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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,189 records · Page 66
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2014

High resolution FT-ICR mass spectral analysis of bio-oil and residual water soluble organics produced by hydrothermal liquefaction of the marine microalga Nannochloropsis salina

We report a detailed compositional characterization of a bio-crude oil and aqueous by-product from hydrothermal liquefaction of Nannochloropsis salina by direct infusion Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) in both positive- and negative-ionization modes. The FT-ICR MS instrumentation approach facilitates direct assignment of elemental composition to >7000 resolved mass spectral peaks and three-dimensional mass spectral images for individual heteroatom classes highlight compositional diversity of the two samples and provide a baseline description of these materials. Aromatic nitrogen compounds and free fatty acids are predominant species observed in both the bio-oil and aqueous fraction. Residual organic compounds present in the aqueous fraction show distributions that are slightly lower in both molecular ring and/or double bond value and carbon number relative to those found in the bio-oil, albeit with a high degree of commonality between the two compositions.

algae↗
DOE OSTI2022

The effect of original and initial saturation on residual nonwetting phase capillary trapping efficiency

Injection of supercritical carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) into geological formations is a strategy for both atmospheric greenhouse gas reduction (climate change mitigation) and enhanced oil recovery. To understand CO 2 trapping efficiency, the capillary trapping behaviors that immobilize subsurface fluids were analyzed at the pore-scale using pairs of proxy fluids representing the range of in situ nonwetting and wetting fluid properties encountered in geologic storage reservoirs. The pairs of fluids were cycled through imbibition and drainage processes using a flow cell apparatus containing a sintered glass bead column. Computed x-ray microtomography (microCT) was used to identify immobilized nonwetting fluid after imbibition and drainage events. From microCT images, the trapped residual (post-secondary imbibition) nonwetting phase was spatially correlated to both the original (post-primary imbibition) and the initial (post-primary drainage) nonwetting phase; this relationship is referred to here as the original saturation dependence (SO-dependence) and initial saturation dependence (SI-dependence), respectively. Significant trends of decreasing SO- and SI-dependence with increasing wetting and nonwetting fluid phase viscosities were observed. This finding implies that the amount of CO 2 injected and ultimately trapped is dependent on the nonwetting phase (e.g. oil or gas) already present in the formation, as well as on the manner in which supercritical CO 2 is initially injected, which are factors not considered in current trapping models. To explore the potential effect that varying viscosity and interfacial tension (IFT) might have on this process, we report on a variety of fluid pairs with different viscosities and IFT.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2012

Effect of the Basic Residue on the Energetics and Dynamics of Dissociation of Phosphopeptides

Time- and collision-energy-resolved surface-induced dissociation (SID) of protonated peptides containing phosphoserine (s) was studied using a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer configured for SID experiments. We examined fragmentation of three singly protonated peptides: GGGsGGG, KGGsGGG, and RGGsGGG. Fragmentation of GGGsGGG occurs under the mobile proton condition, while the ionizing proton is sequestered by the basic residue, resulting in the nonmobile proton condition in dissociation of the two basic peptides: KGGsGGG and RGGsGGG. RRKM modeling of the experimental data demonstrates that the energetics and dynamics of H3PO4 loss are different under mobile and nonmobile proton conditions. Specifically, fragmentation of GGGsGGG is characterized by a higher dissociation barrier, 1.68 eV, and higher activation entropy, 11 e.u. (e.u. = entropy unit), than fragmentation of the basic peptides. Similar threshold energies of 1.36 eV and 1.40 eV and activation entropies of -4.9 e.u. and 0.3 e.u. were obtained for KGGsGGG and RGGsGGG, respectively. We propose that the loss of H3PO4 from phosphoserine is a two-step process, in which the phosphate abstraction from the phosphorylated side chain is followed by dissociation of the ion-molecule complex.

Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory↗
DOE OSTI2012

Encouraging Early Clinical Outcomes With Helical Tomotherapy-Based Image-Guided Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy for Residual, Recurrent, and/or Progressive Benign/Low-Grade Intracranial Tumors: A Comprehensive Evaluation

Purpose: To report early clinical outcomes of helical tomotherapy (HT)-based image-guided intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in brain tumors of varying shape, size, and location. Materials and Methods: Patients with residual, recurrent, and/or progressive low-grade intracranial and skull-base tumors were treated on a prospective protocol of HT-based IMRT and followed clinicoradiologically. Standardized metrics were used for plan evaluation and outcome analysis. Results: Twenty-seven patients with 30 lesions were treated to a median radiotherapy dose of 54 Gy in 30 fractions. All HT plans resulted in excellent target volume coverage with steep dose-gradients. The mean (standard deviation) dose homogeneity index and conformity index was 0.07 (0.05) and 0.71 (0.08) respectively. At first response assessment, 20 of 30 lesions were stable, whereas 9 showed partial regression. One patient with a recurrent clival chordoma though neurologically stable showed imaging-defined progression, whereas another patient with stable disease on serial imaging had sustained neurologic worsening. With a median follow-up of 19 months (interquartile range, 11-26 months), the 2-year clinicoradiological progression-free survival and overall survival was 93.3% and 100% respectively. Conclusions: Careful selection of radiotherapy technique is warranted for benign/low-grade brain tumors to achieve durable local control with minimum long-term morbidity. Large or complex-shaped tumors benefit most from IMRT. Our early clinical experience of HT-based IMRT for brain tumors has been encouraging.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Residual {sup 18}F-FDG-PET Uptake 12 Weeks After Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy for Stage I Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Predicts Local Control

Purpose: To investigate the prognostic value of [{sup 18}F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) uptake at 12 weeks after stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) for stage I non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods and Materials: From November 2006 to February 2010, 132 medically inoperable patients with proven Stage I NSCLC or FDG-PET-positive primary lung tumors were analyzed retrospectively. SABR consisted of 60 Gy delivered in 3 to 8 fractions. Maximum standardized uptake value (SUV{sub max}) of the treated lesion was assessed 12 weeks after SABR, using FDG-PET. Patients were subsequently followed at regular intervals using computed tomography (CT) scans. Association between post-SABR SUV{sub max} and local control (LC), mediastinal failure, distant failure, overall survival (OS), and disease-specific survival (DSS) was examined. Results: Median follow-up time was 17 months (range, 3-40 months). Median lesion size was 25 mm (range, 9-70 mm). There were 6 local failures: 15 mediastinal failures, 15 distant failures, 13 disease-related deaths, and 16 deaths from intercurrent diseases. Glucose corrected post-SABR median SUV{sub max} was 3.0 (range, 0.55-14.50). Using SUV{sub max} 5.0 as a cutoff, the 2-year LC was 80% versus 97.7% for high versus low SUV{sub max}, yielding an adjusted subhazard ratio (SHR) for high post-SABR SUV{sub max} of 7.3 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-38.5; p = 0.019). Two-year DSS rates were 74% versus 91%, respectively, for high and low SUV{sub max} values (SHR, 2.2; 95% CI, 0.8-6.3; p = 0.113). Two-year OS was 62% versus 81% (hazard ratio [HR], 1.6; 95% CI, 0.7-3.7; p = 0.268). Conclusions: Residual FDG uptake (SUV{sub max} {>=}5.0) 12 weeks after SABR signifies increased risk of local failure. A single FDG-PET scan at 12 weeks could be used to tailor further follow-up according to the risk of failure, especially in patients potentially eligible for salvage surgery.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2013

The Residual Setup Errors of Different IGRT Alignment Procedures for Head and Neck IMRT and the Resulting Dosimetric Impact

Purpose: To assess residual setup errors during head and neck radiation therapy and the resulting consequences for the delivered dose for various patient alignment procedures. Methods and Materials: Megavoltage cone beam computed tomography (MVCBCT) scans from 11 head and neck patients who underwent intensity modulated radiation therapy were used to assess setup errors. Each MVCBCT scan was registered to its reference planning kVCT, with seven different alignment procedures: automatic alignment and manual registration to 6 separate bony landmarks (sphenoid, left/right maxillary sinuses, mandible, cervical 1 [C1]-C2, and C7-thoracic 1 [T1] vertebrae). Shifts in the different alignments were compared with each other to determine whether there were any statistically significant differences. Then, the dose distribution was recalculated on 3 MVCBCT images per patient for every alignment procedure. The resulting dose-volume histograms for targets and organs at risk (OARs) were compared to those from the planning kVCTs. Results: The registration procedures produced statistically significant global differences in patient alignment and actual dose distribution, calling for a need for standardization of patient positioning. Vertically, the automatic, sphenoid, and maxillary sinuses alignments mainly generated posterior shifts and resulted in mean increases in maximal dose to OARs of >3% of the planned dose. The suggested choice of C1-C2 as a reference landmark appears valid, combining both OAR sparing and target coverage. Assuming this choice, relevant margins to apply around volumes of interest at the time of planning to take into account for the relative mobility of other regions are discussed. Conclusions: Use of different alignment procedures for treating head and neck patients produced variations in patient setup and dose distribution. With concern for standardizing practice, C1-C2 reference alignment with relevant margins around planning volumes seems to be a valid option.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Low-Dose Hypersensitive Response for Residual pATM and γH2AX Foci in Normal Fibroblasts of Cancer Patients

To define the dose–response relationship for initial and residual pATM and γH2AX foci and temporal response of pATM foci in fibroblasts of 4 hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS)-positive cancer patients and 8 HRS-negative cancer patients and answer the question regarding the role of DNA double-strand break (DSB) recognition and repair in the mechanism of HRS.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Analysis of Skin Flap Thickness and Residual Breast Tissue After Mastectomy

Residual breast tissue (RBT) after mastectomy represents an unknown risk for local recurrence or development of a new cancer and affects decisions regarding adjuvant radiation therapy. This study used breast magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate the frequency of RBT and provide average thickness skin flap measurements in patients with total mastectomy, skin-sparing mastectomy, and nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) followed by breast reconstruction.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Residual Setup Errors Towards the Heart After Image Guidance Linked With Poorer Survival in Lung Cancer Patients: Do We Need Stricter IGRT Protocols?

Image guided radiation therapy (IGRT) is widely used, but data directly relating set-up errors to patient outcome are scarce. This study investigates the relationship between residual IGRT shifts and overall patient survival and uses the observed relations to identify structures sensitive to radiation dose.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Conventional and autothermal pyrolysis of corn stover: Overcoming the processing challenges of high-ash agricultural residues

The high ash content of agricultural residues and other kinds of herbaceous biomass makes it a challenging feedstock for fast pyrolysis to bio-oil. Using corn stover as a representative feedstock, this study investigates fast pyrolysis of high ash, herbaceous biomass in a pilot-scale fluidized bed reactor using both conventional, nitrogen-blown and autothermal, air-blown operation. Initial efforts to pyrolyze corn stover were challenged by bed fouling, which prevented steady reactor operation. Substitution of coarser bed material allowed operation at higher superficial velocities, which promoted attrition and elutriation of recalcitrant biochar particles from the reactor. This resulted in dramatic improvement in stable reactor operation for both conventional and autothermal pyrolysis with bio-oil yields among the highest reported for pyrolysis of corn stover. The oxygen-to-biomass equivalence ratio required for autothermal operation was 6.8%. Autothermal operation also resulted in significant process intensification, increasing corn stover throughput from 7.8 kg hr –1 to 21.9 kg hr –1 for this 8.9 cm diameter reactor. Air-blown, autothermal operation did not significantly reduce bio-oil yield despite the presence of partial oxidation reactions. In conclusion, carbon balances indicate carbon yields of biochar and aqueous, bio-oil light ends decreased by 18.5% and 4.7%, respectively, during autothermal pyrolysis compared to conventional pyrolysis while the more valuable, organic-rich heavy ends of the bio-oil were essentially preserved.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2026

A characterization of recombinant Arabidopsis FRIABLE1 (FRB1) reveals robust rhamnogalacturonan-I rhamnosyltransferase activity and critical catalytic residues

Plant cell walls are glycan-rich extracellular matrices that fundamentally impact essential cellular processes, such as growth, adhesion, and cell shape acquisition. Understanding plant cell wall glycans requires the identification and characterization of the biosynthetic enzymes that produce these polymers. Most successful in vitro protein expression studies of plant cell wall glycosyltransferases have relied on insect, fungal/yeast, or human cell expression systems, whereas prokaryotic expression systems have been generally unsuccessful. Here, we show that Arabidopsis FRIABLE1 (FRB1)/rhamnogalacturonan-I rhamnosyltransferase 8 (RRT8) can be produced in Escherichia coli RosettaGami2 cells as N-terminal maltose-binding protein fusion proteins containing C-terminal 6X-His-tags. We also report the catalytic constants of FRB1/RRT8 with apparent K M and K cat values of 226 μM and 33 min -1 for UDP-Rhamnose and 117 μM and 28.7 min -1 for rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I), respectively. We examine the catalytic activities of mutated FRB1/RRT8 proteins based on an AlphaFold 3-generated FRB1/RRT8 protein structural model with a virtually docked UDP-Rha donor. Enzymatic characterization of the mutated and wildtype FRB1/RRT8 protein confirmed that mutation of predicted catalytic site amino acid residues resulted in a 20-fold reduction in RRT activity. FRB1 also robustly polymerizes RG-I in combination with RG-I galacturonosyltransferase 1. These results show how a robust E. coli expression system combined with artificial intelligence tools can be used to increase understanding of plant cell wall glycosyltransferase structure and function.

glycosyltransferase↗
DOE OSTI2022

Application of Fe-doped biochar in Cr(VI) removal from washing wastewater and residual Cr(VI) immobilization in contaminated soil

High-content Cr(VI)-contaminated soils are challenging to remediate using a single remediation technique. This study combined soil washing and immobilization to remediate high-content (3440 mg kg -1 ) Cr(VI)-contaminated soil, which investigated the effects of operating time, temperature, and liquid-solid ratio (LSR) on the Cr(VI) removal efficiency of soil washing and evaluated the potential of Fe-doped biochar (FeBC) in soluble Cr(VI) removal from the washing wastewater and residual Cr(VI) immobilization in the washed soil. The Cr(VI) removal efficiency of soil washing increased with the operating time, temperature, and LSR, but still cannot remove Cr(VI) to achieve the safety content (<100 mg kg -1 ). FeBC showed satisfactory potential in both Cr(VI) removal and immobilization from wastewater and soil, in which the main mechanisms involve ion exchange, redox, and coprecipitation. These results demonstrate applying soil washing & immobilization to remediate high-content Cr(VI)-contaminated soil is a promising alternative method.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2017

A multi-scale residual-based anti-hourglass control for compatible staggered Lagrangian hydrodynamics

Hourglassing is a well-known pathological numerical artifact affecting the robustness and accuracy of Lagrangian methods. There exist a large number of hourglass control/suppression strategies. In the community of the staggered compatible Lagrangian methods, the approach of sub-zonal pressure forces is among the most widely used. However, this approach is known to add numerical strength to the solution, which can cause potential problems in certain types of simulations, for instance in simulations of various instabilities. To avoid this complication, we have adapted the multi-scale residual-based stabilization typically used in the finite element approach for staggered compatible framework. In this study, we describe two discretizations of the new approach and demonstrate their properties and compare with the method of sub-zonal pressure forces on selected numerical problems.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2023

Residual-based error correction for neural operator accelerated infinite-dimensional Bayesian inverse problems

We explore using neural operators, or neural network representations of nonlinear maps between function spaces, to accelerate infinite-dimensional Bayesian inverse problems (BIPs) with models governed by nonlinear parametric partial differential equations (PDEs). Neural operators have gained significant attention in recent years for their ability to approximate the parameter-to-solution maps defined by PDEs using as training data solutions of PDEs at a limited number of parameter samples. The computational cost of BIPs can be drastically reduced if the large number of PDE solves required for posterior characterization are replaced with evaluations of trained neural operators. However, reducing error in the resulting BIP solutions via reducing the approximation error of the neural operators in training can be challenging and unreliable. We provide an a priori error bound result that implies certain BIPs can be ill-conditioned to the approximation error of neural operators, thus leading to inaccessible accuracy requirements in training. To reliably deploy neural operators in BIPs, we consider a strategy for enhancing the performance of neural operators: correcting the prediction of a trained neural operator by solving a linear variational problem based on the PDE residual. We show that a trained neural operator with error correction can achieve a quadratic reduction of its approximation error, all while retaining substantial computational speedups of posterior sampling when models are governed by highly nonlinear PDEs. The strategy is applied to two numerical examples of BIPs based on a nonlinear reaction–diffusion problem and deformation of hyperelastic materials. We demonstrate that posterior representations of the two BIPs produced using trained neural operators are greatly and consistently enhanced by error correction.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2012

Residual microstructure and damage geometry associated with high speed impact crater in Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} and TiB{sub 2} particles reinforced 2024 Al composite

The resistance of Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} + TiB{sub 2}/2024Al composite to hypervelocity impact was tested by a two-stage light gas gun. The impact damage behaviors of the Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} + TiB{sub 2}/2024Al composite by different-sized Al projectiles with a velocity of 2.49 km/s and the residual microstructures associated with the crater impacted by a 1.2 mm aluminum projectile were investigated by transmission electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Both the diameters of craters at front face and spalling areas at back face increased with the aluminum projectile diameter. The diameter of perforation on the 2 mm thick Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} + TiB{sub 2}/Al composite target was zero when impacted by 1.2 mm aluminum projectile and it increased to 2.4 mm when the projectile diameter was 1.5 mm, indicating that the critical perforation diameter of the aluminum projectile was between 1.2 mm and 1.5 mm when the 2 mm thick Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} + TiB{sub 2}/Al composite target was impacted by 2.49 km/s aluminum projectiles. The diameter of perforation increases with the diameter of Al projectile. In addition, under each impact condition, the diameters of craters at front face were smaller than that of spalling areas at back face. Microstructure observations by transmission electron microscopy demonstrated four characteristics: stacking faults around TiB{sub 2} particle and dislocations within the TiB{sub 2} particle; twins in the Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} particle; recrystal grains in 2024 Al matrix; and mixture of amorphous microstructure and nanograins in the matrix. - Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Stacking faults were produced around the edge of TiB{sub 2} particle after impact. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Twins with the twin plane of (2{sup Macron }112) were observed in Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} particle after impact. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Recrystal grains with size of 100 nm were formed in aluminum matrix after impact. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Mixture of amorphous microstructure and nanograins was also found in matrix.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Nondestructive measurements of residual 235 U mass of Israeli Research Reactor-1 fuel using the Advanced Experimental Fuel Counter

In 2018, a measurement campaign took place with participants from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), the Nuclear Research Centre-Negev (NRCN) and Soreq Nuclear Research Center (SNRC) at the Israeli Research Reactor-1 (IRR-1) in which 14 of the reactor’s used fuel assemblies (FAs) with varied amount of depletion were measured with the nondestructive assay instrument Advanced Experimental Fuel Counter (AEFC). Designed for safeguards purposes, the AEFC measures both neutrons emitted from the FA (passive neutrons) and fission neutrons induced by an external neutron source (in this experiment, 252 Cf). Signals recorded with the AEFC include total neutron count rates (Singles), time-correlated neutron count rates (Doubles), and total gamma-ray count rates. The 235 U content of the FAs was previously assessed by two independent methods: (1) measurement of the transparency of the FA to low-energy gamma rays from an activated rhenium source (rhenium gamma transmission, or the RGT method) and (2) calculation of the 30-year burnup history of the core using detailed three-dimensional Monte-Carlo core depletion calculations. The results from the FAs that had been measured via the RGT method were used to construct the calibration curves, which translate the AEFC count rates to 235 U mass. Then, the calibration was evaluated using AEFC measurements of six additional FAs that were not measured via the RGT method. From the results, it was determined the Doubles calibration curve was more reliable than that of the Singles and follows a simple second-order polynomial fit for the whole range of residual 235 U mass content, albeit with larger statistical uncertainty. Detailed uncertainties quantification was conducted for both the AEFC Singles and Doubles. This includes the analysis of statistical uncertainties, calibration uncertainty, and random uncertainties due to the sensitivity of the AEFC to several sources of uncertainty, namely the FA position, FA orientation, interrogation source position, and ambient pool temperature. Finally, an overall total uncertainty of 6 g of 235 U is estimated for the Singles and Doubles, which is mainly due to calibration uncertainty (for the Singles) and statistical uncertainty (for the Doubles), and which constitutes 3%–6% of the 235 U total mass in the FAs, depending on their level of depletion.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2019

Capacity assessment and co-optimization of CO 2 storage and enhanced oil recovery in residual oil zones

Residual oil zones (ROZs) are increasingly being commercially exploited using CO 2 -enhanced oil recovery (CO 2 -EOR) method. In this study, CO 2 storage potential, long-term CO 2 fate and oil recovery potential in ROZs are characterized based on a reservoir model for Goldsmith-Landreth San Andres Unit in the Permian Basin. The effects of CO 2 injection rates, well patterns (five-spot and line-drive), well spacings, injection modes (continuous CO 2 injection and water-alternatinggas injection) on the CO 2 retention in the reservoir and the oil production are investigated. After the preliminary assessment of CO 2 storage and EOR potentials in ROZs, we next develop a novel approach based on a newly developed optimization algorithm-Stochastic Simplex Approximate Gradient (StoSAG) and predictive empirical models constructed using machine learning technique to co-optimize CO 2 storage and oil recovery in ROZs. The performance of co-optimization of CO 2 storage and oil recovery is compared with the performance of optimization of only CO 2 storage.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Porous carbon from lignocellulosic biomass with emphasis on corn plant waste residue for energy storage

The rising global demand for sustainable energy storage materials has driven the search for environmentally friendly and cost-effective electrode options. Hydrothermal conversion of lignocellulosic biomass has gained attention due to its low energy requirements and operation at relatively low temperatures, presenting a green alternative to traditional thermochemical methods. The resulting solid product, hydrochar, has been used as an adsorbent and soil amendment; however, chemical/thermal treatment significantly enhances its physical properties. These structural modifications transform hydrochar into an effective porous carbon electrode, offering abundant sites for electrolyte ion transport, critical for high-performance devices like supercapacitors and batteries. This review first discusses various waste biomass and sustainable feedstocks available globally. It compares two primary thermochemical conversion techniques, pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization/liquefaction, and examines their respective solid products, biochar and hydrochar, analyzing differences in their physical and chemical characteristics. The focus is placed on hydrochar, summarizing activation methods to produce porous carbon suitable for energy storage applications. Additionally, this review will include a dedicated section on the application of porous carbon derived from corn plant waste residue, considering that corn is one of the most abundant crops grown worldwide, which makes it an important and promising source for sustainable porous carbon production. The role of machine learning models in optimizing hydrothermal processes to produce high-quality hydrochar is also discussed, emphasizing how data-driven approaches can streamline process development. Finally, the review identifies the current challenges and prospects for lignocellulosic biomass-derived porous carbon as a sustainable electrode material in next-generation energy storage technologies.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗