Semi-quantitative models for identifying potent and selective transthyretin amyloidogenesis inhibitors
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Aging is associated with tissue-level changesin cellular composition that are correlated withincreased susceptibility to disease. Aging humanmammary tissue shows skewed progenitor cell po-tency, resulting in diminished tumor-suppressivecelltypes and the accumulation ofdefective epithelialprogenitors. Quantitative characterization of theseage-emergent human cell subpopulations is lacking,impeding our understanding of the relationship be-tween age and cancer susceptibility. We conductedsingle-cell resolution proteomic phenotyping ofhealthy breast epithelia from 57 women, aged 16–91years, using mass cytometry. Remarkable hetero-geneity was quantified within the two mammaryepithelial lineages. Population partitioning identifiedasubsetofaberrantbasal-likeluminalcellsthataccu-mulate with age and originate from age-alteredprogenitors. Quantification of age-emergent pheno-types enabled robust classification of breast tissuesby age in healthy women. This high-resolution map-ping highlighted specific epithelial subpopulationsthat change with age in a manner consistent withincreased susceptibility to breast cancer.
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The electrochemical reduction of water to form hydrogen is an emerging alternative for energy storage, where hydrogen can be used as a transportation fuel, combusted to generate electricity, utilized in a fuel cell, or used as a feedstock for chemical synthesis. Techno-economic analysis (TEA) is a valuable tool for understanding how to inform research directions that could make hydrogen from electrolysis cost competitive with that produced by conventional means like steam methane reforming. The current state of knowledge on TEA of electrolysis systems suggests cost reductions are likely to result from advances in system design and materials, scale-up of manufacturing processes, and learning by doing effects as electrolysis deployment increases. Future directions and opportunities for TEA of electrolysis systems include dispatchable operation in wholesale power markets, optimization of capital cost and system durability, and analysis of pathways for hydrogen to support economy-wide decarbonization.
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Metabolomics continues to make rapid progress through the development of new and better methods and their applications to gain insight into the metabolism of a wide range of different biological systems from a systems biology perspective. Customization of NMR databases and search tools allows the faster and more accurate identification of known metabolites, whereas the identification of unknowns, without a need for extensive purification, requires new strategies to integrate NMR with mass spectrometry, cheminformatics, and computational methods. For some applications, the use of covalent and non-covalent attachments in the form of labeled tags or nanoparticles can significantly reduce the complexity of these tasks.