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At least 1,189 records · Page 66
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NASA NTRS1974

Transonic conical flow

The problem of inviscid, steady transonic conical flow, formulated in terms of the small disturbance theory, is studied. The small disturbance equation and similarity rules are presented, and a boundary value problem is formulated for the case of a supersonic freestream Mach number. The equation for the perturbation potential is solved numerically using an elliptic finite difference system. The difference equations are solved with a point relaxation algorithm that is also capable of capturing the shock wave during the iteration procedure by using the boundary conditions at the shock. Numerical calculations, for shock location, pressure distribution and drag coefficient, are presented for a family of nonlifting conical wings. The theory of slender wings is also presented and analytical results for pressure and drag coefficients are obtained.

Agopian, K. G.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Estimate of winter wheat yield from ERTS-1

A model for estimating wheat yield per acre has been applied to acreage estimates derived from ERTS-1 imagery to project the 1973 wheat yields for a ten county area in southwest Kansas. The results (41.04 million bushels) are within 3 per cent of the preharvest estimates for the same area prepared by the USDA Statistical Reporting Service (39.91 million bushels). The projection from ERTS data is based on a visual enumeration of all detectable wheat fields in the study area and was completed while the harvest was in progress. Visual identification of winter wheat is readily achieved by using a temporal sequence of images (band 5 for Sept.-Oct.; band 5 for Dec.-Jan.; and band 5 and 7 for March-April). Identification can be improved by stratifying the project area into subregions having more or less homogeneous agricultural practices and crop mixes. By doing this, small changes in the spectral appearance of wheat related to soil type, irrigation, etc. can be accounted for. The interpretation rules developed by visual analysis can be automated for rapid computer surveys.

Morain, S. A.↗
NASA NTRS1974

User oriented ERTS-1 images

Photographic reproduction of ERTS-1 images are capable of displaying only a portion of the total information available from the multispectral scanner. Methods are being developed to generate ERTS-1 images oriented towards special users such as agriculturists, foresters, and hydrologists by applying image enhancement techniques and interactive statistical classification schemes. Spatial boundaries and linear features can be emphasized and delineated using simple filters. Linear and nonlinear transformations can be applied to the spectral data to emphasize certain ground information. An automatic classification scheme was developed to identify particular ground cover classes such as fallow, grain, rape seed or various vegetation covers. The scheme applies the maximum likelihood decision rule to the spectral information and classifies the ERTS-1 image on a pixel by pixel basis. Preliminary results indicate that the classifier has limited success in distinguishing crops, but is well adapted for identifying different types of vegetation.

Shlien, S.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Comments on 'Elastically scattered recoil nuclei in solid-state detectors'

Horn and Von Oertzen (1967) have shown that tracks in mica are produced by an irradiation with 32-MeV O-16 ions. These tracks were attributed to K and Fe recoils produced by elastic scattering of the incident oxygen beam. In the present work an alternate explanation of their observations is provided. The measured characteristics of the tracks are shown to be compatible with theoretical predictions for production of tracks by inelastic (mostly compound nucleus) reactions with silicon and to be inconsistent with the previously proposed elastic scattering process. The possibility that the tracks are produced by contaminant ions in the beam cannot be ruled out.

Maurette, M.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Maneuver strategy for a possible Pioneer 11 extended mission

The Jupiter-bound Pioneer 11 spacecraft was launched in April 1973, eight months before the Jupiter encounter of the front-running twin spacecraft, Pioneer 10. Depending on the content of the Pioneer 10 science, the Pioneer 11 mission objectives may be modified to explore different regions about Jupiter, including an aimpoint region providing for an extended trajectory to Saturn. Following launch, early maneuver aiming strategies were designed to retain a later retargeting maneuver capability to repeat Pioneer 10 or to encounter alternate Jupiter aimpoints. This paper identifies the ground rules and information required for the adaptive design of these strategies, considering a variety of mission objectives and Project constraints for later retargeting maneuvers.

Frauenholz, R. B.↗
NASA NTRS1973

On the structure of context-sensitive grammars

Consideration of the problem of explaining the use of context in generating noncontext-free languages. A number of existing results regarding the constraints placed on the form of the rules (i.e., on the context) of context-sensitive grammars are reviewed and interpreted. Three types of constraints are considered - namely, constraints which do not restrict the weak generative capacity of the class of grammars (i.e., all the context-sensitive languages are generated by grammars with these constraints), constraints which restrict the weak generative capacity to the extent that all context-sensitive languages are not generated but some noncontext-free languages are generated, and constraints which restrict the weak generative capacity to such an extent that only context-free languages are generated.

Book, R. V.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Transonic flow about lifting wing-body combinations

Calculations for transonic flow about wing-body combinations at angles of attack of the order of the body thickness-to-length ratio are presented. These calculations show that lift can alter the flow drastically at near-sonic speeds in this angle-of-attack range so that the area rule must be modified. This effect of lift is explained from simple physical considerations. The computational procedure is based on slender-wing theory and a two-variable method of relaxation solution. A small perturbation analysis is used to show that this simple procedure is adequate for these transonic wing-body flow fields.

Barnwell, R. W.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Non-context-free grammars generating context-free languages

If G is a grammar such that in each non-context-free rule of G, the right side contains a string of terminals longer than any terminal string appearing between two nonterminals in the left side, then the language generated by G is context free. Six previous results follow as corollaries of this theorem.

Baker, B. S.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Discovery of interstellar circular polarization in the direction of the Crab Nebula

A search in many small regions of the Crab Nebula has resulted in the detection of a small component of circular polarization. The variation of the sign and magnitude with position in the Nebula indicates that the polarization is of interstellar origin. On the basis of the polarity, strength, and color dependence, it is concluded that the composition of the aligned grains causing this polarization is dielectric. Metallic particles are clearly ruled out.

Martin, P. G.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Numerical evaluation of electromagnetic fields due to dipole antennas in the presence of stratified media

Two numerical methods are used to evaluate the integrals that express the em fields due to dipole antennas radiating in the presence of a stratified medium. The first method is a direct integration by means of Simpson's rule. The second method is indirect and approximates the kernel of the integral by means of the fast Fourier transform. In contrast to previous analytical methods that applied only to two-layer cases the numerical methods can be used for any arbitrary number of layers with general properties.

Tsang, L.↗
NASA NTRS1974

On the upper atmosphere of Neptune

We have reanalyzed the Mount Stromlo observations of the occultation of BD 17 4388 by Neptune and find that the upper atmosphere is not isothermal as suggested by Freeman and Lynga. For a pure hydrogen atmosphere, our results give a temperature of 135 K at a number density of 1000 trillion per cu cm. Above this level, the possibility of a small overall positive temperature gradient is suggested by the data. The temperature structure is complicated in detail, with local 5 to 10 K fluctuations some 10 km in extent associated with the numerous spikes in the light curve. Concentrations of helium greater than 50 per cent can probably be ruled out.

Veverka, J.↗
NASA NTRS1974

The 7.5- to 13.5-micron spectrum of Saturn

A medium-resolution spectrum of Saturn in the 7.5-13.5 micron range is presented. The observed low brightness temperature between 9 and 11 microns of about 100-105 K rules out gaseous NH3 as the dominant absorber in this spectral range. Absorption features due to PH3 may be present around 10 microns and cloud particles could be an important source of opacity in this wavelength range. There are strong indications of a temperature inversion in the upper atmosphere, including high brightness temperature in the 7.7-micron CH4 band, and possible emission from C2H6 around 12 microns.

Gillett, F. C.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Radio observations of two clusters of galaxies

Maps including the Coma and Hercules clusters of galaxies were made at 195, 318, and 611 MHz, and were compared with optical counts of galaxies in the clusters. An extended region of radio emission approximately 20 minutes in diameter was observed at the center of the Coma cluster. A distributed source region was also observed which appears to include the Hercules cluster, although the possibility that it is just an irregularity in the galactic foreground radiation cannot be completely ruled out.

Donivan, F. F., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1974

The Hubble relation for nonstandard candles and the origin of the redshift of quasars

It is shown that the magnitude-log (redshift) relation for brightest quasars can have a slope different from the value expected for standard candles. The value of this slope depends on the luminosity function and its evolution. Therefore the difference of this slope from the expected value cannot be used as evidence against the cosmological origin of the redshift of the quasars. It is shown that the observed variation of the luminosity of the brightest objects with redshift is consistent with the cosmological hypothesis and that it agrees with (and perhaps could be used to complement) the luminosity function obtained from V/Vm analysis. It is also shown that the nonzero slope of the magnitude-log (redshift) relation rules out the local quasar hypothesis, where it is assumed that the sources are nearby (less than 500 Mpc), that the bulk of their redshift is intrinsic, and that there is no dependence on distance of the intrinsic properties of the sources.

Petrosian, V.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Reinforcement of metals with advanced filamentary composites

This paper reviews some recent applications of the concept of reinforcing metal structures with advanced filamentary composites, and presents some results of an experimental investigation of the tensile behavior of aluminum and titanium reinforced with unidirectional boron/epoxy. Results are given for tubular and flat specimens, bonded at either room temperature or elevated temperature. The composite reinforced metals showed increased stiffness over the all-metal counterpart, as predicted by the rule of mixtures, and the results were independent of specimen geometry. The tensile strength of the born/epoxy reinforced metals is shown to be a function of the geometry of the test specimen and the method of bonding the composite to the metal.

Herakovich, C. T.↗
NASA NTRS1974

The reliability impact of mission abort strategies on redundant flight computer systems

This correspondence presents a reliability model for a redundant flight computer system with standby sparing, taking into account various mission abort strategies. A mission rule to initiate a mission abort after a predetermined number of detected computer failures and to return to earth with the remaining computers is shown to result in: (1) little improvement of crew safety unless computer error coverage is nearly perfect, and (2) significant degradation in mission success whenever coverage is high.

Filene, R. J.↗