating the zonal pressure gradient accompanied by negligible changes in simulating zonal wind speed due to higher horizontal resolution points to a complex interplay between different components of the model physics when simulating the meteorology. The HRRR-750m resolution model accurately mimicked the observed covariability (phase diagram) between the zonal pressure gradient and the 200 m zonal wind speed during the nighttime, but not during the daytime, suggesting model errors might be related to the representation of boundary layer processes.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

NDBC Buoy 46012

The purpose of this dataset is to provide filtered, averaged buoy surface meteorological and oceanographic data and standardize the data format into NetCDF. The buoy was deployed by NDBC. These data are part of the observational database created for supporting the floating offshore wind project within the DOE-funded ORACLE project.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

NDBC Buoy 46013

The purpose of this dataset is to provide filtered, averaged buoy surface meteorological and oceanographic data and standardize the data format into NetCDF. The buoy was deployed by NDBC. These data are part of the observational database created for supporting the floating offshore wind project within the DOE-funded ORACLE project.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

NDBC Buoy 46022

The purpose of this dataset is to provide filtered, averaged buoy surface meteorological and oceanographic data and standardize the data format into NetCDF. The buoy was deployed by NDBC. These data are part of the observational database created for supporting the floating offshore wind project within the DOE-funded ORACLE project.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

NDBC Buoy 46025

The purpose of this dataset is to provide filtered, averaged buoy surface meteorological and oceanographic data and standardize the data format into NetCDF. The buoy was deployed by NDBC. These data are part of the observational database created for supporting the floating offshore wind project within the DOE-funded ORACLE project.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

NDBC Buoy 46026

The purpose of this dataset is to provide filtered, averaged buoy surface meteorological and oceanographic data and standardize the data format into NetCDF. The buoy was deployed by NDBC. These data are part of the observational database created for supporting the floating offshore wind project within the DOE-funded ORACLE project.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

NDBC Buoy 46027

The purpose of this dataset is to provide filtered, averaged buoy surface meteorological and oceanographic data and standardize the data format into NetCDF. The buoy was deployed by NDBC. These data are part of the observational database created for supporting the floating offshore wind project within the DOE-funded ORACLE project.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

NDBC Buoy 46028

The purpose of this dataset is to provide filtered, averaged buoy surface meteorological and oceanographic data and standardize the data format into NetCDF. The buoy was deployed by NDBC. These data are part of the observational database created for supporting the floating offshore wind project within the DOE-funded ORACLE project.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

NDBC Buoy 46042

The purpose of this dataset is to provide filtered, averaged buoy surface meteorological and oceanographic data and standardize the data format into NetCDF. The buoy was deployed by NDBC. These data are part of the observational database created for supporting the floating offshore wind project within the DOE-funded ORACLE project.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

NDBC Buoy 46047

The purpose of this dataset is to provide filtered, averaged buoy surface meteorological and oceanographic data and standardize the data format into NetCDF. The buoy was deployed by NDBC. These data are part of the observational database created for supporting the floating offshore wind project within the DOE-funded ORACLE project.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

NDBC Buoy 46053

The purpose of this dataset is to provide filtered, averaged buoy surface meteorological and oceanographic data and standardize the data format into NetCDF. The buoy was deployed by NDBC. These data are part of the observational database created for supporting the floating offshore wind project within the DOE-funded ORACLE project.

17 WIND ENERGY↗