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At least 1,189 records · Page 66
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2016

Adsorption of two gas molecules at a single metal site in a metal–organic framework

One strategy to markedly increase the gas storage capacity of metal–organic frameworks is to introduce coordinatively-unsaturated metal centers capable of binding multiple gas molecules. Herein, we provide an initial demonstration that a single metal site within a framework can support the terminal coordination of two gas molecules—specifically hydrogen, methane, or carbon dioxide.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2014

Closely related magnetic and dielectric transitions in the “114” magnetoelectric Zn-doped CaBaCo{sub 4}O{sub 7}

We report on the impact of zinc doping upon the magneto-electric properties of CaBaCo{sub 4}O{sub 7}.We show that the presence of less than 1% Zn at the Co sites decreases T{sub C} from 64 K to 48 K and generates two magnetic transitions, concomitant with changes of slope of dielectric permittivity, at 54 K and 77 K, respectively. Powder neutron diffraction and magnetic data show the existence of an incommensurate magnetic phase and a spin-flop transition in this temperature range. The crossover of the magnetodielectric effect of this oxide, from positive below 50 K to negative above this temperature emphasizes the primordial role of the incommensurate magnetic phase in the evolution of these properties.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Collapse and reappearance of magnetic orderings in spin frustrated TbMnO{sub 3} induced by Fe substitution

We studied the temperature dependent magnetic phase evolution in spin frustrated TbMnO{sub 3} affected by Fe doping via powder neutron diffraction. With the introduction of Fe (10% and 20%), the long range incommensurate magnetic orderings collapse. When the Fe content is increased to 30%, a long-range antiferromagnetic ordering develops, while a spin reorientation transition is found near 35 K from a canted G-type antiferromagnetic ordering to a collinear G-type antiferromagnetic ordering. This work demonstrates the complex magnetic interactions existing in transition metal oxides, which helps to understand the frustrated spin states in other similar systems and design magnetic materials as well.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2014

Crystal-structure analysis of four mineral samples of anhydrite, CaSO[subscript 4], using synchrotron high-resolution powder X-ray diffraction data

The crystal structures of four samples of anhydrite, CaSO{sub 4}, were obtained by Rietveld refinements using synchrotron high-resolution powder X-ray diffraction (HRPXRD) data and space group Amma. As an example, for one sample of anhydrite from Hants County, Nova Scotia, the unit-cell parameters are a = 7.00032(2), b = 6.99234(1), c = 6.24097(1) {angstrom}, and V = 305.487(1) {angstrom}{sup 3} with a > b. The eight-coordinated Ca atom has an average <Ca-O> distance of 2.4667(4) {angstrom}. The tetrahedral SO{sub 4} group has two independent S-O distances of 1.484(1) to O1 and 1.478(1) {angstrom} to O2 and an average <S-O> distance of 1.4810(5) {angstrom}. The three independent O-S-O angles [108.99(8) x 1, 110.38(3) x 4, 106.34(9){sup o} x 1; average <O-S-O> [6] = 109.47(2){sup o}] and S-O distances indicate that the geometry of the SO{sub 4} group is quite distorted in anhydrite. The four anhydrite samples have structural trends where the a, b, and c unit-cell parameters increase linearly with increasing unit-cell volume, V, and their average <Ca-O> and <S-O> distances are nearly constant. The grand mean <Ca-O> = 2.4660(2) {angstrom}, and grand mean <S-O> = 1.4848(3) {angstrom}, the latter is longer than 1.480(1) {angstrom} in celestite, SrSO{sub 4}, as expected.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Revealing long- and short-range structural modifications within phosphorus-treated HZSM-5 zeolites by atom probe tomography, nuclear magnetic resonance and powder X-ray diffraction

In this study, the average and the local structure of phosphorus-treated HZSM-5 zeolites were investigated by means of atom probe tomography, powder X-ray diffraction (at ambient and cryogenic temperatures) and 1 H, 29 Si, 27 Al, and 31 P magic angle spinning (MAS) solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Phosphatation to yield a product with P/Al ≤ 1 followed by thermal treatment leads to breaking of the Si–OH–Al bridging groups, and subsequent partial dealumination of the zeolite framework, as shown by the contraction of the orthorhombic unit-cell volume and by the loss of tetrahedral framework Al, as observed in the 27 Al Multiple Quantum (MQ) MAS NMR spectrum. Most of the framework Al is present in an electronic environment distorted by the presence of phosphorus and appears not to be involved in classic Si–OH–Al Brønsted acid sites. The 31 P MAS NMR signals indicate that phosphorus interacts with the zeolitic framework to locally form silico-aluminophosphate (SAPO) domains and the presence of a new kind of acidic site was confirmed by the resonance at ~8.6 ppm in the 1 H MAS NMR spectra, attributed to P–OH groups. Increasing the phosphorus loading (P/Al >> 1) promotes further dealumination of the framework and cross-dehydroxylation between P–OH and Si–OH species, leading to the formation of a crystalline silicon orthophosphate phase. With decreasing Al content, the monoclinic HZSM-5 structure becomes preferred, especially at 85 K where the strain relaxation is higher. Nevertheless, the presence of a higher amount of silicophosphate impurities hinders the low-temperature strain release of the framework, indicating that some of these species are localized in the zeolite pores and contribute to the strain build up.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

The effect of dehydration on the position of cesium cations in the structure of CsNaFAU(Y) studied by powder X-ray diffraction and magic-angle spinning NMR spectroscopy

The influence of dehydration on the position of sodium and cesium cations obtained by ion exchange in the structure of FAU(Y) was studied by powder X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation and {sup 23}Na and {sup 133}Cs magic-angle spinning NMR spectroscopy. The sodium and cesium cations were found to be mobile in the hydrated samples. In dehydrated zeolites CsNaFAU(Y), cesium is predominantly localized in four crystallographic ion-exchange positions located in the large cavities and sodalite cages.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

The Stoichiometry of Synthetic Alunite as a Function of Hydrothermal Aging Investigated by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy, Powder X-ray Diffraction and Infrared Spectroscopy

The stoichiometry of a series of synthetic alunite [nominally KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6] samples prepared by hydrothermal methods as a function of reaction time (1–31 days) has been investigated by powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as well as solid-state 1H and 27Al magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The 1H MAS NMR spectra recorded at high magnetic field (21.1 T, 900 MHz) allowed for a clear separation of the different proton environments and for quantitative determination of the aluminum vacancy concentration as a function of time. The concentration of structural defects determined from, i.e., aluminum vacancies was reduced from 4 to 1 %, as the reaction time was extended from one to 31 days based on 1H MAS NMR. This was further supported by an increase of the unit cell parameter c, which is indicative of the relative concentration of potassium defects present, from 17.261(1) to 17.324(5) Å. Solid-state 27Al MAS NMR revealed a decrease in the defect concentration as a function of time and showed the presence of 7–10 % impurities in the samples.

Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory↗
DOE OSTI2021

The hydrogen-containing bronzes H 0.23 WO 3 and H 0.10 ReO 3 synthesized via a polymer route

We report the synthesis of two hydrogen-containing perovskite-type bronzes H 0.23 WO 3 and H 0.10 ReO 3 utilizing an unconventional solid-state synthetic approach, involving the use of the polymer Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (CH 2 CF 2 ) n. Powder neutron diffraction at ambient temperature shows that H 0.23 WO 3 crystallizes in a tetragonal symmetry distortion of the simple perovskite structure (space group P4/nmm), with lattice parameters a = 5.2279(2) Å, and c =3.8763(1) Å. H 0.10 ReO 3 , in contrast, crystallizes in a monoclinic distortion of a simple cubic perovskite (space group P2/m), with lattice parameters a = 5.3125(1) Å, b = 5.3155(3) Å, c = 3.7045(3) Å, and γ = 90.43(1)°. Both H 0.23 WO 3 and H 0.10 ReO 3 exhibit intrinsically diamagnetic behavior, with low temperature paramagnetic upturns and no signs of bulk superconductivity down to 0.35 K.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Nanoscale building blocks in a novel lithium arsenotungsten bronze: Synthesis and characterization

We report on a novel compound Li{sub 3}AsW{sub 7}O{sub 25} obtained by solid-state reaction and characterized by diffraction and spectroscopic methods. The bronze-type compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca with a=724.38(3) pm, b=1008.15(4) pm, c=4906.16(17) pm and Z=8. The structure is built up by chains of WO{sub 6} octahedra interconnected by AsO{sub 4} tetrahedra and WO{sub 6} octahedra forming a polyhedral arrangement as seen in intergrowth tungsten bronzes. The X-ray single crystal structure refinement allows solving the complex arsenotungstate framework. The powder neutron diffraction data analysis locates the lithium atoms. Thermal analysis showed that Li{sub 3}AsW{sub 7}O{sub 25} is stable up to its melting at 1135(3) K followed by a decomposition at 1182(5) K. The Kubelka–Munk treatment of the UV–vis spectrum revealed a wide band gap in the range of 2.84–3.40 eV depending on the presumed electron transition type. - Graphical abstract: Crystal structure of Li{sub 3}AsW{sub 7}O{sub 25} showing different schematic components. - Highlights: • A report on a novel compound Li{sub 3}AsW{sub 7}O{sub 25} obtained by solid-state reaction. • Chains and nano-blocks of WO{sub 6} octahedra and AsO{sub 4} tetrahedra formed a structure like intergrowth tungsten bronzes. • X-ray diffraction allowed solving the complex arsenotungstate framework. • Powder neutron diffraction data analysis locates the lithium atoms. • UV–vis spectrum revealed the band-gap.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

Thermal evolution of the crystal structure of the orthorhombic perovskite LaFeO{sub 3}

The thermal evolution of the crystal structure of the prototypical orthorhombic perovskite LaFeO{sub 3} has been studied in detail by powder neutron diffraction in the temperature range 25<T<1285 K. A conventional bond length/bond angle analysis, combined with an analysis in terms of symmetry-adapted modes, allows key aspects of the thermal behavior to be understood. In particular, the largest-amplitude symmetry modes (viz. in-phase and out-of-phase octahedral tilts, and A-site cation displacements) are shown to display relatively ‘normal’ behavior, increasing with decreasing temperature, which contrasts with the anomalous behavior previously shown by the derivative Bi{sub 0.5}La{sub 0.5}FeO{sub 3}. However, an unexpected behavior is seen in the nature of the intra-octahedral distortion, which is used to rationalize the unique occurrence of a temperature dependent crossover of the a and c unit cell metrics in this compound. - Graphical abstract: The unusual thermal evolution of lattice metrics in the perovskite LaFeO{sub 3} is rationalized from a detailed powder neutron diffraction study. - Highlights: • Crystal structure of the perovskite LaFeO{sub 3} studied in detail by powder neutron diffraction. • Unusual thermal evolution of lattice metrics rationalized. • Contrasting behavior to Bi-doped LaFeO{sub 3}. • Octahedral distortion/tilt parameters explain unusual a and c lattice parameter behavior.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2014

Spin reorientation and magnetoelastic coupling in Tb 6 Fe 1-x Co x Bi 2 (x = 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.375) alloy system

Tb 6 FeBi 2 adopts a noncentrosymmetric crystal structure and orders ferromagnetically at T C1 = 250 K with an additional magnetic transition at T C2 = 60 K. The low temperature magnetoelastic response in this material is strong, and is enhanced by cobalt substitution. In this paper, the temperature dependence of the atomic and magnetic structure of Tb 6 Fe 1-x Co x Bi 2 (x = 0, 0.125, 0.25, and 0.375) is reported from powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and powder neutron diffraction (PND) measurements. Below the Néel temperature a ferrimagnetic ordering between the terbium and iron moments exists in all compounds studied. Related to the enhanced magnetostructural response, the Co-doped compounds undergo a crystallographic phase transition below about 60 K. This transition also involves a canting of the magnetic moments away from the c-axis. The structural transition is sluggish and not fully completed in the parent Tb 6 FeBi 2 compound, where a mixture of monoclinic and hexagonal phases is identified below 60 K. Lastly, the spin reorientation transition is discussed in terms of competing exchange interactions and magnetocrystalline anisotropies of the two Tb sites and Fe/Co sublattices.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Structural Evolution of Layered Manganese Oxysulfides during Reversible Electrochemical Lithium Insertion and Copper Extrusion

The electrochemical lithiation and delithiation of the layered oxysulfide Sr 2 MnO 2 Cu 4-δ S 3 has been investigated by using a combination of in situ powder X-ray diffraction and ex situ neutron powder diffraction, X-ray absorption and 7 Li NMR spectroscopy, together with a range of electrochemical experiments. Sr 2 MnO 2 Cu 4-δ S 3 consists of [Sr 2 MnO 2 ] perovskite-type cationic layers alternating with highly defective antifluorite-type [Cu 4-δ S 3 ] (δ ≈ 0.5) anionic layers. It undergoes a combined displacement/intercalation (CDI) mechanism on reaction with Li, where the inserted Li replaces Cu, forming Li 4 S 3 slabs and Cu + is reduced and extruded as metallic particles. For the initial 2-3% of the first discharge process, the vacant sites in the sulfide layer are filled by Li; Cu extrusion then accompanies further insertion of Li. Mn 2.5+ is reduced to Mn 2+ during the first half of the discharge. The overall charging process involves the removal of Li and re-insertion of Cu into the sulfide layers with re-oxidation of Mn 2+ to Mn 2.5+ . However, due to the different diffusivities of Li and Cu, the processes operating on charge are quite different from those operating during the first discharge: charging to 2.75 V results in the removal of most of the Li, little reinsertion of Cu, and good capacity retention. A charge to 3.75 V is required to fully reinsert Cu, which results in significant changes to the sulfide sublattice during the following discharge and poor capacity retention. This detailed structure-property investigation will promote the design of new functional electrodes with improved device performance.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Ba 4 RuMn 2 O 10 : A Noncentrosymmetric Polar Crystal Structure with Disordered Trimers

Phase-pure polycrystalline Ba 4 RuMn 2 O 10 was prepared and determined to adopt the noncentrosymmetric polar crystal structure (space group Cmc2 1 ) based on results of second harmonic generation, convergent beam electron diffraction, and Rietveld refinements using powder neutron diffraction data. The crystal structure features zigzag chains of corner-shared trimers, which contain three distorted face-sharing octahedra. The three metal sites in the trimers are occupied by disordered Ru/Mn with three different ratios: Ru1:Mn1 = 0.202(8):0.798(8), Ru2:Mn2 = 0.27(1):0.73(1), and Ru3:Mn3 = 0.40(1):0.60(1), successfully lowering the symmetry and inducing the polar crystal structure from the centrosymmetric parent compounds Ba 4 T 3 O 10 (T = Mn, Ru; space group Cmca). The valence state of Ru/Mn is confirmed to be +4 according to X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy. Ba 4 RuMn 2 O 10 is a narrow bandgap (~0.6 eV) semiconductor exhibiting spin-glass behavior with strong magnetic frustration and antiferromagnetic interactions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Neutron diffraction studies on structural and magnetic properties of RE{sub 2}NiGe{sub 3} (RE=La, Ce)

We report the crystallographic properties of RE{sub 2}NiGe{sub 3} (RE=La, Ce) synthesized by arc melting. Rietveld refinement on the powder neutron diffraction (ND) data suggest both compounds are isostructural and crystallize in the non-centrosymmetric Er{sub 2}RhSi{sub 3} type structure having hexagonal space group P6{sup ¯}2c. In the crystal structure of RE{sub 2}NiGe{sub 3}, two dimensional arrangements of nickel and germanium atoms lead to the formation of hexagonal layers with rare earth atoms sandwiched between them. Magnetic susceptibility measurements performed in low fields exhibit antiferromagnetic ordering in cerium compound around (T{sub o}=) 3.2 K. Neutron diffraction measurements at 2.8 K (i.e., at T<T{sub o}) neither show any change in the intensities of the diffraction lines nor indicate the appearance of any new diffraction lines in the Q-range of 0.47–7.34 Å{sup −1}, thus ruling out any long-range magnetic order. - Graphical abstract: The compounds La{sub 2}NiGe{sub 3} and Ce{sub 2}NiGe{sub 3} crystallize in the Er{sub 2}RhSi{sub 3} type. Magnetic susceptibility show antiferromagnetic ordering for Ce{sub 2}NiGe{sub 3} at 3.2 K and neutron diffraction confirms the absence of long range ordering. - Highlights: RE{sub 2}NiGe{sub 3} (RE=La, Ce) crystallize in the ordered superstructure of the AlB{sub 2} type. Magnetic susceptibility measurements exhibit antiferromagnetic ordering in Ce{sub 2}NiGe{sub 3}. Structure and magnetism of RE{sub 2}NiGe{sub 3} (RE=La, Ce) are studied by neutron diffraction.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

Direct Structural Identification of Gas Induced Gate‐Opening Coupled with Commensurate Adsorption in a Microporous Metal–Organic Framework

Abstract Gate‐opening is a unique and interesting phenomenon commonly observed in flexible porous frameworks, where the pore characteristics and/or crystal structures change in response to external stimuli such as adding or removing guest molecules. For gate‐opening that is induced by gas adsorption, the pore‐opening pressure often varies for different adsorbate molecules and, thus, can be applied to selectively separate a gas mixture. The detailed understanding of this phenomenon is of fundamental importance to the design of industrially applicable gas‐selective sorbents, which remains under investigated due to the lack of direct structural evidence for such systems. We report a mechanistic study of gas‐induced gate‐opening process of a microporous metal–organic framework, [Mn(ina) 2 ] (ina=isonicotinate) associated with commensurate adsorption, by a combination of several analytical techniques including single crystal X‐ray diffraction, in situ powder X‐ray diffraction coupled with differential scanning calorimetry (XRD‐DSC), and gas adsorption–desorption methods. Our study reveals that the pronounced and reversible gate opening/closing phenomena observed in [Mn(ina) 2 ] are coupled with a structural transition that involves rotation of the organic linker molecules as a result of interaction of the framework with adsorbed gas molecules including carbon dioxide and propane. The onset pressure to open the gate correlates with the extent of such interaction.

Banerjee, Debasis↗
DOE OSTI2013

Crystal and magnetic structure of (1−x)BiFeO{sub 3}–xSrTiO{sub 3} (x=0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.8)

The effect of doping SrTiO{sub 3} into BiFeO{sub 3} on the magnetic and crystal structure has been explored using powder neutron diffraction for (1−x)BiFeO{sub 3}–xSrTiO{sub 3} where x=0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8. While the data are not sensitive to the cycloidal component of the magnetic ordering, the evolution of the collinear antiferromagnetic moment of the G-type antiferromagnetic component with T and x has been explored, as have structural parameters. It is found that for x≤0.4 pure phase samples form in the R3c cell, and for x=0.8 a non-magnetic Pm3{sup ¯}m phase is obtained. The x=0.6 sample gives a mixed phase. Through the R3c phase the magnetic structure does not change appreciably apart from the reduction of magnetic moment magnitude with the increasing T and/or x. - Graphical abstract: A simple phase diagram for (1−x)BiFeO{sub 3}–xSrTiO{sub 3} , where hexagons indicate the rhombohedral R3c phase and boxes the cubic phase. Filled symbols indicate magnetic ordering. The black arrow indicates T{sub N} for BiFeO{sub 3}. Display Omitted - Highlights: • We have established part of the phase diagram for doping SrTiO{sub 3} into BiFeO{sub 3}. • (1−x)BiFeO{sub 3}–xSrTiO{sub 3} is isostructural with BiFeO{sub 3} up to x<0.4, and cubic for x>0.85. • We have examined the evolution of ordered magnetic moment with T and x.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

M(II)-dipyridylamide-based coordination frameworks (M=Mn, Co, Ni): Structural transformation

A series of 1-D double-zigzag (([M(papx){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O){sub 2}](ClO{sub 4}){sub 2}){sub n}; M=Mn, x=s (1), x=o (3); M=Co, x=s (4), x=o (5); M=Ni, x=s (6), x=o (7)) and 2-D polyrotaxane ([Mn(paps){sub 2}(ClO{sub 4}){sub 2}]{sub n} (2)) frameworks were synthesized by reactions of M(ClO{sub 4}){sub 2} (M=Mn, Co, and Ni) with papx (paps, N,N’-bis(pyridylcarbonyl)-4,4’-diaminodiphenylthioether; papo, N,N’-bis(pyridylcarbonyl)-4,4’-diaminodiphenyl ether), which have been isolated and structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction. Based on powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) experiments, heating the double-zigzag frameworks underwent structural transformation to give the respective polyrotaxane ones. Moreover, grinding the solid samples of the respective polyrotaxanes in the presence of moisture also resulted in the total conversion to the original double-zigzag frameworks. In this study, we have successfully extended studies to Mn{sup II}, Co{sup II}, and Ni{sup II} frameworks from the previous Zn{sup II}, Cd{sup II}, and Cu{sup II} ones, and interestingly such structural transformation is able to be proven experimentally by powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies as well. - Graphical abstract: 1-D double-zigzag and 2-D polyrotaxane frameworks of M(II)-papx (x=s, o; M=Mn, Co, Ni) frameworks can be interconverted by heating and grinding in the presence of moiture, and such structural transformation has be proven experimentally by powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗