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DOE OSTI2020

Technical Basis for the International Export of Handheld Spectroscopy Detectors

The international export of handheld spectroscopy detectors by the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) to partner states will provide state regulatory authorities and nuclear material owners a way to improve accountancy for accidental gains of nuclear material, including the provision of reports to the IAEA, in order to meet their safeguards agreements. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards agreements for non-nuclear weapons states requires accountancy for all nuclear material. As defined in Article XX of the IAEA statute, nuclear material includes source materials: "uranium containing the mixture of isotopes occurring in nature," and special fissionable material: "plutonium-239; uranium-233; uranium enriched in the isotopes 235 or 233". For IAEA Member States to meet their requirements under comprehensive safeguards agreements (CSA), safeguards are to be applied on "all source or special fissionable material," which "includes all nuclear material subject to IAEA safeguards". Therefore, accidental gains and losses of nuclear material must be reported to the IAEA. An accidental gain occurs when a state unexpectedly adds nuclear material to their inventory by various means such as seizing smuggled material or the discovery of legacy items previously unaccounted for. The material type and quantity must be added to the State's inventory by updating domestic records and then communicated to the IAEA.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2018

Cyberspace, Information Strategy and International Security (Workshop Summary)

In recent years, the Center for Global Security Research has hosted a number of events to inform strategic thought on key areas of concern to national security and laboratory planning. This was the first dedicated workshop that CGSR has hosted seeking to convene a community of experts around issues of cybersecurity and Internet governance as they pertain to national security. The goal of this work was to bridge policy, academic, military, technical and other expert communities that often have limited contact with each other’s concerns and specialized knowledge. This workshop brought together over 80 experts from government, military, national labs, academic institutions, think tanks, the private sector, and civil society and hailing from 10 countries. While focusing on the national security challenges and military strategy emerging in and through cyberspace, the workshop aimed to address the cross-cutting interests and concerns of different stakeholders in the development and future governance of cyberspace, including those of the private sector, and civilian publics. To this end, the first day of the workshop focused particularly on issues directly relevant to military strategy in the cyber domain, while the second day addressed questions bridging national security and military concerns and their connections to the domestic and international politics of Internet governance. Topics discussed included the evolving cyber strategies of the U.S., U.S. allies and potential adversaries, as well as the complex characteristics of the cyber domain, the potential for deterrence in or through cyberspace, the domain’s escalation risks, and the ways in which the “dual use” nature of much of the underlying technology of cyberspace connects actions in the domain with broader questions of global Internet governance. Issues of online disinformation and information warfare and the unique conceptual tensions and governance challenges posed by these forms of conflict were addressed. The workshop also examined the roles and interests of different stakeholders in addressing cybersecurity challenges, as well as the possibility of norms, international law, and other potential mechanisms of constraint.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Engineered Barrier System R&D and International Collaborations – LANL (FY20): Spent Fuel and Waste Disposition

The United States Department of Energy’s Spent Fuel and Waste Disposition (SFWD) program is investigating the design and safety function of generic nuclear geologic repositories in a variety of geologic settings (salt, argillite, and crystalline rock). Different configurations and loadings of spent nuclear fuel and waste within disposal canisters are also being investigated, some of which have the potential to generate repository temperatures higher than previously considered (i.e., temperatures >100ºC) by foreign and domestic concepts. This report expands on engineered barrier material stability in a high temperature crystalline rock repository through high temperature hydrothermal experiments. Experiments were designed to develop engineered barrier system (EBS) concepts in a hightemperature crystalline environment in 1) bentonite-Grimsel Granodiorite interactions, 2) bentonite-cement reactions, and 3) interaction between waste canister materials and bentonite. Experiment results are applied to understanding long-term repository performance in terms of radionuclide isolation. One hydrothermal experiment was completed in the rocking autoclaves at LANL in FY-20: IEBS-6 (Grimsel Granodiorite + Wyoming bentonite + cured ordinary Portland cement + Grimsel Granodiorite synthetic groundwater, 250ºC/150 bar, 8 weeks). Several other experiments were planned but were delayed due to the COVID-19 pause in laboratory work. In addition, some characterization of the reaction products of experiments conducted in FY-20 was prevented by COVID-19. Mineral phase chemistry was not measured via electron microprobe analyses for IEBS-6. Quantitative X-ray diffraction results from IEBS-6 and HBT-1 were not completed. The missing analyses and discussion of the results will be included in next year’s report. New characterization that was completed includes scanning electron microscopy of reaction products from IEBS-6, quantitative X-ray diffraction results are presented from IEBS-1 through IBES-5, preliminary scanning electron microscope images and chemical analyses for IEBS-6, X-ray diffraction of the clay fraction from all experiments, measurement/imaging of mineral growth on the surface of steel coupons. Major observations pertaining to bentonite stability in a Grimsel Granodiorite environment include the stability of Na-montmorillonite at 250°C, the formation of trace CSH phases, and the formation of bentonite colloids on experiment cooling. The addition of a cured chip of Portland cement to the bentonite-Grimsel system results in slightly higher pH values and the formation of diverse secondary mineral phases that were not observed in the previous experiments (e.g., analcime, garronite, CSH phases). The new characterization efforts related to the interaction of stainless-steel coupons and bentonite clay focused on thickness and mineralogy of phases that formed at the steel surface. In Wyoming bentonite + Grimsel Granodiorite systems, newly formed minerals at the bentonitesteel coupon interface included alteration of the outermost steel edge to Fe,Cr-oxide phases, followed by Fe-rich phyllosilicates (Fe-saponite, chlorite) and interbedded Fe,Cr,Ni-sulfide phases (pentlandite). Hydrothermal experiments were completed to assess uranium-carbonate complexation at conditions relevant to high-temperature disposal. Autoclave solubility experiments were conducted at 150 to 250ºC with a range of carbonate and uranium concentrations. The experiment results were characterized via situ UV-Visible spectroscopy and synchrotron-based in situ XAS techniques. Results show a significant decrease in the stability of uranyl-carbonate complexes at temperatures above 100ºC along with the precipitation of uranium oxides. Further, at T > 200ºC, results show that uranyl-hydroxyl complexes control solubility of uranium instead of the previously predicted uranyl-carbonate species. These results are significant for understanding the mobility of uranium in the EBS, which will likely contain carbonate-rich fluids. International research efforts focused on three main areas: 1) participation in international conferences, 2) building collaborations with foreign repository programs, and 3) the initiation of an experimental program to complement the full-scale HotBENT test at the Grimsel test site. This experiment included Wyoming bentonite + low carbon steel + Grimsel Granodiorite synthetic groundwater and was run at the planned maximum temperature of the HotBENT test (200°C). Complete characterization of reaction products was hindered by disruptions to laboratory work but will be reported in the next FY. The experimental results obtained in FY-20 continue to document the wide-ranging effects of bulk composition and pressure-temperature conditions in the mineralogical and geochemical evolution of a high-temperature repository environment. Concepts developed will be used to inform models of long-term material stability in a generic crystalline rock-hosted repository.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Ninth International Workshop on Chiral Dynamics, 2018

The Ninth International Workshop on Chiral Dynamics (CD18) was hosted by the Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL) and held on the campus of Duke University in Durham, NC. The workshop was from September 17 th to 21 st , 2018. This series of workshops, which started at MIT in 1994, brings together theorists and experimentalists every three years to discuss the status and challenges in the physics of low-energy quantum chromodynamics (QCD), Goldstone Boson dynamics, meson-baryon interactions, few-body physics, lattice QCD and Chiral Perturbation Theory. The last workshop was jointly hosted by the Department of Physics of the University of Pisa and the Pisa branch of the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare in July 2015. Previous hosts of the workshop include MIT in 1994, the University of Mainz in 1997, Jefferson Lab in 2000 and 2012, the University of Bonn in 2003, TUNL and Duke University in 2006, and the University of Bern in 2009. Hosting this workshop is an important and substantial service to the international low-energy QCD physics community. Nearly 120 participants attended the workshop, which delivered twenty plenary talks, and over ninety parallel presentations. Proceedings of the workshop are published in Proceedings of Science at https://pos.sissa.it/317/. These proceedings present topics convened in this 9 th workshop and provide a comprehensive review of the field, highlighting recent accomplishments and discussing challenges that will motivate research in the coming years.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Development of an international security standard for devices containing high-activity radioactive sources

Radioisotopes such as Cs-137 and Co-60 are utilized in various medical, industrial, and research applications. This radiological material can be a theft or sabotage target, which necessitates a certain level of security to adequately protect it. The presented work will explore the necessity of an international security standard for devices used in clinical settings that contain high activity radiological material and the facilities that contain these devices. This standard intends to complement existing safety standards; however, it serves a very different purpose: to reduce the threat of radiological theft and sabotage while taking into full consideration the effect on the patient, user safety, and patient workflow with the aim to minimize the unwanted effects of the security measures. The proposed standard will complement existing International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) guidance, published in the IAEA Nuclear Security Series. While those documents primarily focus on the state, competent authorities, and regulatory agencies, the proposed industry standard will involve device manufacturers, source producers, and medical staff.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Final Action on ESS-Related Proposed Changes to the 2018 ICC International Codes that will Make Up the 2021 I-Codes. Energy Storage System Safety, Special Briefing Paper

The goal of the DOE OE ESS Safety Roadmap is to foster confidence in the safety and reliability of energy storage systems (ESSs). Three interrelated objectives support the realization of that goal: research, codes and standards, and communication/coordination. The objective focused on codes and standards is as follows: To apply research and development (R&D) to support efforts that are focused on ensuring that codes and standards are available to enable the safe implementation of ESSs in a comprehensive, non-discriminatory and science-based manner. The following activities support that objective and realization of the goal: a. Review and assess codes and standards that affect the design, installation, and operation of ESSs. b. Identify gaps in knowledge that require research and analysis that can serve as a basis for criteria in those codes and standards. c. Identify areas in codes and standards that potentially need revision or enhancement and can benefit from activities conducted under R&D. d. Develop input for new or revisions to existing codes and standards through individual stakeholders, facilitated task forces, or through laboratory staff supporting these efforts. The purpose of this special briefing paper is to support the above objective by providing information about current and upcoming efforts being conducted by U.S. standards and model code developing organizations, specifically code changes associated with the 2018 Group A International Codes (I-Codes) of the International Code Council (ICC) that are relevant to ESSs.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Energy Storage System Safety: ESS-Related Proposed Changes to the Group B 2018 ICC International Codes. Special Briefing Paper

The goal of the DOE OE ESS Safety Roadmap is to foster confidence in the safety and reliability of energy storage systems (ESSs). Three interrelated objectives support the realization of that goal: research, codes and standards, and communication/coordination. The objective focused on codes and standards is as follows: To apply research and development (R&D) to support efforts that are focused on ensuring that codes and standards are available to enable the safe implementation of ESSs in a comprehensive, non-discriminatory and science-based manner. The following activities support that objective and realization of the goal: a. Review and assess codes and standards that affect the design, installation, and operation of ESSs. b. Identify gaps in knowledge that require research and analysis that can serve as a basis for criteria in those codes and standards. c. Identify areas in codes and standards that potentially need revision or enhancement and can benefit from activities conducted under R&D. d. Develop input for new or revisions to existing codes and standards through individual stakeholders, facilitated task forces, or through laboratory staff supporting these efforts. The purpose of this special briefing paper is to support the above objective by providing information about current and upcoming efforts being conducted by U.S. standards and model code developing organizations, specifically code changes associated with the 2018 Group B International Codes (I-Codes) of the International Code Council (100)2 that are relevant to ESSs.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Argillite Disposal R&D International Collaborations Interim Report (2019)

The following interim report describes updates to ongoing international collaboration activities pertaining the FEBEX-DP and DECOVALEX Task C projects. Descriptions of these underground research laboratory (URL) activities are given in Jové Coke et al. (2018) but will repeated here for completeness. The 2018 status of work conducted at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) on these two activities has been described in Jové Coke et al. (2018) and were summarized along with other international collaboration activities in Birkholzer et al. (2018).

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2019

ESS-Related Proposed Changes to the Group B 2018 ICC International Codes

The purpose of this special briefing paper is to support the objective by providing information about current and upcoming efforts being conducted by U.S. standards and model code developing organizations, specifically code changes associated with the 2018 Group B International Codes (I-Codes) of the International Code Council (100)2 that are relevant to Energy Storage System Safety (ESS)s .

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2019

Sandia National Laboratories Early Career University Faculty Mentoring Program in International Safeguards

An international safeguards mentoring program was established by Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) for early career university faculty. The inaugural year of the program focused on course material development and connecting faculty to experts at national laboratories. Two faculty members were selected for participation; one developed a safeguards-by-design course, and the other created lecture material related to unmanned robotic systems in safeguards for integration in existing courses. Faculty members were paired with SNL subject matter experts based on the topic of their individual projects. The program also included a two week visit to SNL. The structure of this program not only supported the development of new course material, but also provided junior faculty members with an opportunity to make connections and build collaborations in the field of international safeguards. Programs like this are important for professional development of faculty members and to help strengthen connections between universities and the national laboratories.

98 NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT, SAFEGUARDS, AND PHYSICAL P↗
DOE OSTI2021

Data set for Conventional Rib Turbulators for SCO2 Turbine Internal Cooling

This data set accompanies NETL Internal Report DOE/NETL-2021/2758. M. Searle, D. Straub, and J. Black, “Conventional Rib Turbulators For SCO2 Turbine Internal Cooling,” National Energy Technology Laboratory, Morgantown, June 28, 2021. The "Configuration" tab details the test configuration geometry and nominal set points. The "Exp point data" tab reports the thermal performance at the midpoint of the Wilson plot. The "Wilson plot data" tab are all Wilson resistance plots reported in the present work.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Conventional Rib Turbulators For SCO 2 Turbine Internal Cooling (Report)

This report documents experimental work in the NETL Heat Exchange and Experimental Testing (HEET) rig. The heat transfer performance of additively manufactured internal cooling features in supercritical CO 2 were characterized. It was demonstrated that the thermal performance factor of conventional angled rib turbulators remains independent of Reynolds number up to 3.1 x 10 5 indicating that these features may be employed to enhance heat transfer in sCO 2 turbine blades and vanes. This augmentation of heat transfer in the internal cooling passages decreases the required turbine coolant and improves the power cycle efficiency.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2021

International Network of Nuclear Reaction Data Centres

This report summarizes the IAEA Technical Meeting on the International Network of Nuclear Reaction Data Centres held as a video meeting from 4 to 7 May 2021. The meeting was attended by 29 participants representing 13 cooperative Centres from eight Member States (China, Hungary, India, Japan, Korea, Russia, Ukraine and USA) and two International Organisations (NEA, IAEA) as well as a participant from Kazakhstan. A summary of the meeting is given in this report along with the conclusions and actions.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Understanding Lustre Internals. Second Edition

The Lustre file system has become a preferred storage resource for systems on the Top500 list, and it is often the file system of choice for small- to medium-sized HPC systems that require parallel shared access to data. Several resources exist to help users deploy and configure Lustre, but the same cannot be said for resources that explain the inner workings of the Lustre source code. A previous ORNL technical report entitled "Understanding Lustre Filesystem Internals" (ORNL/TM-2009/117) provided an excellent summary of Lustre subsystem operations. However, that report is over a decade old and is based on Lustre version 1.6. Since that report was published, Lustre has evolved significantly. Several subsystems underwent significant code changes and many new features have been added to the file system, bringing the current Lustre version up to 2.15.This report aims to document and explain the internal workings of the latest version of the Lustre file system. It will provide more complete and up-to-date information than the previous technical report and should serve as a foundational document for anyone interested in Lustre software development. Key data structures will be described along with the APIs used for interaction among the various Lustre subsystems. Although the Lustre software is constantly being developed, the details in this document should remain relevant for the forseeable future.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2022

A Procedure to Correct the Historical Atmospheric Longwave Irradiance Data When the World Reference Is Established with Respect to the International System of Units

Historical and traceable atmospheric longwave irradiance data sets with traceability to the International System of units (SI) are essential for renewable energy and atmospheric science research and applications. To date, all pyrgeometers used to measure the irradiance are traceable to the interim World InfraRed Standard Group (WISG) not to SI units. In 2013 the Absolute Cavity Pyrgeometer (ACP), [Reda et al., 2012] was developed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to measure the atmospheric longwave irradiance. The ACP has been compared against the InfraRed Integrating Sphere (IRIS) developed by the Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC) [J. Grobner, 2012]. ACP and IRIS are absolute instruments traceable to SI units through the International Temperature Scale ITS-90. Results of six comparisons between ACP and IRIS at different location have shown that the irradiance measured by WISG pyrgeometers is underestimating clear-sky atmospheric longwave irradiance by 2 to 6 W/m 2 [Grobner et al., 2014]. Therefore, once the world reference is established with traceability to SI units the WISG would be corrected then used to calibrate field pyrgeometers with traceability to SI units. The described method below is used to correct the historical atmospheric longwave irradiance data sets in anticipation of the WISG scale change.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

A Procedure to Correct the Historical Atmospheric Longwave Irradiance Data When the World Reference Is Established with Respect to the International System of Units

Historical atmospheric longwave irradiance data sets with traceability to the International System of Units (SI) are essential for renewable energy and atmospheric science research and applications. To date, all pyrgeometers used to measure the irradiance are traceable to the interim World Infrared Standard Group (WISG), not to SI units. In 2013, the Absolute Cavity Pyrgeometer (ACP) (Reda et al. 2012) was developed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to measure the atmospheric longwave irradiance. The ACP has been compared against the InfraRed Integrating Sphere (IRIS), developed by the Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC) (Gröbner 2012). The ACP and the IRIS are absolute instruments traceable to SI units through the International Temperature Scale of 1990. Results of six comparisons between the ACP and the IRIS at different locations have shown that the irradiance measured by WISG pyrgeometers underestimates clear-sky atmospheric longwave irradiance by 2 W/m 2 to 6 W/m 2 (Gröbner et al. 2014); therefore, once the world reference is established with traceability to SI units, the WISG would be corrected, then used to calibrate field pyrgeometers with traceability to SI units. The following described method is used to correct the historical atmospheric longwave irradiance data sets in anticipation of the WISG scale change.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

International Radiological/Nuclear Training for Emergency Response - Major Public Events Virtual Workshop: Major Public Events Overview and Nuclear Security Threats (Day 1) [Slides]

The International Radiological/Nuclear Training for Emergency Response - Major Public Event (IRAD-MPE) Virtual Workshop is an advanced training course designed to provide international partners with specialized training on best practices for conducting nuclear security planning and operations at a Major Public Event. This presentation will provide an overview of the following: (1) Historical perspective on past MPE events, (2) National strategy and integrated security operations, (3) Best practices for nuclear security operations, (4) Radiological/nuclear threats and common alarms, (5) Lessons Learned and Challenges, and (5) IAEA NSS-18 publication: Nuclear Security Systems and Measures for Major Public Events.

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Self-Induced Curvature in an Internally Loaded Peridynamic Fiber

A straight fiber with nonlocal forces that are independent of bond strain is considered. These internal loads can either stabilize or destabilize the straight configuration. Transverse waves with long wavelength have unstable dispersion properties for certain combinations of nonlocal kernels and internal loads. When these unstable waves occur, deformation of the straight fiber into a circular arc can lower its potential energy in equilibrium. The equilibrium value of the radius of curvature is computed explicitly.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗