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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,189 records · Page 66
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2018

Plasmon dispersion in a multilayer solid torus in terms of three-term vector recurrence relations and matrix continued fractions

Toroidal confinement, which has played a crucial role in magnetized plasmas and Tokamak physics, is emerging as an effective means to obtain useful electronic and optical response in solids. In particular, excitation of surface plasmons in metal nanorings by photons or electrons finds important applications due to the engendered field distribution and electromagnetic energy confinement. However, in contrast to the case of a plasma, often the solid nanorings are multilayered and/or embedded in a medium. The non-simply connected geometry of the torus results in surface modes that are not linearly independent. A three-term difference equation was recently shown to arise when seeking the nonretarded plasmon dispersion relations for a stratified solid torus (Garapati et al 2017 Phys. Rev. B 95 165422). The reported generalized plasmon dispersion relations are here investigated in terms of the involved matrix continued fractions and their convergence properties including the determinant forms of the dispersion relations obtained for computing the plasmon eigenmodes. We also present the intricacies of the derivation and properties of the Green's function employed to solve the three term amplitude equation that determines the response of the toroidal structure to arbitrary external excitations.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2017

Velocity Fluctuations Driven by the Damped, Aperiodic Mode in the Intergalactic Medium

On account of its finite temperature, the unmagnetized intergalactic medium (IGM) is subject to thermal fluctuations. Due to the fundamental coupling between particles and fields in a plasma, the field fluctuations generate current densities by means of the Lorentz force and thereby affect both the density and the velocity fluctuations of the particles. Recently, a new damped, aperiodic mode was discovered that dominates field fluctuations in the IGM. Apart from its impact on the transport properties of the IGM that determine the propagation of cosmic rays, previous research has shown that this mode provides turbulent magnetic seed fields of 6×10{sup −18} G that are an essential ingredient in the generation of cosmic magnetic fields. The current investigation addresses the influence of the mode on the particle motion. In order to describe the corresponding state of the turbulence, both the spectrum and the integrated total value of the mode-driven proton velocity fluctuations are computed. It is found that the latter amounts to 1.16×10{sup 8} T{sub 4}{sup 7/2}n{sub −7}{sup −1/2} cm s{sup −1} assuming a temperature of T{sub e}=T{sub p}=10{sup 4}T{sub 4} K and a density of n{sub e}=n{sub p}=10{sup −7}n{sub −7} cm{sup −3}. This value is two orders of magnitude larger than the thermal velocity. If the IGM neutrals adopt the same velocities as the protons by mutual charge exchange and elastic collisions (ambipolar diffusion), atomic lines propagating through the IGM are expected to display spectral broadening, enhanced by a factor of 90 beyond the thermal level in the case of hydrogen. This opens the window to a first direct observation of the damped aperiodic mode. Other observational techniques such as dispersion measure, rotation measure, and scintillation data are not applicable in this case because the mode is a transverse one, and, as such, it does not induce the required density fluctuations, as is shown here.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Activation and Assembly of Plasmonic-Magnetic Nanosurfactants for Encapsulation and Triggered Release

Multifunctional surfactants hold great potentials in catalysis, separation, and biomedicine. Highly active plasmonic-magnetic nanosurfactants are developed through a novel acid activation treatment of Au–Fe 3 O 4 dumbbell nanocrystals. The activation step significantly boosts nanosurfactant surface energy and enables the strong adsorption at interfaces, which reduces the interfacial energy one order of magnitude. Mediated through the adsorption at the emulsion interfaces, the nanosurfactants are further constructed into free-standing hierarchical structures, including capsules, inverse capsules, and two-dimensional sheets. The nanosurfactant orientation and assembly structures follow the same packing parameter principles of surfactant molecules. Furthermore, nanosurfactants demonstrate the capability to disperse and encapsulate homogeneous nanoparticles and small molecules without adding any molecular surfactants. The assembled structures are responsive to external magnetic field, and triggered release is achieved using an infrared laser by taking advantage of the enhanced surface plasmon resonance of nanosurfactant assemblies. Finally, solvent and pH changes are also utilized to achieve the cargo release.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Magnon damping and mode softening in quantum double-exchange ferromagnets

We present a comprehensive analysis of the magnetic excitations and electronic properties of fully quantum double-exchange ferromagnets, i.e. systems where ferromagnetic (FM) ordering emerges from the competition between spin, charge, and orbital degrees of freedom, but without the canonical approximation of using classical localized spins. Specifically, we investigate spin excitations within the Kondo lattice-like model, as well as a two-orbital Hubbard Hamiltonian in proximity to the orbital-selective Mott phase. Computational analysis of the magnon dispersion, damping, and spectral weight within these models reveals unexpected phenomena, such as magnon mode softening and the anomalous decoherence of magnetic excitations as observed in earlier experimental efforts, but explained here without the use of the phononic degrees of freedom. We show that these effects are intrinsically linked to incoherent spectral features near the Fermi level, which arise due to the quantum nature of the local (on-site) triplets. This incoherent spectrum leads to a Stoner-like continuum on which spin excitations scatter, governing magnon lifetime and strongly influencing the dynamical spin structure factor. Our study explores the transition from coherent to incoherent magnon spectra by varying the electron density. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the magnitude of the localized spin mitigates decoherence by suppressing the incoherent spectral contributions near the Fermi level. We also discuss the effective J 1 –J 2 spin Hamiltonian, which can accurately describe the large doping region characterized by the magnon-mode softening. Finally, we show that this behavior is also present in multiorbital models with partially filled orbitals, namely, in systems without localized spin moments, provided that the model is in a strong coupling regime. Our results potentially have far-reaching implications for understanding FM ordering in various multi-band systems. These findings establish a previously unknown direct connection between the electronic correlations of those materials and spin excitations.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2011

Phase Transition of ZnxMn1-xS Dilute Magnetic Semiconductor Nanoparticles under Ultra-high Pressure

The high-pressure behavior of different doping content of ZnS nanocrystals has been investigated using angle-dispersive synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction up to 45.1 GPa. A phase transformation from the zinc-blende(ZB) to the rock-salt (RS) structure is observed at pressures of about 17.7 and 18.3 GPa at room temperature, corresponding to the Mn{sup 2+} ion mole percent content solutions 0.85% and 1.26%, respectively. The obtained results indicate that the Mn{sup 2+} doping could obviously enhance the phase transition pressure of ZnS nanocrystal. The elevation of phase transition pressure could origin from the higher surface energy induced by ion doping.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2012

KINETIC ALFVEN WAVE INSTABILITY DRIVEN BY FIELD-ALIGNED CURRENTS IN SOLAR CORONAL LOOPS

Magneto-plasma loops, which trace closed solar magnetic field lines, are the primary structural elements of the solar corona. Kinetic Alfven wave (KAW) can play an important role in inhomogeneous heating of these magneto-plasma structures in the corona. By the use of a low-frequency kinetic dispersion equation, which is presented in this paper and is valid in a finite-{beta} plasma with Q < {beta} < 1 plasma (where {beta} is the kinetic to magnetic pressure ratio and Q = m{sub e} /m{sub i} is the mass ratio of electrons to ions), KAW instability driven by a field-aligned current in the current-carrying loops in the solar corona is investigated. The results show that the KAW instability can occur in wave number regimes 0 < k{sub z} < k{sup c}{sub z} and 0 < k < k{sup c} , and that the critical wave numbers k{sup c}{sub z} and k{sup c} and the growth rate both considerably increase as the drift velocity V{sub D} of the current-carrying electrons increases in the loops. In particular, for typical parameters of the current-carrying loops in the solar corona this instability mechanism results in a high growth rate of KAWs, {omega}{sub i} {approx} 0.01-0.1{omega}{sub ci} {approx} 10{sup 3}-10{sup 4} s{sup -1}. The results are of importance in understanding the physics of the electric current dissipation and plasma heating of the current-carrying loops in the solar corona.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

One-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations of electrostatic Bernstein waves in plasmas with kappa velocity distributions

Electrostatic Bernstein waves that propagate exactly perpendicularly to a static magnetic field in an electron-ion plasma are investigated using one-and-two-halves dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. An ion-to-electron mass ratio of m{sub i}/m{sub e} = 100 is used, allowing sufficient separation of the electron and ion time scales while still accounting for the ion dynamics without resorting to exceptionally long simulation run times. As a consequence of the mass ratio used, both the high frequency electron Bernstein wave and the lower frequency ion Bernstein wave are resolved within a single simulation run. The simulations presented here use isotropic three-dimensional kappa velocity distributions as well as the widely used Maxwellian velocity distribution, and the results from using each of these velocity distributions are analysed and compared. The behaviour of the Bernstein waves is found to be significantly dependent on the spectral index, κ, of the kappa distribution in all frequency domains of the Bernstein waves. In both the Maxwellian and kappa cases, spectral analysis of the electric field (wave) intensities, as a function of ω and k, show very good agreement between the simulation results and the linear dispersion relation for Bernstein waves. This agreement serves to validate the simulation techniques used, as well as the theory of Bernstein waves in plasmas with a kappa velocity distribution. The intensity of the field fluctuations in the simulations containing an abundance of superthermal particles, i.e., where the plasma has a kappa velocity distribution with a low kappa index, is slightly higher compared to the simulations of plasmas with higher kappa values. The plasmas with low kappa values also exhibit a broader region in frequency space of high intensity field fluctuations.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

High-coercivity ThMn 12 -type monocrystalline Sm–Zr–Fe–Co–Ti particles by high-temperature reduction diffusion

The ThMn 12 -type (Sm,Zr)1(Fe,Co,Ti) 12 compounds have the potential of powerful permanent magnets. Magnetically hard and anisotropic powders of such compound have been prepared by subjecting elemental oxides and Co mixed with Ca and CaO dispersant to a succession of high-energy ball-milling, reduction diffusion at 990–1220 °C and repeated washing. The size of the resulting ThMn 12 -type crystallites, their coercivity and fraction of monocrystalline particles were all found to increase with the reduction-diffusion temperature. Particles synthesized at 1220 °C were highly monocrystalline with a mean size of 0.54 μm and, after a magnetic-field alignment, exhibited a coercivity of 1.26 T and a full-density-projected maximum energy product of at least 209 kJ/m 3 (26.3 MGOe). Here, the strong positive effect of the reduction-diffusion temperature on the coercivity has been attributed to separation of the crystallites and to decrease in the incidence of structural defects.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Structural, dielectric and magnetic studies of (x) Ni{sub 0.7}Co{sub 0.1}Cu{sub 0.2}Fe{sub 2}O{sub 4} + (1-x) BaTiO{sub 3} magnetoelectric composites

The Magneto-electric composites (x) Ni{sub 0.7}Co{sub 0.1}Cu{sub 0.2}Fe{sub 2}O{sub 4} + (1-x) BaTiO{sub 3} (x=10%, 20% and 30%) were synthesized by sintering mixtures of highly ferroelectric BaTiO{sub 3} (BT) and highly magneto-strictive component Ni{sub 0.7}Co{sub 0.1}Cu{sub 0.2}Fe{sub 2}O{sub 4} (NCCF). The presences of constituent phases in magneto-electric composites were probed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. The peaks observed in the XRD spectrum indicated spinel cubic structure for NCCF ferrite phase and tetragonal perovskite structure for BT and, both spinel and pervoskite structures for synthesized ME composites. Surface morphology of the samples has been investigated using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). Frequency and composition dependent dielectric properties of synthesized composites were measured from 100 Hz to 1 MHz at room temperature using Hioki LCR Hi-TESTER. The dielectric dispersion is observed at lower frequencies for the synthesized ME composites. The hysteresis behavior was studied to understand the magnetic ordering in the synthesized composites using a Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). It is observed that the values of saturation magnetization increases along with the ferrite content.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2013

Local diamagnetic susceptibility of quasi-two-dimensional graphite

A sample of quasi-two-dimensional graphite (QTDG) whose magnetic properties are described within the Dirac fermion model is investigated by the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) techniques. The broad spectrum of the sample points to a large dispersion of crystallite sizes in this system, which is also confirmed by STM data. It is established that the local diamagnetic susceptibility may substantially exceed the average value over the sample and reaches an abnormally high value of -1.3 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -4} emu/g at T = 4.2 K, which is greater than the corresponding value of highly oriented graphite by a factor of four.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2014

Mirror monochromator

In this SBIR project, Electron Optica, Inc. (EOI) is developing a mirror electron monochromator (MirrorChrom) attachment to new and retrofitted electron microscopes (EMs) for improving the energy resolution of the EM from the characteristic range of 0.2-0.5 eV to the range of 10-50 meV. This improvement will enhance the characterization of materials by imaging and spectroscopy. In particular, the monochromator will refine the energy spectra characterizing materials, as obtained from transmission EMs [TEMs] fitted with electron spectrometers, and it will increase the spatial resolution of the images of materials taken with scanning EMs (SEMs) operated at low voltages. EOI’s MirrorChrom technology utilizes a magnetic prism to simultaneously deflect the electron beam off the axis of the microscope column by 90° and disperse the electrons in proportional to their energies into a module with an electron mirror and a knife-edge. The knife-edge cuts off the tails of the energy distribution to reduce the energy spread of the electrons that are reflected, and subsequently deflected, back into the microscope column. The knife-edge is less prone to contamination, and thereby charging, than the conventional slits used in existing monochromators, which improves the reliability and stability of the module. The overall design of the MirrorChrom exploits the symmetry inherent in reversing the electron trajectory in order to maintain the beam brightness – a parameter that impacts how well the electron beam can be focused downstream onto a sample. During phase I, EOI drafted a set of candidate monochromator architectures and evaluated the trade-offs between energy resolution and beam current to achieve the optimum design for three particular applications with market potential: increasing the spatial resolution of low voltage SEMs, increasing the energy resolution of low voltage TEMs (beam energy of 5-20 keV), and increasing the energy resolution of conventional TEMs (beam energy of 80-120 keV). Specialized software packages that have been developed by MEBS, Ltd. were used to calculate the electron optical properties of the key monochromator components: namely, the magnetic prism, the electron mirror, and the electron lenses. In the final step, these results were folded into a model describing the key electron-optical parameters of the complete monochromator. The simulations reveal that the mirror monochromator can reduce the energy spread of a Schottky electron source, an established electron emitter used widely in EMs, to 10 meV for practical beam current values and that further reduction of the energy spread down to 3 meV is possible for low current applications with a Cold Field Emitter (an electron source with 10x the brightness of a Schottky source). MirrorChroms can be designed and built to attach to different types of TEMs and SEMs, thus making them suitable for enhancing the study of the structure, composition, and bonding states of new materials at the nanoscale to advance material science research in the field of nanotechnology as well as biomedical research.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2015

Reduced leakage current and improved ferroelectricity in magneto-electric composite ceramics prepared with microwave assisted radiant hybrid sintering

Structural, electrical and magnetic properties of magneto-electric composite ceramics viz., 0.9 BaTi{sub 0.95}Sn{sub 0.05}O{sub 3} (BTSO)- 0.1 Ni{sub 0.8}Zn{sub 0.2}Fe{sub 2}O{sub 4} (NZFO) prepared with microwave assisted radiant hybrid sintering (MARH) are reported. Phase purity and isovalent substitution of Ti{sup 4+} by Sn{sup 4+} of the samples is confirmed from x-ray diffraction and {sup 119}Sn Mossbauer measurements respectively. Significant suppression of leakage current and improvement of ferroelectricity is observed for the composites prepared with MARH. The observed results are explained in terms of uniform dispersion of ferrite (NZFO) phase in the ferroelectric (BTSO) matrix as evidenced from back-scattered scanning electron micrographs.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Dynamics of plasma−dust structures formed in a trap created in the narrowing of a current channel in a magnetic field

The geometry and dynamics of plasma−dust structures in a longitudinal magnetic field is studied experimentally. The structures are formed in a glow-discharge trap created in the double electric layer produced as a result of discharge narrowing by means of a dielectric insert introduced in the discharge tube. Studies of structures formed in the new type of glow-discharge trap are of interest from the standpoint of future experiments with complex plasmas in superstrong magnetic fields in which the dust component is magnetized. Different types of dielectric inserts were used: conical and plane ones with symmetric and asymmetric apertures. Conditions for the existence of stable dust structures are determined for dust grains of different density and different dispersity. According to the experimental results, the angular velocity of dust rotation is ≥10 s{sup –1}, which is the fastest type of dust motion for all types of discharges in a magnetic field. The rotation is interpreted by analyzing the dynamics of individual dust grains.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2012

High Magnetic Field Processing - A Heat-Free Heat Treating Method

The High and Thermal Magnetic Processing/Electro-magnetic Acoustic Transducer (HTMP/EMAT) technology has been shown to be an enabling disruptive materials processing technology, that can achieve significant improvements in microstructure and consequently material performance beyond that achievable through conventional processing, and will lead to the next generation of advanced performance structural and functional materials. HTMP exposure increased the reaction kinetics enabling refinement of microstructural features such as finer martensite lath size, and finer, more copious, homogeneous dispersions of strengthening carbides leading to combined strength and toughness improvements in bainitic steels. When induction heating is applied in a high magnetic field environment, the induction heating coil is configured so that high intensity acoustic/ultrasonic treatment occurs naturally. The configuration results in a highly effective electromagnetic acoustical transducer (EMAT).

Electron Microscopy↗
DOE OSTI2015

Design of in-flight fragment separator using high-power primary beams in the energy of a few hundred MeV/u

An in-flight fragment separator usually requires large acceptance and high momentum resolution to minimize the loss of a rare isotope beam of interest produced at a thin target, which is especially important when {sup 238}U fission reactions in the energy of 200 MeV/u are used. The production target and beam dump are located in the pre-separator, where a beam power of up to 400 kW is dissipated. The area is surrounded by thick radiation shielding walls, which result in long drift spaces between adjacent magnetic components at various locations and an asymmetrical layout. Efforts have been made to minimize non-linear effects in the pre-separator beam optics with trials of different separator configurations and correction schemes using COSY Infinity and GICOSY. The main separator is configured to be mirror symmetric such that correction with hexapole and octupole coils can be more readily applied. The separator configuration was finalized to allow the facility design to proceed and the key components including superconducting magnets have been designed and prototyped. In addition, the separator design has been evaluated using LISE++ including a set of wedge degraders at dispersive focal planes to improve the yield and purity of selected isotope beam.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2011

Amplification of ion acoustic wave in an inhomogeneous plasma through nonlinear wave-particle interaction with drift wave turbulence

A study on the amplification of ion acoustic wave in an inhomogeneous plasma has been made on the basis of a nonlinear wave-particle interaction process called plasma maser effect. The drift wave instability, which is a universal phenomenon of an inhomogeneous confined plasma system, is found to be strongly in phase relation with thermal particles and may transfer its wave energy nonlinearly through a modulated field to ion acoustic wave. Considering a Maxwellian distribution function model for inhomogeneous plasmas under the standard local approximation, we have estimated the growth rate for ion acoustic wave, which is obtained by using the nonlinear dispersion relation. It has been found that amplification of ion acoustic wave is possible at the expense of drift wave turbulent energy. This result may be particularly important for stability of various drift modes in magnetically confined plasma as well as for transport of momentum and energy in such inhomogeneous systems.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

The influence of Nd dopants on spin and orbital moments in Nd-doped permalloy thin films

Magnetic properties of Nd{sub X}-Ni{sub 80}Fe{sub 20(1−X)} thin films have been investigated using x-ray absorption spectroscopy and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) at room temperature. With the Nd concentration increasing, the ratio of orbital-to-spin moment of Ni and Fe increases significantly, indicating that the spin-orbit coupling in permalloy thin films is enhanced due to the Nd impurities. The spin and orbital moments have been obtained by the sum rules analysis, which shows that the Nd impurities lead to a strong dispersion of spin moments of Fe and Ni while have no effect on orbital moments in Nd-doped permalloy thin films. Element-specific XMCD hysteresis loops suggest an antiferromagnetic coupling between the magnetic moments of Nd and permalloy at room temperature. The static magnetic properties have been studied by vibrating sample magnetometer for comparison, which shows a nice agreement with the XMCD results.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2011

An X-ray diffraction, magnetic susceptibility and spectroscopic studies of Yb{sub 2-x}Cr{sub x}O{sub 3}

Polycrystalline samples with general formula Yb{sub 2-x}Cr{sub x}O{sub 3} (0<x<0.03), obtained by sol-gel method and analyzed by X-ray diffraction, formed solid solutions over all the mentioned range. Cr showed a maximum solubility of 2.8 mol% in Yb{sub 2}O{sub 3} sesquioxide at 1000 deg. C. A preferential substitution of Cr{sup 3+} ions over two cationic sites, 8b and 24d in the space group Ia-3 was found. The lattice parameters a are found to vary linearly (10.4402(4) A <a<10.4372(1) A) with the composition x. The two independent atoms Yb/Cr have octahedral coordination; however, the degrees of distortion of their coordination polyhedron are different. Replacing Yb{sup 3+} by Cr{sup 3+} introduces slight changes in the atomic coordinates leading to an increase of the mean cation-anion distances. The ability of Raman spectroscopy to detect changes in local coordination is utilized. A pseudo-tetrahedral coordination for the Cr{sup 3+} in the 24d site was found. Magnetic susceptibility measurements of all samples were done in a temperature range of 2-50 K. For T<37 K, the inverse paramagnetic susceptibilities depend linearly on temperature. However, in the high-temperature region, for T>37 K, the inverse paramagnetic susceptibilities are non-linear versus temperature. This deviation from the Curie-Weiss behaviour was discussed. - Graphical abstract: The least square fit to the modified Curie-Weiss law shows paramagnetic interaction in Yb{sub 2-x}Cr{sub x}O{sub 3} (0<x{<=}0.03). The YbCrO{sub 3} phase impurity will have no influence on the magnetic properties of the samples with x>0.03 Highlights: > We described our attempts to synthesize Yb{sub 2-x}Cr{sub x}O{sub 3} series of compounds.{yields} The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman and magnetic measurements. > Cr showed a maximum solubility of 2.8 mol% in Yb{sub 2}O{sub 3} sesquioxide at 1000 deg. C. > The least square fit to the modified Curie-Weiss law shows paramagnetic interaction. > The YbCrO{sub 3} phase impurity has no influence on the magnetic properties of the samples.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗